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- 21:09, 22 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs imported Module:Infobox by file upload (1 revision)
- 21:09, 22 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs imported Module:String by file upload (1 revision)
- 21:09, 22 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs imported Module:Check for unknown parameters by file upload (1 revision)
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- 11:01, 22 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs imported Template:Infobox by file upload (1 revision)
- 15:03, 18 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyponatraemia (Created page with "'''Hyponatraemia'''") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:53, 18 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sodium (Created page with "{{:Stub}} '''Sodium''' is an abundant electrolyte in the body, and sodium ion (Na+) is the dominant ion in the extracellular space. Abnormally low or high sodium (hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia, respectively), are common but potentially lethal disorders in the worst case. == Sodium homeostasis == == Sodium in the diet == Category:Physiology") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:46, 18 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Bedside/point of care tests (POCT) and their informational value (Created page with "{{:Point of care test}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:50, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Point of care test (Created page with "A '''point of care test''' (POCT), also called a '''bedside test''', is a test which can analyse a sample for one or more biomarkers without the use of laboratory equipment. The name comes from how the test can be performed at the point of patient care, usually the bedside. POC tests have many advantages and are widely used. == Commonly used POC tests == * Rapid tests ** Rapid strep test or rapid antigen detection test for streptococcal pharyngitis ** CRP ** [...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:48, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Interpretation of laboratory results. Biological and analytical factors influencing the results. (Created page with "Covered in topic 1 and 3. Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:14, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Reference values and ranges, specificity, sensitivity and predictive value of laboratory tests. (Created page with "{{:Test characteristics}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:11, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Patient preparation before sampling. Proper method to carry out blood (venous, capillary) and urine collection. Type of tubes. (Created page with "== Patient preparation == * Preanalysis ** Clinical question ** Request for analyses ** Patient sampling ** Transit to lab * Analysis * Postanalysis ** Collection ** Interpretation ** Reporting ** Answer {{#lst:Urine analysis|clinical biochemistry}} == Sources of errors == Preanalytical errors are errors which occur in the preanalytical phase, including ordering the test, patient identification, patient preparation ahead of analysis, sample collection, and sample trans...") Tag: Visual edit
- 11:59, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Purpose of laboratory test requests (screening, diagnosis, differential-diagnosis, validation, monitoring). (Created page with "= Purpose of investigation = {{:Purpose of investigation}} = Screening = {{:Screening}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:43, 16 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page CRP (Redirected page to C-reactive protein) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 15:03, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Streptococcal tonsillitis (Redirected page to Tonsillitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:40, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Intestinal obstruction (Redirected page to Ileus) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:24, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Streptococcal pharyngitis (Redirected page to Tonsillitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:10, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Negative predictive value (Redirected page to Test characteristics#Negative predictive value) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:09, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Positive predictive value (Redirected page to Test characteristics#Positive predictive value) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:09, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pre-test probability (Redirected page to Test characteristics#Pre-test and post-test probability) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:08, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Specificity (Redirected page to Test characteristics#Specificity) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:08, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sensitivity (Redirected page to Test characteristics#Sensitivity) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:07, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Screening (Created page with "'''Screening''' refers to using an investigation to detect a disease which has not yet caused symptoms, so-called subclinical disease, with the aim of initiating management as early as possible, to improve the prognosis. Examples include: * Regular mammography or cervical cytology in women ** Used to detect early or precursor breast cancer or precursor stages for cervical cancer, respectively * Faecal occult blood test in middle-aged/elderly **...") Tag: Visual edit
- 11:27, 12 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Test characteristics (Created page with "Any single test or investigation has a certain characteristics which are important to know about. == True and false positive and negative == When researching a certain test's characteristics and usefulness in diagnosing a certain disorder, one would perform the test on both healthy people and people with the disorder. A good test will be positive in most people with the disorder and negative in most people without the disorder. However, because no test is perfect, the t...") Tag: Visual edit
- 22:15, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Purpose of investigation (Created page with "When one orders a test (laboratory, imaging, or otherwise), it's important to have a predetermined purpose for the test and not just ordering tests willy-nilly. Generally, investigations can be used for: * Screening (healthy or not healthy) * Lab diagnosis * Follow-up/monitoring ** Monitoring progression/response to treatment * Evaluation of prognosis ** Information regarding the likely outcome of the disease == Value to the patient == An investigation should have some...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:12, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:10, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 49. Radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors. (Created page with "* '''Neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors express somatostatin receptors -> radiopharmaceuticals will bind to these receptors''' ** '''Indications''' *** Lung neuroendocrine tumors *** Adenocarcinomas of GI tract and pancreas ** '''Radiopharmaceuticals which bind to SST receptors''' *** '''111In-octreotide – indium-111-octreotide''' *** 99mTc-depreotide * '''I123-MIBG scintigraphy''' ** '''I123-MIBG binds to adrenergic receptors in neuroendocrine tumors''' ** Indications...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:09, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 48. Radioiodine therapy in the diseases of the thyroid gland. (Created page with "* Radiotherapy ** Patients must follow rules to avoid radiation burden for other people *** Like keeping distance from people, etc * '''Therapy of thyroid diseases''' ** '''Iodine-131''' *** Given orally, is taken up by thyroid cells, where it is trapped *** Decays into **** Beta radiation -> damages thyroid tissue **** Gamma radiation -> can be detected with gamma camera *** Indications **** Post-thyroidectomy due to cancer ***** Especially when the whole thyroid hasn...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:09, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 47. Indications of bone scintigraphy. The significance and indications of 3-phase bone scintigraphy. (Created page with "* Bone scintigraphy/scan ** Screening method of choice for *** Detection of bone metastases *** Diagnosing fractures which aren’t visible by conventional imaging ** Advantages *** Widely available *** Inexpensive *** Shows entire skeleton ** Disadvantages *** Poor spatial resolution *** Poor contrast resolution ** '''Tc99m-MDP is the most frequently used radiopharmaceutical''' *** Injection -> Wait 2 – 4 hours -> Imaging **** Normal bone scan only has this delayed...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:09, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 46. Isotope renography (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging). (Created page with "* Renal scintigraphy ** Static method ** '''99mTc-DMSA''' ** Measures corticol loss ** Can measure relative ratio of renal function between the two kidneys ** Indications *** Pyelonephritis *** Renal infarction *** Acute renal failure *** Hydronephrosis * Camera-renography ** Dynamic method ** Images before and after furosemide *** If furosemide improves excretion the obstruction is anatomical *** If it doesn’t then it’s a functional problem of the kidney ** '''99mTc...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:08, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 45. Nuclear medicine examinations in gastroenterology. (Created page with "* Liver scintigraphy ** '''99mTc-Fyton''' *** Phagocytosed by Kuppfer cells ** Focal defect shows the lesion ** + SPECT/CT ** Indications *** Tumor *** Metastasis *** Haemangioma *** Focal nodular hyperplasia * Liver blood-pool scintigraphy ** '''99mTc-pyrophosphate-labeled RBCs''' *** '''Accumulates in blood-pools in haemangioma''' ** + SPECT/CT ** Haemangioma is shown by focal increased activity * Hepatobiliary scintigraphy/HIDA scan ** '''99mTc-HIDA''' *** HIDA = Hepa...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:08, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 44. Brain perfusion examinations in nuclear medicine (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging). (Created page with "* Modalities ** Brain scintigraphy *** '''99mTc-DTPA''' *** Used for confirmation of brain death ** Brain perfusion scintigraphy *** With SPECT *** '''99mTc-HM-PAO – accumulates in gray matter''' *** Indications **** Cerebrovascular disease **** Dementia ** CSF scintigraphy *** '''99mTc-DTPA intrathecally''' *** Indications **** Spinal tumor **** Hydrocephalus ** Brain receptor scintigraphy *** '''123I-ioflupane – Binds to dopamine transporter''' *** '''123I-IBZM'''...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:08, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 43. Radioisotope diagnostics in breast and gynecologic tumors. The significance of sentinel lymph node scintigraphy. (Created page with "* Scintimammography ** '''99mTc-MIBI''' * Sentinel lymph node scintigraphy ** Radiopharmaceutical injected close to tumor *** It will travel with the same lymph vessels as the tumor cells, thereby reaching sentinel lymph nodes *** '''99mTc-HSA (human serum albumin)''' ** Advantage: Avoids unnecessary lymph node dissections ** Indications *** Early tumor stage Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:07, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 42. Nuclear medicine methods in childhood (kidney, bone, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy). (Created page with "* Radiation in children ** Important to weigh risk against benefits when exposing children to radiation ** Appropriate radiation doses for children are calculated by body weight ** Sufficient hydration improves image quality and decreases radioactivity affecting the patient * Important nuclear medicine methods in children ** Renal imaging *** Renal scintigraphy **** Static method **** '''99mTc-DMSA''' **** Measures corticol loss **** Indications ***** Congenital renal di...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:07, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 41. Radioisotope diagnostics of thyroid diseases and parathyroid diseases. (Created page with "* Thyroid ** Modalities *** Thyroid scintigraphy (thyroid scan) *** SPECT/CT *** 18F-FDG PET **** For thyroid carcinoma metastases which don’t take up iodine or 99mTc-pertechnetate ** Thyroid scintigraphy *** Radiopharmaceuticals used **** '''99mTc-pertechnetate''' ***** '''Most common''' **** '''Iodine-123''' **** '''Iodine-131''' ** '''Findings''' *** '''Hot nodule (increased isotope uptake compared to surrounding thyroid)''' **** '''Multiple -> toxic goitre''' ****...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:07, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 40. Radioisotope examination of myocardial perfusion (transient and permanent ischaemia, viability). Radioisotope examination of left ventricle pump function and wall motion problems. (Created page with "* Nuclear medicine studies of heart ** Rest myocardial perfusion study *** Can measure impairment of the myocardial perfusion *** SPECT/CT *** Indications **** Myocardial infarction **** Cardiomyopathy ** Stress/rest myocardial perfusion study *** Physical or pharmacological stress is applied **** Dipyridamol or treadmill *** SPECT/CT *** Rest SPECT later the same day or the day after *** If perfusion in stress > perfusion in rest -> reversible ischaemia *** If perfusion...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:06, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. Radioisotope diagnostics of pulmonary embolism (perfusion and inhalation). Radioisotope methods in pulmonary malignancies. (Created page with "* Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan for PE ** Not so much used anymore – CT pulmonary angiography is more used for diagnosing PE ** V/Q scan used if CT-PA is not available or if there is contraindication to it ** X-ray should be performed first to rule out other diseases of the lungs and heart ** Perfusion and ventilation are studied separately ** Perfusion study *** '''Radiopharmaceutical used: 99mTc – macroaggregated albumin''' **** Imaging begins immediat...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:06, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Advantages of hybrid techniques (SPECT/CT, PET/CT). (Created page with "* Hybrid techniques ** Combine two imaging modalities ** Indications *** Tumor staging *** Evaluation of a lesion where other modalities are inconclusive *** Assess treatment response *** Evaluation of recurrence or relapse ** SPECT/CT *** Anatomical information with CT *** Functional information with SPECT ** PET/CT *** Anatomical information with CT *** Metabolic information with PET Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:05, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. The fundamentals of nuclear medicine imaging. Types of radiation, applications. (Created page with "* Fundamentals of nuclear medicine ** Nuclear medicine is ''functional'' not ''structural'' imaging *** Measures the function of organ or tissue, not the structure *** Can be combined with conventional imaging to produce functional + structural images **** For example PET/CT ** A patient is given a short-lived radioactive material *** This is called a radioactive isotope, radiotracer or radionuclide *** Half-life of minutes or hours ** The radionuclide is attached to a c...") Tag: Visual edit
- 21:04, 4 January 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Radiologic interventions in tumor treatment (Tumor ablation techniques. Selective cytostatic treatment, chemoembolization). (Created page with "* Transarterial chemoembolisation therapy (TACE) ** Combination of transcatheter embolization and supplying chemotherapeutical drug-eluding beads directly to the tumor with a catheter *** Tumor is both embolised and chemo’d ** Used for liver cancer * Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) ** US or CT guided ** Generally used for small tumors *** Liver *** Lung *** Pancreas ** Procedure *** A needle-like radiofrequency probe is placed inside the tumor *** Radiofrequency waves pa...") Tag: Visual edit