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20:32, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Importance of non-communicable diseases in developed countries (mortality, morbidity, trends) (Created page with "* Most important non-communicable diseases in high-income countries ** CVD ** Cancer ** Chronic respiratory disease * NCD ** cause more than 75% of deaths in high-income countries yearly ** are more important in high-income than low-income countries *** due to diet, social status ** are becoming more important in low-income countries as well (as communicable diseases are becoming less of a problem) ** In all ages: *** CVD 48% *** Cancer 21% *** Others 16% ** < 60 year ol...") Tag: Visual edit
20:31, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Public health 5 - Detailed epidemiology (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
20:30, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:4th year (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:30, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. New infectious diseases. Bioterrorism (Created page with "* New infectious diseases ** COVID-19 ** H1N1 influenza *** Caused 1918 pandemic (Spanish flu) and 2009 pandemic (swine flu) ** SARS ** Zika virus ** Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis * Bioterrorism ** = the use of microorganisms or their products to cause harms ** Characteristics of bioterrorism agents which make them appealing to terrorists *** Inexpensive *** Readily available *** Easy to produce in quantity *** Can be transmitted between humans *** Hard to treat ** P...") Tag: Visual edit
14:30, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Epidemiology and prevention of prion diseases (Created page with "* Prions ** = wrongly folded proteins which are very resistant, especially against heating ** The protein in question is called PrP and is normally in the C isoform (PrPC protein) ** Transformation to the Sc (scrapie) isoform can occur when a PrPC protein comes into contact with a PrPSc isoform of the protein *** It can also occur spontaneously, but that is extremely rare ** The Sc isoform is resistant to proteolysis ** Transmissible per os * Prion diseases = transmissib...") Tag: Visual edit
14:29, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Epidemiology and prevention of AIDS (Created page with "* Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS ** 34 million worldwide live with HIV ** 23 million in Africa ** Most new infections occur in Africa as well ** 1.8 million deaths worldwide due to AIDS in 2010 *** 1.2 million in Africa ** Adult prevalence of AIDS in Africa: 4,7% ** After the HIV epidemic began in ~80s, the life expectancy in Southern Africa actually decreased ** HIV is primarily transmitted through sex, and primarily by men who have sex with men ** In non-African countrie...") Tag: Visual edit
14:29, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (excluding AIDS) (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Chlamydia 2,5x more common in women ** Gonorrhoea slightly more common in women *** Antibiotic resistance is increasing ** STDs more frequent in Black and Asian ethnicities in western countries * Prevention ** Primary *** Condoms *** HPV vaccination Category:Public health 4 - Preventive medicine") Tag: Visual edit
14:28, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic protozoon and viral infections (Created page with "* Viral zoonoses ** Rabies ** Hantavirus ** Influenza ** Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever ** Ebola ** Rift valley fever * Protozoan zoonoses ** Toxoplasma Rabies * Rabies virus is a type of lyssavirus * Epidemiology ** Very few cases in Europe ** Present in all parts of the world ** 95% of death occur in Asia and Africa * Reservoir ** Dogs, bats, wolves, foxes * Transmission: ** Bite or direct contact with saliva of infected animal ** Retrograde transport from nerves a...") Tag: Visual edit
14:28, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic helminth and bacterial infections (Created page with "Zoonoses * A disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa * > 60% of all infectious disease are zoonoses * Bacterial ** Listeria monocytogenes ** Brucella ** Leptospirosis ** Bacillus anthracis ** Tularaemia ** Q fever ** Salmonella ** Plague ** Shigella * Helminth ** Trichinella spiralsis ** Taenia solium ** Echinococcus Listeriosis * Listeria monocytogenes * Reservoir ** Animals are often asymptomatic but have the bacteria...") Tag: Visual edit
14:27, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Epidemiology and prevention of infections transmitted through the skin (Created page with "Wound infections * Pathogen enters through a wound * Local inflammation at site * Risk factors ** Diabetes ** Immunosuppression ** Old or young age ** Foreign material in wounds ** Crowded conditions ** Poor hygiene Tetanus * Clostridium tetani * Epidemiology ** Present worldwide ** More common in rural communities and agricultural regions * Transmission ** Bacterium produces spores ** Contaminated objects in contact with wounds or ulcers ** Penetrating injury from co...") Tag: Visual edit
14:27, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Epidemiology and prevention of haematogenic and lymphogenic infections (Created page with "Vector-borne diseases * Infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropods like: ** Flies *** Sleeping sickness ** Mosquitoes *** Malaria *** Yellow fever *** Zika *** Dengue fever *** West Nile fever ** Ticks *** Lyme disease *** Tick-borne encephalitis *** Q fever *** Tularaemia ** Lice ** Fleas *** The plague * The infection can be located inside the vector or outside * Arthropods are cold-blooded and are therefore very sensitive to changes in the climate ** C...") Tag: Visual edit
14:26, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Epidemiology and prevention of viral hepatitides (Created page with "Risk factors for hepatitis viruses * Low socioeconomic status * Crowding * Poor sanitation * Lack of safe water * IV drug users * People with many sexual partners * People who receive regular blood transfusions Prevention * Primary ** Hygiene ** Safe handling and disposal of needles ** Provide sterile injection equipment to IV drug users ** Testing donated blood ** Promote safe sex * Secondary ** Screening high-risk people for cirrhosis, <abbr>HCC</abbr> * Tertiary **...") Tag: Visual edit
14:26, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Epidemiology and prevention of enteric helminth and protozoon infections (Created page with "Enteric helminth and protozoa infections * Pinworms * Giardia * Amebiasis * Ascariasis * Tapeworms * Whipworm Pinworms * Parasite: Enterobius Vermicularis * Epidemiology ** Outbreaks common in schools * Transmission ** Faecal-oral * Clinical features ** Key symptom: itching at the rectum ** Parasites leaves the anus at night, leaves eggs around the anus * Diagnosis ** Put tape at the anus, look for eggs in the morning * Treatment: ** Vermox ** Antiminth Giardiasis *...") Tag: Visual edit
14:25, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Epidemiology and prevention of enteric viral infections (Created page with "Viral enteric infections * Rotavirus * Norovirus * Poliovirus Rotavirus * Epidemiology ** The leading cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and children worldwide ** Most common cause of diarrhoeal deaths in developing countries ** Most common during the winter in temperate climates *** Year-round in tropical climates ** Virtually all children in developing countries are infected before they reach age 3 ** RV can also infect adults *** Especially institutional...") Tag: Visual edit
14:25, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Epidemiology and prevention of enteric bacterial infections (Created page with "Enteric bacterial infections * Non-inflammatory diarrhoea (often watery) ** Preformed toxin *** Staphylococcus aureus *** Bacillus cereus ** Bacteria that produce toxin in the intestines *** Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) *** Vibrio cholerae *** Clostridium botulinum *** Clostridium perfringens * Inflammatory diarrhoea (often bloody) ** Bacteria that produce cytotoxins *** Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) *** Clostridium difficile ** Bacteria that invade the mucosa ***...") Tag: Visual edit
14:24, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Characteristics, types, occurrence and prevention of enteric infections (Created page with "Gastrointestinal infections * Caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths * Symptoms can be caused by the organisms themselves or by toxins they produce * If small intestine is affected: ** Watery diarrhoea ** Abdominal cramps ** Vomiting * If large intestine is affected ** Bloody diarrhoea ** Lower abdominal pain ** Fever * Infection acquired from contaminated food or drinking water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene Diarrhoeal disease * Ep...") Tag: Visual edit
14:24, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Epidemiology and prevention of airborne viral infections (Created page with "Airborne viral infections * Influenza * Measles * Mumps * Rubella * Varicella zoster * Parainfluenza * Varicella * Epstein Barr virus Measles * Measles virus, a paramyxovirus ** Also called morbillivirus * Highly contagious, serious disease ** Contagiosity index 95-99% * Epidemiology ** Used to be a leading cause of infant death, blindness and disability ** Most commonly affects children < 12 months ** Vaccination caused an 80% drop in cases from 2000 to 2017 *** Duri...") Tag: Visual edit
14:23, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Epidemiology and prevention of airborne bacterial infections (Created page with "Airborne infections: * Inhalation of organisms suspended in the air on water droplets or dust particles * Prevention: ** Handwashing ** Keep distance from sick people ** Sick people should keep distance from healthy people ** Vaccines Bacterial airborne infections: * Tuberculosis * Diphtheria * Pertussis * Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) * Haemophilus influenzae * Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) * Legionnaire disease Tuberculosis * Mycobacterium tuber...") Tag: Visual edit
14:23, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases, mandatory immunisation for children (Created page with "''Dr. Katalin Szendi said in the seminar that you don’t have to learn the vaccination program for Hungary – you can learn the one for your home country. They’re all mostly similar anyway.'' Epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases * Immunization prevents 2 – 3 million deaths every year * An additional 1,5 million deaths could be prevented by additional immunization * 20 million infants worldwide are missing out on basic vaccines File:Norwegian vaccinatio...") Tag: Visual edit
14:22, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Norwegian vaccination program.png
14:22, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Norwegian vaccination program.png
14:21, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Prevention of infectious diseases: vaccination, chemoprophylaxis (Created page with "* Vaccination prevents 2-3 million deaths every year ** An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided with further vaccination * Immunogenicity ** = the ability of a vaccine to provoke an immune response ** Can be measured by measuring circulating antibodies * Protectivity ** = how well the vaccine protects against the disease ** Must be measured with long-term observational studies * Reactogenicity ** = how many adverse reactions the vaccine produces * Complications...") Tag: Visual edit
14:13, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Infectious diseases worldwide (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Lower respiratory tract infections is the fourth most common cause of death globally ** Diarrhoeal disease and tuberculosis are number 9 and 10 ** Communicable diseases are a much larger problem in developing regions (Africa, Middle East) than in developed regions * Types ** Seasonal outbreaks – outbreaks in a certain season *** Influenza – winter *** Diphtheria – autumn ** Cyclic outbreaks – outbreaks at a certain interval *** Pandemic flu –...") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Nosocomial infections. Sterilization, disinfection (Created page with "* Definitions ** Nosocomial disease = disease which is the result of treatment in a hospital ** Nosocomial infection (hospital-acquired infection) = infection which is the result of treatment in a hospital ** Nosocomial epidemic = nosocomial infection that affects two or more patients, and there is a connection between the cases ** Commensal bacteria *** Bacteria which are normally present, but can cause disease in compromised humans * Problems with nosocomial infections...") Tag: Visual edit
14:10, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Primary and secondary factors of epidemic process (virulence, source of infection, means of transmission, susceptible host) (Created page with "Basics of infectious disease * Terminology ** Colonization = an organism is replicating in a host but causes no disease ** Sporadic case = case not connected to other cases ** Outbreak = a greater-than-expected number of cases *** Endemic = high occurence of a disease within a given geographical area or population **** Example: Malaria is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa *** Epidemic = outbreak of a disease within a region in a country, or multiple countries **** COVID-19...") Tag: Visual edit
14:09, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Molecular basics of carcinogenesis (Created page with "* DNA damage to normal cell -> mutations in genome -> altered gene product -> Tumor suppressors ↓ or oncogenes ↑ * Protective mechanisms against carcinogenesis ** DNA repair enzymes ** Tumor suppressors * Characteristics of cancer cells ** Inhibition of apoptosis + lack of response to inhibitory factors -> capable of self-maintained replication, long survival ** Mutagenic agents/defective DNA repair -> genetic instability -> more mutations ** Capable of angiogenesis...") Tag: Visual edit
14:09, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Genomics and epigenetics in public health. Nutrigenomics (Created page with "* Most diseases with a genetic component can not be traced back to a single gene but rather multiple ** Exceptions: Cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease * Genomics = the interactions of all genes and their combined influence on the organism ** Genetics = the study of heredity. The effect of single gene mutations on the organism * Genomics in public health – Using genome-based discoveries for health benefits of the population * Genomics are important in ** Determining wh...") Tag: Visual edit
14:08, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Interaction of environmental and genetical factors in disease development (Created page with "* Most diseases are due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors * We cannot change the genetic factors but we can change environmental factors * Certain genes can increase the risk of disease after exposure to certain environmental factors ** Exposure + susceptible genotype -> high risk ** Exposure + not susceptible genotype -> moderate risk ** No exposure + susceptible genotype -> low risk ** No exposure + not susceptible genotype -> low risk * Gene-enviro...") Tag: Visual edit
14:07, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Genetically modified organisms (Created page with "Genetically modified organisms – GMO * Definition: An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques ** Not necessarily with advanced machines and stuff ** Selective breeding is also a form of GMO * Genes can have been transferred within the same species, across different species and even across biological kingdoms. * New genes can be introduced, or endogenous genes can be enhanced, altered or disabled * Examples ** Spider goat *...") Tag: Visual edit
14:07, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Chemoprevention (Created page with "* Chemoprevention refers to the use of natural compounds to try to reduce the risk of or delay the development or recurrence of cancer * However, some chemopreventative agents turned out to be carcinogenic ** Vitamin E supplements actually increase the risk for prostate cancer ** Beta-carotene supplement increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers * Recent research has determined several potentially chemopreventative natural compounds * See also topic 2 Potentially che...") Tag: Visual edit
14:06, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Food safety, food safety testing (Created page with "Food safety * Definition: The scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness * Five key principles of food hygiene (according to WHO) *# Prevent contaminating food with pathogens *# Separate raw and cooked foods *# Cook foods for appropriate length of time and at appropriate temperature to kill pathogens *# Store food at the proper temperature *# Use safe water and safe raw materials * Food-borne illnes...") Tag: Visual edit
14:06, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Food additives (Created page with "* Definition: Substances added to food to preserve flavour or enhance its taste, appearance or other qualities * Examples: ** Preserving foods with vinegar or salting ** Sweetening foods ** Adding taste enhancers like monosodium glutamate (MSG) – enhances umami taste ** Adding antioxidants to prevent oxidation of the food ** Adding nitrites to preserve the food longer ** Adding sulphur dioxide to wine to preserve it * All food additives in Europe have a unique “E nu...") Tag: Visual edit
14:04, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Dietary supplements and functional foods (Created page with "Dietary supplementation * Definition: A manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet or liquid * Can provide natural or synthetic nutrients * $37 billion industry in 2015 * 50% of Americans take dietary supplements * Common types ** Multivitamins ** Sport nutrition supplements ** Calcium ** B-vitamins ** Vitamin C ** Glucosamine ** Fish oil ** Collagen ** Ginseng ** Glucosamine ** Probiotic ** Folic acid * Medically...") Tag: Visual edit
14:02, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Epidemiology of obesity (Created page with "Obesity * Epidemiology ** Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980 ** In 2014 more than 1.9 billion (39%) adults were overweight. 600 million (13%) were obese ** North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America are almost as overweight as Europe ** Obesity is growing in the developing world. Here the number of overweight adults has more than tripled since 1980 ** In Europe *** Romania, Italy least obese *** Hungary, Great Britain most obese * Definition of obes...") Tag: Visual edit
14:02, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of obesity.png
14:02, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of obesity.png
14:00, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Assessment of nutritional status, nutritional screening (Created page with "Tools in the assessment of nutritional status – anthropometric measurements * Anthropometry ** = measurement of height, weight, and proportions of a person ** Especially used in infants, children, pregnant ** Advantages of anthropometry *** High specificity, high sensitivity *** Many variables are acquired and measured *** Data can be graded on charts and compared to healthy subjects ** Disadvantages of anthropometry *** Difference in measurements depending on the obs...") Tag: Visual edit
14:00, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Special nutritional considerations: trendy diets (Created page with "Palaeolithic diet (paleo diet) * Tries to replicate the diet of hunters and gatherers during the stone age ** Assumes that people in the stone age didn’t consume starchy carbohydrates like potatoes and grains ** Based on the premise that human genetics haven’t adapted to the change in agriculture, and so a diet similar to the cavemen is best *** However, recent studies have shown that genetics can and have changed in response to changes in agriculture *** Recent stu...") Tag: Visual edit
13:59, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Special nutritional considerations: Mediterranean diet, DASH- (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet (Created page with "Mediterranean diet * Based of food patterns typical of Greece, Crete and southern Italy * Not only a diet, rather a lifestyle ** Contains regular physical activity and enjoying meals with families and friends * Lower rates of multiple conditions in the region, which can be attributed to the diet ** Obesity ** Diabetes mellitus type 2 ** Cancer * Characterised by ** Abundant plant foods (fruits, vegetables, breads, cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts, seeds) ** Olive oil as t...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Special nutritional considerations: vegetarianism (Created page with "Vegetarian diet * No meat, poultry, fish or other seafood is consumed * Animal products like milk and eggs can be consumed * Not all plant products contain all essential nutrients. Thus, a vegetarian diet must be well-planned to meet the daily recommended intake of all nutrients * The vegetarian diet contains more than enough of ** Vitamins B, E, C ** Minerals ** Dietary fibre ** Unsaturated fatty acids ** Carbohydrates ** Plant sterols * The vegetarian diet often bring...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Dietary guidelines (Created page with "General dietary guidelines (according to the 2015-2020 American dietary guidelines) * Increased intake of whole grain, vegetables and fruits ** Decreases weight gain * Reduced intake of sugar-sweetened beverages ** These are a large source of calories while containing few essential nutrients * Increased intake of 100% fruit juice * Decrease alcohol intake ** Alcohol intake is associated with weight gain, cancer and liver disease * Decrease total number of calories consu...") Tag: Visual edit
13:57, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Epidemiology of malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies (Created page with "* Micronutrient deficiency is widespread in developing countries, affecting 2 billion people worldwide * Deficiency affects the most vulnerable groups most commonly * Most common deficiencies ** Iron ** Vitamin A ** Iodine * Malnutrition = inadequate or excess intake of a nutrient, leading to infections and disorders * Underweight malnutrition – large problem in the developing world ** Affects mainly children and women ** Malnutrition increases risk for children to die...") Tag: Visual edit
13:57, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Principles of healthy diet (Created page with "Component of diet * Nutrients ** Macronutrients *** Lipids *** Proteins *** Carbohydrates ** Micronutrients *** Vitamins *** Minerals * Dietary fibre * Bioactive components ** Alkaloids ** Flavonoids ** Carotenoids * Food additives ** Spices ** Preservatives ** Colouring ** Sweeteners ** Thickeners ** Stabilizing agents Macronutrients * Proteins should be 12 – 15% of the total calorie intake * Carbohydrates should be 55 – 60% of the total calorie intake * Fat shou...") Tag: Visual edit
13:56, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Role of nutrition in prevention of cancers (Created page with "* 35% of cancer cases are related to nutrition * 30% of cancer cases are related to smoking * 10% of cancer cases are related to infecitons * Nutrition is the most important behavioural risk factor for cancer – more than smoking, infections β-carotene supplementation and cancer: * β-carotene can be either an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant, depending on these factors ** Concentration ** Presence of other pro-oxidant or antioxidant compounds ** Oxygen concentration * I...") Tag: Visual edit
13:53, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Role of nutrition in prevention of cardiovascular diseases (Created page with "* Cardiovascular disease = CVD ** Ischaemic heart disease ** Stroke * Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease ** CVD is the leading cause of death in the world * Risk factors for CVD ** Behavioural (modifiable) *** Behavioural risk factors are responsible for about 80% of CVD *** Unhealthy diet *** Physical inactivity *** Tobacco use *** Harmful use of alcohol ** Non-modifiable *** Family history *** Old age * 2018 study in British Medical Journal (BMJ): ** Healthy dietar...") Tag: Visual edit
13:51, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Public health 4 - Preventive medicine (Created page with "I wrote these notes for my public health final. The PH4 topics for the final are more or less the same as the topics for the PH2 exam itself, but there may be slight differences. Check the topic lists. Category:3rd year") Tag: Visual edit
13:49, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Demographic indicators: measures of birth and fertility (Created page with "* Crude birth rate – annual number of live births per 1000 people ** 18 live births per 1000 people (2017) * Fertility rate – annual number of live births per woman of childbearing age (15 – 49) ** Around 5 live births per woman in Africa ** Around 1,5 live births per woman in Europe * Age-specific fertility rates – annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups ** 15 – 19 ** 20 – 24 ** etc. * Natural balance = difference between births...") Tag: Visual edit
13:48, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Demographic indicators: measures describing population groups. Population pyramids (Created page with "* Dependency ratio is the ratio of the population who are economically inactive to those who are economically active: ** Dependency ratio = population < 15 and > 65 / population between 15 and 65 * Population size – the number of individuals in the population * Population density – the number of individuals in the population per unit of area * Age structure – the age structure of a population is shown by the population pyramid ** Most developed countries have contr...") Tag: Visual edit
13:46, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Population pyramids.png
13:46, 22 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Population pyramids.png