All pages
Previous page (22. Cor pulmonale chronicum) | Next page (7. Diverticulosis of the colon. Pathology of colonic polyps)
- 4. Causes and forms of heart failure
- 4. Communication between cellular components of the immune system
- 4. Crohn’s disease
- 4. Development of the skull. Growth of the bones. Malformations
- 4. Diseases of the tympanic membrane, tumours of the external ear (benign, malignant tumours)
- 4. Epidemiology of malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies
- 4. Exophytic carcinoma of the stomach
- 4. Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine
- 4. Hemorrhagic infarct of the lung
- 4. Imaging of pneumonias.
- 4. Inflammatory and ulcerative disorders of the stomach
- 4. Interpretation of laboratory results. Biological and analytical factors influencing the results.
- 4. Mechanisms of drug antagonisms
- 4. Other modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease
- 4. Pathophysiology of GIT-peptides
- 4. Patterns of coagulation type necrosis. Organ examples
- 4. Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation
- 4. Social risk factors
- 4. The equipment used in radiation oncology
- 4. The neuromuscular junction
- 4. Well-fed and fasting states
- 40. Atrial or ventricular flutter, atrial or ventricular fibrillation
- 40. Cerebral circulation. The concept of “blood-brain barrier”
- 40. Cervicobrachial syndrome
- 40. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases.
- 40. Glial central nervous system tumours
- 40. Hyperglycemia and glucose-tolerance tests. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
- 40. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 40. Immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- 40. Laboratory assessment of increased serum uric acid levels
- 40. Multiple sclerosis
- 40. Paget disease of the breast
- 40. Radioisotope examination of myocardial perfusion (transient and permanent ischaemia, viability). Radioisotope examination of left ventricle pump function and wall motion problems.
- 40. Rectal adenocarcinoma
- 41. Arteritis temporalis
- 41. Basic characteristics and forms of diabetes mellitus syndrome
- 41. Craniopharyngeoma
- 41. Drugs used to treat bronchial asthma
- 41. Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of cancers in the last decades
- 41. Invasive ductal carcinoma
- 41. Laboratory tests of the cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids.
- 41. Nonglial central nervous system tumors
- 41. Principles and evaluation of respiratory function tests. Characteristics and parameters of abnormal breathing mechanics
- 41. Pulmonary metastases
- 41. Radioisotope diagnostics of thyroid diseases and parathyroid diseases.
- 41. Splanchnic circulation
- 42. Anterior lobe pituitary tumours and their consequences. Posterior lobe syndromes. Disorders associated with hypopituarism (Sheehan syndrome, chromophobic adenoma, empty sella syndrome, suprasellar tumours)
- 42. Disorders of the control of breathing. Age-dependent changes. Sleep-apnea syndrome
- 42. Drug treatment of allergic rhinitis. Antitussives, expectorants and mucolytics
- 42. General pathobiochemistry of diabetes mellitus syndrome
- 42. Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis
- 42. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
- 42. Mucinous carcinoma
- 42. Nuclear medicine methods in childhood (kidney, bone, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy).
- 42. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.
- 42. Pre-analytical considerations of the hormone tests.
- 42. Skeletal muscle circulation. Cutaneous circulation
- 42. Suprarenal cortical adenoma
- 43. Aneurysma thrombotisatum ventriculi sinistri cordis
- 43. Clinical biochemistry of the hypothalamus, hypophysis
- 43. Drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcer
- 43. Etiology and pathogenesis of 1DM
- 43. Inflammatory, tumorous diseases as well as disorders associated with hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (+ hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism)
- 43. Kaposi sarcoma
- 43. Nervous control of the heart
- 43. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS-signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function.
- 43. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland
- 43. Radioisotope diagnostics in breast and gynecologic tumors. The significance of sentinel lymph node scintigraphy.
- 43. Recurrent dislocation of the patella
- 43. Seborrhoeic keratosis
- 43. The work of breathing. Abnormalities of elastic resistance, restrictive disorders
- 44. Alveolar hypoventilation. Causes and consequences.
- 44. Basal cell carcinoma
- 44. Brain perfusion examinations in nuclear medicine (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging).
- 44. Control mechanisms of the circulatory system. General considerations
- 44. Emetics, antiemetics and prokinetic drugs
- 44. Endocarditis septica
- 44. Etiology and pathogenesis of 2DM
- 44. Laboratory assessment of the thyroid function
- 44. NRDS
- 44. Pathology of the parathyroid glands (hyperplasia, adenoma, causes of hypoparathyreoidism). Multiple endocrine neoplasms
- 44. Prostate adenocarcinoma
- 44. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (c-myc, n-myc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene
- 45. Acute and chronic alveolar hyperventilation
- 45. Aspergillosis of the lung
- 45. Causes and clinical consequences of hyperplasia and atrophy of the suprarenal gland. Cortical tumours of the suprarenal gland (morphology, clinical syndromes) Cortical insufficiency of the suprarenal gland. Tumors of the adrenal medulla.
- 45. Chronic epididymitis. Hydrokele. Atrophia of the testes.
- 45. Clinical biochemistry of the disorders of adrenal medulla/cortex
- 45. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and ketoacidotic coma
- 45. Endocarditis chronica – mitral stenosis
- 45. Laxatives, antidiarrhoeal agents, drug treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and paralytic ileus, digestives, drugs used in cholelithiasis
- 45. Local control of the vascular smooth muscle
- 45. Nodular melanoma
- 45. Nuclear medicine examinations in gastroenterology.
- 45. Prognostic significance of septic hip conditions in newborn
- 45. Tumour suppressor genes I. RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples
- 46. Autoregulation of blood flow in tissues and organs
- 46. CMV lung
- 46. Clinical biochemistry of the disorders of the human reproductive system
- 46. Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) and coma
- 46. Isotope renography (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging).
- 46. Local anaesthetics
- 46. Löffler’s endocarditis
- 46. Melanocytic naevus and superficially spreading melanoma
- 46. Mixed germ cell tumor with seminoma and teratoma
- 46. Pathogenesis and frequency of soft tissue tumours. Fibrous tumours and tumourlike lesions. Fibrosarcoma. Fibromatoses. Socalled fibrohistiocytic tumors.
- 46. Tumour suppressor genes II. NF1, NF2, VHL, WT-1 and WT-2. Related syndromes
- 46. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (VQ). Causes and consequences
- 47. Antianxiety and hypnotic drugs
- 47. Bronchial asthma
- 47. Bullous pemphigoid
- 47. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma
- 47. Congestive cardiomyopathy
- 47. Disorders of alveolo-capillary diffusion. Hepatopulmonary syndrome
- 47. Femoral head necrosis
- 47. Indications of bone scintigraphy. The significance and indications of 3-phase bone scintigraphy.
- 47. Late complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic micro- and macro-vascular disorders.
- 47. Penal carcinoma
- 47. The function and importance of baroreceptors in the regulation of circulation
- 47. The most important non-specific laboratory tests that suggest the presence of malignant diseases.
- 47. Tumours of adipose tissue and peripheral nerves, synovial sarcoma
- 48. Alcohols: Pharmacology, toxicology
- 48. Carcinoma of the cervix
- 48. Disorders of oxygen transport (abnormal hemoglobin, CO-poisoning, methemoglobinemia)
- 48. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 48. Microbial carcinogenesis. RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori
- 48. Pathobiochemistry of the late complications of diabetes mellitus
- 48. Psoriasis
- 48. Radioiodine therapy in the diseases of the thyroid gland.
- 48. Reflex control mechanisms of circulation
- 48. Silicosis
- 48. Tumor markers and their informational value in the clinical laboratory practice
- 48. Tumours of smooth and striated muscle (leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, types)
- 49. Antipsychotic drugs
- 49. Clinical aspects of neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers
- 49. Congenital malformations, inflammations and tumors of the penis
- 49. Endometrial polyp
- 49. Foramen ovale late apertum
- 49. Forms and mechanisms of hypoxia. Ways of compensation – cyanosis
- 49. Giant cell tumor of bone (osteoclastoma)
- 49. Hypoglycemia
- 49. Mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
- 49. Microcellular carcinoma of the lung
- 49. Molecular biology applications in the practice of clinical laboratories
- 49. Radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors.
- 49. Tuberculous arthritis
- 4A. Myasthenia gravis
- 4B. Convulsive syncope
- 4 – Spine deformities
- 5. Acetabular Protrusion
- 5. Bedside/point of care tests (POCT) and their informational value
- 5. Carcinoid or NET of the appendix
- 5. Coordinated regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
- 5. Development of the blood vessels. Malformations
- 5. Dietary guidelines
- 5. Encephalomalacia alba
- 5. Forward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure
- 5. Innate immunity, pattern recognition
- 5. Levels of prevention
- 5. Lipoproteins
- 5. Molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. Structure of skeletal muscle. The regulatory role of calcium ion
- 5. Patterns of liquefactive type necrosis. Organ examples
- 5. Peptic ulcer. Stress-ulcer in the elderly
- 5. Phthisis renalis (caseation)
- 5. Pyloric carcinoma
- 5. Risk factors of coronary heart disease (excluding main and other modifiable risk factors)
- 5. Serous otitis media (acute, chronic)
- 5. The benign and malignant tumours of the stomach
- 5. Thoracic masses. Imaging strategy, differential diagnosis.
- 5. Transport of drugs across membranes
- 5. Treatment planning, radiation protection
- 50. Antidepressants
- 50. Carcinoma of the uterine corpus
- 50. Causes and consequences of increased airway resistance – causes and consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – emphysema
- 50. Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
- 50. Hypo-, hyper- and dys-proteinemia
- 50. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes)
- 50. Planocellular carcinoma of the lung
- 50. Prostatitides. Hyperplasia of the prostate, complications
- 50. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
- 50. Ventricular septal defect (Roger’s disease)
- 51. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways
- 51. Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death
- 51. Antiepileptic drugs
- 51. Disturbances of amino acid metabolism
- 51. Ductus Botalli persistens
- 51. Lepidic adenocarcinoma
- 51. Mucinous, multilocular cystadenoma of the ovary
- 51. Partial or complete respiratory failure
- 51. Toxicology tests in the clinical laboratory
- 51. Tumours of the prostate
- 52. Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction
- 52. Congenital abnormalities and infammatory diseases of the testes. Pathology of the appendices of the testis (epidydimis, spermatic cord)
- 52. Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism. Gout
- 52. Dissecting aortal aneurysm
- 52. Dyspnoea
- 52. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues
- 52. General anaesthetics
- 52. Thecofibroma of the ovary
- 53. Chondromalacia patellae
- 53. Drug treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
- 53. Forms, general pathophysiology and consequences of anaemia
- 53. Luetic aortitis
- 53. O2 and CO2 transport in the body
- 53. Pathobiochemistry of LDL-metabolism. Primary and secondary hyperlipoproteinemia
- 53. Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones)
- 53. Testicular tumours, classification, tumour markers
- 54. Aplastic anemia and anemias of complex etiology in disease states
- 54. Atherosclerosis and its cellular and molecular pathophysiology
- 54. Cardiomyopathies. Tumours and tumour-like conditions of the heart
- 54. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver
- 54. Dysgerminoma
- 54. Pathology of the vulva and vagina. Sexually transmitted diseases
- 54. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes
- 54. Psychomotor stimulants and nootropic agents
- 55. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis
- 55. Deficiency anaemias
- 55. Disorders of the hypothalamo-pituitary system. Pituitary insufficiency
- 55. Hydatidiform mole
- 55. Inflammations, tumourlike lesions and tumours of the cervix. Carcinoma of the cervix (pathogenesis, pathomorphology, screening)
- 55. Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium
- 55. Opioid analgesic drugs. Morphine and codeine
- 55. Rehabilitation following limb amputation, orthoses, orthopaedic shoes
- 55. Supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx
- 56. Acute osteomyelitis
- 56. Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Dysfunctional bleedings. Endometrial hyperplasia. Endometritises
- 56. Congenital heart diseases
- 56. Different types of hypoxia. Oxygen treatment. Mechanisms of acclimatisation. Nitrogen narcosis. Decompression sickness
- 56. Fibroadenoma of the breast
- 56. Haemolytic anaemias
- 56. Hyperprolactinemia
- 56. NRDS
- 56. Opioid analgesic drugs. Semisynthetic, synthetic opioids, opioid antagonists
- 57. Adjuvant analgesics. Centrally-acting muscle relaxants
- 57. Bronchiectasis (foreign body in the bronchus)
- 57. Diseases of the uterus and fallopian tubes
- 57. Pathophysiology of growth
- 57. Polycythemias, polyglobulias
- 57. Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms
- 58. Bleeding abnormalities due to platelet or vascular factors
- 58. Cysts and tumours of the ovaries (surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cordstromal tumours, tumours, metastases)
- 58. Drug abuse and dependence: general principles, opioids, anti-anxiety and hypnotic drugs, inhalants, ethanol
- 58. Hyperthyroidism. Specialities in the elderly
- 58. Mastitis carcinomatosa
- 58. Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours
- 58. Silicosis
- 59. Bronchial carcinoma
- 59. Congenital and acquired coagulopathies
- 59. Diseases of the upper airways
- 59. Drug abuse and dependence. Psychomotor stimulants, psychedelics, cannabis
- 59. Hypothyroidism. Specialities in the elderly
- 59. Paget’s disease
- 59. Pathology of pregnancy I (implantation disorders, gestosis, trophoblastic tumours)
- 5A. Polyneuropathies
- 5B. Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- 5 – Cerebral palsy
- 6. Absorption of drugs
- 6. Acute pancreatitis – adiponecrosis
- 6. Backward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure
- 6. Basic concepts of chemotherapy
- 6. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis
- 6. Crohn’s disease
- 6. Development of the face, formation of the nasal and oral cavities. Malformations
- 6. Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis
- 6. Epidemiology and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases
- 6. Fatty acid synthesis (with elongation and desaturation)
- 6. Gangraena sicca of the toes
- 6. Health promotion
- 6. Inflammatory reaction
- 6. Liver functions
- 6. Malformations of the small intestine. Malabsorption. Tumours of the small intestine
- 6. Pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis and diagnostic difficulties.
- 6. Rectal adenocarcinoma
- 6. Special nutritional considerations: vegetarianism
- 6. Suppurative otitis media (acute, chronic)
- 6. Tendovaginites, types and management
- 6. Utilization of nutrients and its disorders. Maldigestions. Age-dependent features of nutrient utilization
- 60. Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury
- 60. Goiters
- 60. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
- 60. Mesothelioma
- 60. Orthopaedic aspects of osteoporosis
- 60. Pathology of pregnancy II (transplacental infections, chromosomal aberrations)
- 60. Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube
- 60. Thrombosis. Causes and consequences
- 61. Corticosteroids
- 61. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- 61. Disturbances of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic system – pheochromocytoma
- 61. Infectious disorders of the lower airways
- 61. Mastitides (lactational, ductus ectasia, fat necrosis, galactocele). Mastopathies (fibrocystic change). Fibroepthelial tumours.
- 61. Teratoma of the ovary (embryonal)
- 62. Adrenogenital syndrome. Disorders of gonadal hormones
- 62. Breast carcinoma. Pathogenesis, types, prognosis
- 62. Estrogens, antiestrogens, progestins, antiprogestins
- 62. General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases
- 62. Granulocytes in inflammatory processes
- 62. Melanoma of the eye
- 63. Adrenal (cortex) insufficiency
- 63. Chronic restrictive lung diseases
- 63. Melanocytic lesions (+ introduction to skin lesions)
- 63. Metastasizing melanoma
- 63. Pathophysiology of glomerular filtration
- 63. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraceptives
- 64. Androgens, anabolic steroids, antiandrogens
- 64. Cylindromatosis (turban tumour)
- 64. Disorders of tubular functions
- 64. Epithelial tumours of the skin
- 64. Primary hyperaldosteronism
- 64. Vascular diseases of the lung
- 65. Closure abnormalities of the spinal cord
- 65. Inflammatory skin diseases
- 65. Lung tumors
- 65. Osteogenic sarcoma
- 65. Proteinuria
- 65. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
- 65. Thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs
- 66. Chondrosarcoma
- 66. Glucocorticoid hyperfunctional states
- 66. Hereditary, inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases
- 66. Hyposthenuria, asthenuria, osmotic diuresis
- 66. Insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Glucagon
- 66. Pleural and mediastinal disorders
- 67. Aseptic bone necroses
- 67. Benign and malignant bone tumours
- 67. Oliguria, polyuria. Renal functions in the elderly
- 67. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D, drugs used to treat osteoporosis
- 67. Pathophysiological aspects of glucocorticoid therapy
- 68. Non-excretory kidney functions and their abnormalities
- 68. Parathyroid abnormalities
- 68. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine. Fluoroquinolones
- 69. Chronic renal failure. Causes, characteristics and progression
- 69. Hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia
- 69. Nitroimidazoles. RNA polymerase inhibitors
- 6A. Neuroimaging
- 6B. Guillain-Barre syndrome
- 6 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis)
- 7. Alcohol
- 7. Apoptosis morphology, pathomechanism
- 7. Cerebral abscess
- 7. Colonic diverticulosis
- 7. Complications of suppurative otitis media
- 7. Congenital hepatic fibrosis
- 7. Differentiation of the pharyngeal arches. Malformations
- 7. Disorders of potassium balance
- 7. Distribution of drugs