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  • 20:54, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 109. Health effects of microbiological and chemical water pollutants, water quality testing (Created page with "* Natural ingredients of water ** Iodine, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, etc. ** The calcium and magnesium content of water determines its ''hardness'' *** Hardness should be around 5 – 35 degrees ** High sodium intake increases risk for hypertension ** Fluoride in water *** Protects against dental caries *** Too high level gives dental fluorosis, fragile bones *** Level should be 0,7 – 1,2 mg/L *** Fluoridation of drinking water may be necessary to reach opti...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:54, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 108. Air pollutants and their health effects (Created page with "* PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl ** Used as a fluid in electronics ** Production has been banned for many years, but because it lasts for long, it can still be found in old electronics and the environment ** Symptoms of toxicity, collectively known as Yusho disease *** Chloracne – a severe form of acne *** Hepatotoxicity *** Foetal abnormalities *** Cancer * PCP = pentachlorophenol ** Use as pesticide, disinfectant ** Symptoms of toxicity *** Hyperthermia (by uncouplin...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:53, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 107. Environmental monitoring and protection. Health effects of global environmental issues (Created page with "* (This topic is slightly different since the 2021 spring topic list. See the ph6 page.) * Environmental monitoring ** Air sampling ** Soil sampling ** Water quality monitoring ** Microbiological monitoring ** Measurement of noise ** Measurement of radiation * Environmental protection ** Waste management ** Ensure sustainable use of resources without degrading environment ** Prevent and control degradation of environment ** Promote international cooperation ** Use eco-fr...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:53, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 106. Health effects of interiors, health and the built environment (Created page with "* Interior health is important, as most people spend as much as 90% of their time indoor * Indoor air pollutants is often much higher than regulation levels * Indoor pollutants (see also topic 108) ** Radon *** From the soil and building materials *** Radon causes 3 – 15% of all lung cancers *** Radon is the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking *** Radon is a cancer initiator and promotor *** Prevention **** Increase ventilation **** Sealing floor a...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:51, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 105. Basic principles of ecology. Human environment, human ecology. (Created page with "* Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment * Supra-individual organization levels in ecology ** Populations – groups of individuals ** Communities – interactions of populations which interact ** Ecosystem – the sum of communities and the environment * The Gaia hypothesis = the biosphere (ecosystems) and the physical components of the Earth are closely integrated and form a complex interacting system * The tragedy of the commons **...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:50, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Public health 6 - Occupational hygiene and occupational medicine (Created page with "Topics 1 – 104 are public health 1, 2, 4 and 5. Public health 3 itself is not included (just check the topic list) but many of the public health 6 topics are basically the same as public health 3. Since writing these notes, the public health 6 topic list has changed slightly. Check the topic list before studying. If you want an additional source for public health-related matters, https://iloencyclopaedia.org/ appears to be a good source. Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:47, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Recommended and compulsory screening methods for non-communicable diseases (excluding cancers) (Created page with "* DM2 screening in children ** Recommended by ADA ** In those who are overweight for their age and gender, and who have any of the following risk factors *** Family history *** Specific ethnicity *** Signs of insulin resistance ** Begin at age 10, repeat every 2 years * CVD in adults ** BP, cholesterol, weight, waist, glucose, smoking, physical activity, diet ** Start at 20 ** Every 2 – 4 years * Diabetic eye screening ** Annually to people with diabetes * Osteoporosis...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:46, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Epidemiology and prevention of addictions (Created page with "* Addiction = Chronic problem which causes drug seeking, despite harmful consequences * Addictions cause accidents, violence, abuse * Epidemiology ** 6% of the world ** Most drug-related deaths are in North America * Physical dependence ** Avoidance of withdrawal * Psychological dependence ** Drug-seeking behaviour * Comorbidity of addiction ** Depression ** Suicide ** Antisocial personality disorder ** Infections Smoking * Epidemiology ** One of the most important pub...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:46, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Epidemiology and prevention of schizophrenia and dementias (Created page with "* Schizophrenia ** Epidemiology *** Males = females *** Onset in 20s – 30s ** Clinical features *** Positive and negative symptoms ** Risk factors *** Stress *** Psychosocial factors *** Cannabis abuse *** Family history ** Treatment *** Avoid validation of delusions *** Avoid confronting patients about delusions ** Prevention *** Maintaining healthy relationships and friendships *** Avoiding cannabis *** Seeking therapy for depression early *** Teach stress and anxiet...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:45, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Epidemiology and prevention of anxiety disorders (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Common in adolescents ** Most prevalent psychiatric disorders ** 22% of young people ** Impairment, high health-care utilization, economic burden ** Women > men * Risk factors ** Neurobiological factors ** Substance abuse ** Stress ** Smoking ** Psychological trauma ** Comorbidities * Subtypes ** Generalized anxiety disorder *** Most common in elderly ** Post-traumatic stress disorder ** Panic disorder *** Most common in middle-aged ** Social anxiety di...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:45, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Epidemiology and prevention of depression and mood disorders (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Depression is the most common mood disorder ** 20 million people every year ** Female > male ** Major cause of disability in young * Criteria for major depression ** Depressed mood ** Diminished interest ** Weight changes ** Sleep disturbances ** Loss of energy ** Feelings of worthlessness ** Feelings of excessive guilt ** Problems concentrating * Risk factors ** Biological factors *** Genetic predisposition (concordance 50%) *** Dysfunction of HPA ***...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:44, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Epidemiology and prevention of suicide (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** 1 million worldwide every year ** 3rd leading cause of death in 15 – 24 age group ** 80% occur in low and middle income countries ** Peak incidence: 45 – 65 ** 25 attempts for each success *** 3:1 in older *** 100:1 in younger ** Male > female ** Suicide attempts more common in women ** >90% have psychiatric illness or substance abuse disorder ** 20 – 50% have alcohol or drug use problems * Countries ** Korea ** Hungary ** Russia ** Japan ** China...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:44, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Epidemiology and prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases (Created page with "* IBD ** Epidemiology *** More common in urbanized areas of Western countries *** Higher incidence in northern than southern countries *** White, Ashkenazi Jews *** Age of onset 15 – 30 *** Women = men ** Etiology *** Physical inactivity *** Diet **** Low intake of fibre **** High intake of fat **** Vitamin D deficiency *** Hygiene hypothesis **** Extremely hygienic environments predispose to immunological diseases *** Family history *** High socioeconomic status *** U...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:44, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Epidemiology and prevention of ulcer disease (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Men > women ** 25 – 60 years ** Duodenal ulcers 4x more common than gastric, more common in younger ** Incidence dropping globally * Aggressive factors ** HCl ** Pepsin ** Decreased motility ** H. pylori *** 6 – 10x increased risk in H. pylori *** 50% of the world is infected *** Lifetime risk 10% in H. P negatives and 20% in positives * Protective factors ** Thanks to prostaglandins ** Mucosal blood flow ** Mucin ** Bicarbonate secretion ** Restitu...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:43, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatic cirrhosis (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** 0,02% prevalence ** 10th leading cause of death for men ** 10-year mortality: 50% ** Men > women ** In developed countries – mostly due to alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ** In developing countries – mostly due to HBV, HCV, aflatoxin * Etiology ** Alcohol liver disease *** 70% of cases *** 40 – 80g/day for 20 years *** Especially large amounts occasionally ** HBV ** HCV ** Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease *** Obesity *** Diabetes type...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:43, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Epidemiology and prevention of allergic rhinitis (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Prevalence 10 – 30% of industrialized countries ** Most frequent disease among children and teens *** 80% of cases 0 – 20 years ** Prevalence increasing, especially in urban areas * Forms ** Seasonal – outdoor allergens *** Pollen **** Ragweed **** Grass **** Tree *** Mold **** Fungus ** Perennial – indoor allergens *** Pets *** Dust *** Mites *** Molds * Etiology ** Second hand smoke ** Exposure to allergens ** Atopy or family history of it **...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:42, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Epidemiology and prevention of asthma (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Prevalence: 7% in world *** Increasing ** Black > white ** Mostly in children ** Allergic asthma – childhood onset ** Nonallergic asthma – adulthood onset * Etiology ** For allergic asthma *** Atopy **** Allergic rhinitis **** Eczema *** Air pollution *** Allergies **** Mold **** Dust mite ** For non-allergic asthma *** Respiratory infections in childhood ** Both *** Smoking or second-hand smoke *** Low socioeconomic status *** Obesity *** Occupatio...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:42, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Epidemiology and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Fourth most common cause of death worldwide ** Leading cause of morbidity in developed countries ** Male > female ** 6% prevalence in US * Etiology ** Smoking *** 20 – 30 pack years gives 80-90% risk ** Passive smoking ** Air pollution ** Occupational exposure to dust ** Respiratory tract infections ** Premature birth ** Asthma ** Low socioeconomic status ** Physical inactivity ** Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency * Diagnosed by spirometry ** Decreased T...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:42, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Epidemiology and prevention of osteoporosis (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** 4x in women *** Women mostly primary osteoporosis *** Men mostly secondary osteoporosis ** Age of onset 50 – 70 ** Asian, Hispanic, European > black * Etiology ** Female ** White ** Old age ** Malnutrition *** Poor protein, calcium, vitamin D intake ** Family history ** Smoking ** Alcohol * Diagnosis: ** DEXA scan, which measures the bone mineral density (BMD) ** T-score: the number of standard deviations the patient’s BMD is away from the BMD of a...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:41, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Epidemiology and prevention of diabetes (Created page with " Diabetes mellitus type 1 * Epidemiology ** 5% of all diabetes cases ** Onset in childhood ** Most prevalent in white * Etiology ** Genetic factors ** Autoimmune disease ** Viral infections * Protective factors ** Breast feeding ** Vitamin D * Prevention ** Secondary *** Screening of relatives or high-risk populations ** Tertiary *** Glucose control Diabetes mellitus type 2 * Epidemiology ** Worldwide prevalence rising ** Becoming more and more of a problem in develo...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:41, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Epidemiology and prevention of head and neck cancers and skin cancers (Created page with " Head and neck * Epidemiology ** Explosive growth in incidence of head and neck tumors in 20th century ** Accounts for 3% of cancers in Western world ** Male > female * Etiology ** Smoking ** High alcohol intake ** “Smokeless” tobacco ** Poor oral hygiene ** Oral infections ** HPV 16, 18 * Prognosis ** Death rate 4x increase in last 30 years in hungary ** 5-year survival 20% * Prevention ** Stop smoking ** Improve oral hygiene ** HPV vaccination Non-melanoma skin...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:40, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Epidemiology and prevention of liver-, pancreas- and gastric cancer (Created page with " Gastric * Epidemiology ** Was most common cancer in 1970s, but now much less common *** Perhaps due to decreased prevalence of H. pylori ** Male > female ** Strong geographical differences in incidence *** High incidence in Korea and Japan *** Declining incidence in Western countries * Etiology ** Male gender ** Old age ** Diet *** Salt *** Smoked food *** Nitrites, nitrates ** Smoking ** Obesity ** Chronic gastritis *** H. pylori * Prognosis ** 5 year survival: 15% *...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:40, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Epidemiology and prevention of prostate and cervix cancer (Created page with " Prostate * Epidemiology ** Most common cancer in men ** Third most common cause of cancer death in men ** Incidence increased recently ** A disease of elderly * Etiology ** Old age ** Ethnicity *** Black > white ** Family history ** Androgen exposure ** Diet *** Omega-6 intake ** Obesity ** Smoking ** STD * Prognosis ** Mortality stable ** 5-year survival: 80% * Prevention ** Prevent obesity ** Increase omega-3, reduce omega-6 ** Don’t smoke ** Screening *** For hig...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:39, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Most common cancer in females ** Second most common cause of cancer-death in female * Etiology ** Age ** High fat intake ** Ethnicity *** Caucasian > black > asian ** Increase oestrogen exposure *** Late menopause *** Early menarche *** Late first pregnancy *** Nulliparity *** Oral contraceptive *** Overweight ** Not breastfeeding ** Radiation ** Physical inactivity ** Familial *** BRCA1 and 2 * Prognosis ** High 5-year survival: 85% *** Much lower in A...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:39, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Epidemiology and prevention of colorectal cancer (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Third most common cancer worldwide ** Second and third most common causes of cancer deaths in men and women, respectively ** Males = females ** Half could be prevented with correct prevention * Etiology ** Majority are sporadic ** Minority are hereditary *** APC, K-RAS, p53 ** Familial *** FAP *** Peutz Jeghers syndrome ** Risk factors *** Red meat *** Low dietary fibre *** Obesity *** Smoking *** High energy intake * Protective factors ** Calcium ** V...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:39, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Epidemiology and prevention of lung cancer (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Second most common cancer for each gender ** Causes most cancer deaths in both genders ** Mainly affects elderly ** Males > females * Etiology ** 90% caused by smoking *** Half of all smokers in hungary will die as a result of smoking *** Nicotine *** PAH *** N-nitrosamines ** Non-smoking causes *** 2nd hand smoke *** Radon **** Natural in soil *** Air pollution *** Occupation **** Asbestos exposure * Prognosis ** 5 year-survival 15% ** Mortality 92% *...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:38, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Screening of malignant diseases (Created page with "* CRC ** Begins at age 50 ** Sigmoidoscopy ** Colonoscopy ** CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) ** Faecal occult blood test * Breast ** Yearly mammogram after 40 ** Clinical breast exam every 3 years after 20 ** Breast self exam * Prostate ** Controversial screening *** May lead to treatment of cases which wouldn’t have been bothersome anyway ** For high-risk people *** BRCA *** Black *** History of prostate cc ** PSA ** DRE * Cervical ** 21 – 30 *** Pap smear eve...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:37, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Risk factors of malignant diseases (Created page with "* Preventable causes of cancer ** Poor diet is the most common cause of cancer ** 30% of cancers due to high BMI, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol use ** Diet *** Fat intake -> breast cancer *** Salt intake -> stomach, CRC *** Spicy food intake -> stomach *** Omega-6 intake -> prostate cancer ** Tobacco *** Responsible for 22% of cancer deaths *** Initiator *** DNA adduct *** 2nd hand smoke **** Sidestream smoke – doesn’...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:37, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Role of infectious diseases in tumour development (Created page with "* H. pylori ** Half of the world has it ** Most commonly gastro-oral or feco-oral transmission ** Causes chronic gastritis -> gastric cancer * <abbr>HPV</abbr> ** 16, 18, 31, 33 -> carcinogenic (high risk) ** 6, 11 -> not carcinogenic (low risk) ** Most common cause of cervical cc ** Also a cause for throat cancer ** Recombinant vaccines *** Bivalent *** Quadrivalent * HBV ** Causes <abbr>HCC</abbr> ** Vaccine * HCV ** Causes HCC ** No vaccine * <abbr>EBV</abbr> ** Burki...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:36, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Morbidity and mortality of malignant diseases (Created page with "* Morbidity ** Most common for men *** Prostate *** Lung *** <abbr>CRC</abbr> ** Most common for women *** Breast *** Lung *** CRC * Mortality ** Cancer is second leading cause of death globally ** 10 million deaths in 2018 ** 1 in 6 deaths ** 70% of deaths in low and middle income countries ** Most common causes of cancer death in men *** Lung *** CRC *** Prostate ** Most common causes of cancer death in women *** Lung *** Breast *** CRC ** Cancer-related death similar...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:36, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Cardiovascular diseases: risk assessment and prevention (Created page with "* Risk assessment ** SCORE risk estimation system *** Two separate systems for high-risk and low-risk European regions *** Estimates the risk of fatal cardiovascular events in the next 10 years, based on **** Gender **** Age **** Smoking **** Systolic BP **** Total cholesterol *** Very important to learn! *** [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Monica_Tiberi/publication/304574403/figure/fig1/AS:613444923437073@1523268075132/SCORE-chart-10-year-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascu...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:35, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Epidemiology and prevention of hypertension (Created page with "* Hypertension ** Systolic > 140 mmHg ** Diastolic > 90 mmHg ** Most are primary ** Symptom-free * Epidemiology ** Most prevalent in eastern Europe, southern Africa ** More prevalent in blacks ** More prevalent in lower socioeconomic classes ** Prevalence increases with age ** < 50: more frequent among men ** > 65: more frequent among women * Risk factors ** Familial factors ** Nutritional *** Salt intake > 5g/day **** Hungary has extremely high salt intake (17 g per day...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:35, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Epidemiology and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases (Created page with "* Stroke ** Ischaemic 80% *** Thrombotic 50% *** Embolic ** Haemorrhage 20% *** Intracerebral **** Hypertension *** Subarachnoid **** Aneurysms **** Occurs at any age **** Different epidemiology than other stroke types ** Symptoms *** Sudden numbness or weakness *** Sudden confusion, trouble speaking *** Sudden blindness *** Sudden trouble walking *** Sudden severe headache * Epidemiology ** 10% of ischaemic strokes -> death in 30 days ** 40% of haemorrhagic strokes -> d...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:34, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Risk factors of coronary heart disease (excluding main and other modifiable risk factors) (Created page with "* Non-modifiable risk factors ** Advanced age *** Risk of stroke doubles every decade after age 55 ** Family history *** Increased risk if first-degree had cardiovascular disease at < 55 or <65 years ** Gender *** Increased risk for CHD in men *** Stroke similar for genders *** Protective effect of oestrogen **** Increases HDL **** Decreases LDL **** Decreases Homocysteine **** Inhibits NF-kB ** Ethnicity *** Stroke increased in **** Blacks **** Hispanics **** Chinese **...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:34, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Other modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease (Created page with "* Low socioeconomic status * Mental ill health ** Depression * Psychosocial stress ** Social isolation ** Anxiety * Heavy alcohol use ** One or 2 drinks per day reduces heart disease ** J-shaped curve * Certain medications ** Oral contraceptives ** Hormonal replacement therapy * Lipoprotein(a) * Left ventricular hypertrophy Category:Public health 5 - Detailed epidemiology") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:33, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Main modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease (Created page with "* Hypertension * Abnormal blood lipids ** High serum cholesterol ** High LDL ** Low HDL * Tobacco use ** Worse risk for women ** Genetical sensitivity * Physical inactivity ** > 150 minutes /week of moderate intensity ** Muscle-strengthening activities * Obesity * Unhealthy diet * Diabetes mellitus Seven countries study * First major study to investigate diet and lifestyle as risk factors for CVD * 1958 * Included countries with different cultures and standards Europe...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:33, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease (Created page with "* Leading cause of death in US and the world * Higher risk in men than women * Rising tendency in developing countries * Accounts for nearly 30% of all disability cases * Especially affects middle aged population * Proposed theories ** Lipid theory *** Decreasing blood cholesterol decreases IHD *** Oxidized LDL enters vessel wall ** Blood coagulation theory *** Increased coagulation tendency *** Evidence: **** Increased plasma fibrinogen **** Increased thromboxane A2/pro...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:32, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Importance of non-communicable diseases in developed countries (mortality, morbidity, trends) (Created page with "* Most important non-communicable diseases in high-income countries ** CVD ** Cancer ** Chronic respiratory disease * NCD ** cause more than 75% of deaths in high-income countries yearly ** are more important in high-income than low-income countries *** due to diet, social status ** are becoming more important in low-income countries as well (as communicable diseases are becoming less of a problem) ** In all ages: *** CVD 48% *** Cancer 21% *** Others 16% ** < 60 year ol...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:31, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Public health 5 - Detailed epidemiology (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
  • 20:30, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:4th year (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:30, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. New infectious diseases. Bioterrorism (Created page with "* New infectious diseases ** COVID-19 ** H1N1 influenza *** Caused 1918 pandemic (Spanish flu) and 2009 pandemic (swine flu) ** SARS ** Zika virus ** Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis * Bioterrorism ** = the use of microorganisms or their products to cause harms ** Characteristics of bioterrorism agents which make them appealing to terrorists *** Inexpensive *** Readily available *** Easy to produce in quantity *** Can be transmitted between humans *** Hard to treat ** P...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:30, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Epidemiology and prevention of prion diseases (Created page with "* Prions ** = wrongly folded proteins which are very resistant, especially against heating ** The protein in question is called PrP and is normally in the C isoform (PrPC protein) ** Transformation to the Sc (scrapie) isoform can occur when a PrPC protein comes into contact with a PrPSc isoform of the protein *** It can also occur spontaneously, but that is extremely rare ** The Sc isoform is resistant to proteolysis ** Transmissible per os * Prion diseases = transmissib...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:29, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Epidemiology and prevention of AIDS (Created page with "* Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS ** 34 million worldwide live with HIV ** 23 million in Africa ** Most new infections occur in Africa as well ** 1.8 million deaths worldwide due to AIDS in 2010 *** 1.2 million in Africa ** Adult prevalence of AIDS in Africa: 4,7% ** After the HIV epidemic began in ~80s, the life expectancy in Southern Africa actually decreased ** HIV is primarily transmitted through sex, and primarily by men who have sex with men ** In non-African countrie...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:29, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (excluding AIDS) (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Chlamydia 2,5x more common in women ** Gonorrhoea slightly more common in women *** Antibiotic resistance is increasing ** STDs more frequent in Black and Asian ethnicities in western countries * Prevention ** Primary *** Condoms *** HPV vaccination Category:Public health 4 - Preventive medicine") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:28, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic protozoon and viral infections (Created page with "* Viral zoonoses ** Rabies ** Hantavirus ** Influenza ** Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever ** Ebola ** Rift valley fever * Protozoan zoonoses ** Toxoplasma Rabies * Rabies virus is a type of lyssavirus * Epidemiology ** Very few cases in Europe ** Present in all parts of the world ** 95% of death occur in Asia and Africa * Reservoir ** Dogs, bats, wolves, foxes * Transmission: ** Bite or direct contact with saliva of infected animal ** Retrograde transport from nerves a...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:28, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic helminth and bacterial infections (Created page with "Zoonoses * A disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa * > 60% of all infectious disease are zoonoses * Bacterial ** Listeria monocytogenes ** Brucella ** Leptospirosis ** Bacillus anthracis ** Tularaemia ** Q fever ** Salmonella ** Plague ** Shigella * Helminth ** Trichinella spiralsis ** Taenia solium ** Echinococcus Listeriosis * Listeria monocytogenes * Reservoir ** Animals are often asymptomatic but have the bacteria...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:27, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Epidemiology and prevention of infections transmitted through the skin (Created page with "Wound infections * Pathogen enters through a wound * Local inflammation at site * Risk factors ** Diabetes ** Immunosuppression ** Old or young age ** Foreign material in wounds ** Crowded conditions ** Poor hygiene Tetanus * Clostridium tetani * Epidemiology ** Present worldwide ** More common in rural communities and agricultural regions * Transmission ** Bacterium produces spores ** Contaminated objects in contact with wounds or ulcers ** Penetrating injury from co...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:27, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Epidemiology and prevention of haematogenic and lymphogenic infections (Created page with "Vector-borne diseases * Infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropods like: ** Flies *** Sleeping sickness ** Mosquitoes *** Malaria *** Yellow fever *** Zika *** Dengue fever *** West Nile fever ** Ticks *** Lyme disease *** Tick-borne encephalitis *** Q fever *** Tularaemia ** Lice ** Fleas *** The plague * The infection can be located inside the vector or outside * Arthropods are cold-blooded and are therefore very sensitive to changes in the climate ** C...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:26, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Epidemiology and prevention of viral hepatitides (Created page with "Risk factors for hepatitis viruses * Low socioeconomic status * Crowding * Poor sanitation * Lack of safe water * IV drug users * People with many sexual partners * People who receive regular blood transfusions Prevention * Primary ** Hygiene ** Safe handling and disposal of needles ** Provide sterile injection equipment to IV drug users ** Testing donated blood ** Promote safe sex * Secondary ** Screening high-risk people for cirrhosis, <abbr>HCC</abbr> * Tertiary **...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:26, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Epidemiology and prevention of enteric helminth and protozoon infections (Created page with "Enteric helminth and protozoa infections * Pinworms * Giardia * Amebiasis * Ascariasis * Tapeworms * Whipworm Pinworms * Parasite: Enterobius Vermicularis * Epidemiology ** Outbreaks common in schools * Transmission ** Faecal-oral * Clinical features ** Key symptom: itching at the rectum ** Parasites leaves the anus at night, leaves eggs around the anus * Diagnosis ** Put tape at the anus, look for eggs in the morning * Treatment: ** Vermox ** Antiminth Giardiasis *...") Tag: Visual edit
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