User contributions for Nikolas

22:1522:15, 4 January 2024 diff hist +6,195‎ N Purpose of investigation ‎ Created page with "When one orders a test (laboratory, imaging, or otherwise), it's important to have a predetermined purpose for the test and not just ordering tests willy-nilly. Generally, investigations can be used for: * Screening (healthy or not healthy) * Lab diagnosis * Follow-up/monitoring ** Monitoring progression/response to treatment * Evaluation of prognosis ** Information regarding the likely outcome of the disease == Value to the patient == An investigation should have some..." Tag: Visual edit
21:1221:12, 4 January 2024 diff hist +21‎ N Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course) ‎ Created page with "Category:4th year" current Tag: Visual edit
21:1021:10, 4 January 2024 diff hist +644‎ N 49. Radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine and neuroectodermal tumors. ‎ Created page with "* '''Neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors express somatostatin receptors -> radiopharmaceuticals will bind to these receptors''' ** '''Indications''' *** Lung neuroendocrine tumors *** Adenocarcinomas of GI tract and pancreas ** '''Radiopharmaceuticals which bind to SST receptors''' *** '''111In-octreotide – indium-111-octreotide''' *** 99mTc-depreotide * '''I123-MIBG scintigraphy''' ** '''I123-MIBG binds to adrenergic receptors in neuroendocrine tumors''' ** Indications..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0921:09, 4 January 2024 diff hist +766‎ N 48. Radioiodine therapy in the diseases of the thyroid gland. ‎ Created page with "* Radiotherapy ** Patients must follow rules to avoid radiation burden for other people *** Like keeping distance from people, etc * '''Therapy of thyroid diseases''' ** '''Iodine-131''' *** Given orally, is taken up by thyroid cells, where it is trapped *** Decays into **** Beta radiation -> damages thyroid tissue **** Gamma radiation -> can be detected with gamma camera *** Indications **** Post-thyroidectomy due to cancer ***** Especially when the whole thyroid hasn..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0921:09, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,564‎ N 47. Indications of bone scintigraphy. The significance and indications of 3-phase bone scintigraphy. ‎ Created page with "* Bone scintigraphy/scan ** Screening method of choice for *** Detection of bone metastases *** Diagnosing fractures which aren’t visible by conventional imaging ** Advantages *** Widely available *** Inexpensive *** Shows entire skeleton ** Disadvantages *** Poor spatial resolution *** Poor contrast resolution ** '''Tc99m-MDP is the most frequently used radiopharmaceutical''' *** Injection -> Wait 2 – 4 hours -> Imaging **** Normal bone scan only has this delayed..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0921:09, 4 January 2024 diff hist +869‎ N 46. Isotope renography (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging). ‎ Created page with "* Renal scintigraphy ** Static method ** '''99mTc-DMSA''' ** Measures corticol loss ** Can measure relative ratio of renal function between the two kidneys ** Indications *** Pyelonephritis *** Renal infarction *** Acute renal failure *** Hydronephrosis * Camera-renography ** Dynamic method ** Images before and after furosemide *** If furosemide improves excretion the obstruction is anatomical *** If it doesn’t then it’s a functional problem of the kidney ** '''99mTc..." Tag: Visual edit
21:0821:08, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,000‎ N 45. Nuclear medicine examinations in gastroenterology. ‎ Created page with "* Liver scintigraphy ** '''99mTc-Fyton''' *** Phagocytosed by Kuppfer cells ** Focal defect shows the lesion ** + SPECT/CT ** Indications *** Tumor *** Metastasis *** Haemangioma *** Focal nodular hyperplasia * Liver blood-pool scintigraphy ** '''99mTc-pyrophosphate-labeled RBCs''' *** '''Accumulates in blood-pools in haemangioma''' ** + SPECT/CT ** Haemangioma is shown by focal increased activity * Hepatobiliary scintigraphy/HIDA scan ** '''99mTc-HIDA''' *** HIDA = Hepa..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0821:08, 4 January 2024 diff hist +749‎ N 44. Brain perfusion examinations in nuclear medicine (indications, radiopharmaceuticals, imaging). ‎ Created page with "* Modalities ** Brain scintigraphy *** '''99mTc-DTPA''' *** Used for confirmation of brain death ** Brain perfusion scintigraphy *** With SPECT *** '''99mTc-HM-PAO – accumulates in gray matter''' *** Indications **** Cerebrovascular disease **** Dementia ** CSF scintigraphy *** '''99mTc-DTPA intrathecally''' *** Indications **** Spinal tumor **** Hydrocephalus ** Brain receptor scintigraphy *** '''123I-ioflupane – Binds to dopamine transporter''' *** '''123I-IBZM'''..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0821:08, 4 January 2024 diff hist +408‎ N 43. Radioisotope diagnostics in breast and gynecologic tumors. The significance of sentinel lymph node scintigraphy. ‎ Created page with "* Scintimammography ** '''99mTc-MIBI''' * Sentinel lymph node scintigraphy ** Radiopharmaceutical injected close to tumor *** It will travel with the same lymph vessels as the tumor cells, thereby reaching sentinel lymph nodes *** '''99mTc-HSA (human serum albumin)''' ** Advantage: Avoids unnecessary lymph node dissections ** Indications *** Early tumor stage Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
21:0721:07, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,629‎ N 42. Nuclear medicine methods in childhood (kidney, bone, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy). ‎ Created page with "* Radiation in children ** Important to weigh risk against benefits when exposing children to radiation ** Appropriate radiation doses for children are calculated by body weight ** Sufficient hydration improves image quality and decreases radioactivity affecting the patient * Important nuclear medicine methods in children ** Renal imaging *** Renal scintigraphy **** Static method **** '''99mTc-DMSA''' **** Measures corticol loss **** Indications ***** Congenital renal di..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0721:07, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,416‎ N 41. Radioisotope diagnostics of thyroid diseases and parathyroid diseases. ‎ Created page with "* Thyroid ** Modalities *** Thyroid scintigraphy (thyroid scan) *** SPECT/CT *** 18F-FDG PET **** For thyroid carcinoma metastases which don’t take up iodine or 99mTc-pertechnetate ** Thyroid scintigraphy *** Radiopharmaceuticals used **** '''99mTc-pertechnetate''' ***** '''Most common''' **** '''Iodine-123''' **** '''Iodine-131''' ** '''Findings''' *** '''Hot nodule (increased isotope uptake compared to surrounding thyroid)''' **** '''Multiple -> toxic goitre''' ****..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0721:07, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,970‎ N 40. Radioisotope examination of myocardial perfusion (transient and permanent ischaemia, viability). Radioisotope examination of left ventricle pump function and wall motion problems. ‎ Created page with "* Nuclear medicine studies of heart ** Rest myocardial perfusion study *** Can measure impairment of the myocardial perfusion *** SPECT/CT *** Indications **** Myocardial infarction **** Cardiomyopathy ** Stress/rest myocardial perfusion study *** Physical or pharmacological stress is applied **** Dipyridamol or treadmill *** SPECT/CT *** Rest SPECT later the same day or the day after *** If perfusion in stress > perfusion in rest -> reversible ischaemia *** If perfusion..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0621:06, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,426‎ N 39. Radioisotope diagnostics of pulmonary embolism (perfusion and inhalation). Radioisotope methods in pulmonary malignancies. ‎ Created page with "* Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan for PE ** Not so much used anymore – CT pulmonary angiography is more used for diagnosing PE ** V/Q scan used if CT-PA is not available or if there is contraindication to it ** X-ray should be performed first to rule out other diseases of the lungs and heart ** Perfusion and ventilation are studied separately ** Perfusion study *** '''Radiopharmaceutical used: 99mTc – macroaggregated albumin''' **** Imaging begins immediat..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0621:06, 4 January 2024 diff hist +435‎ N 38. Advantages of hybrid techniques (SPECT/CT, PET/CT). ‎ Created page with "* Hybrid techniques ** Combine two imaging modalities ** Indications *** Tumor staging *** Evaluation of a lesion where other modalities are inconclusive *** Assess treatment response *** Evaluation of recurrence or relapse ** SPECT/CT *** Anatomical information with CT *** Functional information with SPECT ** PET/CT *** Anatomical information with CT *** Metabolic information with PET Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
21:0521:05, 4 January 2024 diff hist +2,963‎ N 37. The fundamentals of nuclear medicine imaging. Types of radiation, applications. ‎ Created page with "* Fundamentals of nuclear medicine ** Nuclear medicine is ''functional'' not ''structural'' imaging *** Measures the function of organ or tissue, not the structure *** Can be combined with conventional imaging to produce functional + structural images **** For example PET/CT ** A patient is given a short-lived radioactive material *** This is called a radioactive isotope, radiotracer or radionuclide *** Half-life of minutes or hours ** The radionuclide is attached to a c..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0421:04, 4 January 2024 diff hist +830‎ N 36. Radiologic interventions in tumor treatment (Tumor ablation techniques. Selective cytostatic treatment, chemoembolization). ‎ Created page with "* Transarterial chemoembolisation therapy (TACE) ** Combination of transcatheter embolization and supplying chemotherapeutical drug-eluding beads directly to the tumor with a catheter *** Tumor is both embolised and chemo’d ** Used for liver cancer * Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) ** US or CT guided ** Generally used for small tumors *** Liver *** Lung *** Pancreas ** Procedure *** A needle-like radiofrequency probe is placed inside the tumor *** Radiofrequency waves pa..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0321:03, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,059‎ N 35. Image-guided biopsies. Cyst puncture, drainage (biliary, renal, bladder etc.) ‎ Created page with "* '''Needle size''' ** '''Measured in gauges (G)''' ** '''More gauges -> thinner needle''' ** '''20G is thinner than 18G''' * Image-guided biopsies ** Fine needle aspiration biopsy *** Tissue loses organization *** 20 – 22G needle *** Indications **** Breast biopsy **** Thyroid biopsy **** Lymph node biopsy ** Core biopsy = trucut biopsy *** Tissue maintains organization *** Ultrasound or CT guided *** Trucut needle is used **** 18G needle **** Bigger than FNAB needle..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0321:03, 4 January 2024 diff hist +401‎ N 34. Intravascular radiologic interventions II. Interventional radiologic treatment of bleeding, vasoocclusive techniques (embolization, sclerotisation). ‎ Created page with "* Transcatheter embolization ** Produces emboli which close vessels *** Vessels supplying tumors *** Arteriovenous malformations *** GI tract bleeding *** Aneurysm ** A catheter is lead to the vessel -> particles, glue, etc are ejected -> cause embolization * Sclerotisation ** Delivering hypertonic sodium chloride or ethanol by catheter into liver cyst Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
21:0221:02, 4 January 2024 diff hist +957‎ N 33. Intravascular radiologic interventions I. Methods of revascularization (PTA, stent implantation, selective thrombolysis, catheter thrombectomy/embolectomy). ‎ Created page with "* Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ** Indications *** Coronary artery disease *** Peripheral artery disease ** A deflated balloon attached to a catheter is passed into a narrowed vessel ** -> the balloon is inflated -> opens the vessel ** A stent can be placed where the vessel was narrowed to keep it open ** '''Stent can be made of''' *** '''Steel''' *** '''Gold''' *** '''Nickel-titanium''' *** '''(NOT wolfram)''' * Selective thrombolysis/fibrinolysis ** A catheter..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0121:01, 4 January 2024 diff hist +992‎ N 32. Imaging strategy in gynecologic tumors (cervix, uterus, ovarium). ‎ Created page with "* Modalities ** '''Ultrasound''' *** '''Transvaginal''' **** Ovary **** Uterus **** Endometriosis *** Transabdominal **** Second choice *** Transrectal ** '''CT with contrast''' *** '''Preferred for staging of ovarian cc''' ** '''MRi pelvis''' *** '''Preferred for staging of endometrial, cervical, vulvar cc''' * '''Most important modality for oncological staging of all pelvic cancers''' ** '''MRI''' * Ovarian cancer ** Modality *** '''Ultrasound''' **** '''Preferably tra..." current Tag: Visual edit
21:0021:00, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,476‎ N 31. Imaging of the breast. Mammography, clinical mammography, ultrasound. ‎ Created page with "* Breast cancer screening ** Modality *** Main modality for examination of breast: Mammography **** '''Uses low-energy, soft X-rays''' ***** '''20 – 30/40 kV''' ***** Soft rays are better at differentiating soft tissues of the breast **** '''Molybdenum anode (instead of tungsten)''' ***** '''Produces more characteristic x-rays''' **** '''Standard views''' ***** '''Cranocaudal (CC)''' ***** '''Mediolateral oblique (MLO)''' **** '''Breast prosthesis (silicone/saline) beh..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5920:59, 4 January 2024 diff hist +736‎ N 30. Imaging of the orbit and the paranasal sinuses. Imaging methods, indications and strategy. ‎ Created page with "* '''Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma''' ** '''T2 MRi''' *** '''Black dots on MRi are vessels''' ** '''Treatment''' *** '''Embolization of supplying vessels''' * Midline fractures ** Le fort I – III ** Blow-out fractures (of the orbit) * Spaces of the eye ** Ocular space *** Anterior chamber of the eye *** Posterior chamber of the eye ** '''Intraoconal space''' *** The ocular muscles of the eye form a cone *** '''Optic meningioma can be found here''' ** '''Conal space''' **..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5820:58, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,074‎ N 29. Imaging of the head and the neck. Imaging methods, indications and strategy. ‎ Created page with "* Imaging ** Modalities *** CT **** Inner ear **** 120 kV *** MRi **** Retrocochlear lesions **** Paresis **** Schwannoma **** Tumors *** X-ray **** Paranasal sinuses **** Facial trauma * '''Cholesteatoma''' ** Basically an epidermoid cyst in middle ear or mastoid process ** '''CT or MRi''' ** '''No contrast necessary''' (not enhanced by contrast) * Carotid space ** A deep compartment of the head and neck ** Contains *** Common and internal carotid arteries *** Internal..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5720:57, 4 January 2024 diff hist +109‎ N 28. Imaging of the vertebral column and the spinal cord. Main diseases. ‎ Created page with "* '''Disc hernia''' ** '''MRI (T2)''' * Spinal trauma ** X-ray Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
20:5720:57, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,430‎ N 27. Imaging in neurotrauma. ‎ Created page with "* '''Modalities''' ** '''Non-contrast CT head''' *** '''Trauma''' *** '''Suspected intracranial haemorrhage''' **** '''For example “worst headache of my life”''' *** '''(Not in tension headache)''' ** '''MRI head''' *** '''Pre-operative work up''' * '''Haemorrhage on non-contrast CT''' ** '''Acute – hyperdense''' ** '''Subacute – isodense with brain''' ** '''Late/chronic – hypodense''' * '''Epidural haematoma''' ** '''Arterial origin''' *** '''Mostly middle men..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5620:56, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,088‎ N 26. Neuroradiology. Imaging of acute intracranial vascular diseases. Stroke. ‎ Created page with "* '''Ischaemic stroke''' ** '''Gold standard: Multimodal CT evaluation''' *** Non-contrast CT *** CT angiography *** CT perfusion ** '''Diffusion weighted MRi''' *** Shows ischaemia within minutes *** Ischaemia causes decreased tissue water diffusion ** Phases *** '''Acute phase''' **** '''CT cannot reliably detect ischaemia this early (< 24 hours)''' **** '''However, CT may detect the embolus itself (hyperdense artery, often middle cerebral a.)''' *** '''Subacute phase..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5620:56, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,025‎ N 25. Neuroradiology. Imaging techniques and indications. ‎ Created page with "{{:Neuroimaging}} * CNS tumors ** '''Oligodendroglioma''' *** '''Most frequently calcified CNS tumor (90% of them)''' ** '''Giant cell astrocytoma''' *** '''Near foramen of Monroe -> indicates tuberous sclerosis''' * CNS abscess ** '''First choice: MRI (T2 and DWI)''' ** '''Abscess has oedema around it''' * '''CNS infections''' ** '''Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy (PML)''' *** '''Deadly viral infection in AIDS patients''' * CNS malformations ** '''Schizenceph..." current Tag: Visual edit
20:5420:54, 4 January 2024 diff hist +4,499‎ N Neuroimaging ‎ Created page with "We can separate '''neuroimaging''' into two types: * Structural neuroimaging – gives diagnosis of gross intracranial disease, like tumour or injuries * Functional neuroimaging – used to examine certain functions == Computer tomography (CT) == CT is usually used for neurological emergencies, especially to rule out haemorrhage as a cause of stroke. It’s also used for traumatic injuries of the brain and Traumatic spinal injury|sp..." Tag: Visual edit
20:4820:48, 4 January 2024 diff hist +57‎ N Digital subtraction angiography ‎ Redirected page to Angiography#Digital subtraction angiography current Tags: New redirect Visual edit
20:4420:44, 4 January 2024 diff hist −3,773‎ 6A. Neuroimaging ‎ Replaced content with "{{:Neuroimaging}} Category:Neurology 2" current Tags: Replaced Visual edit
14:4414:44, 4 January 2024 diff hist −1‎ 24. Imaging of bone metastases. Radiologic and nuclear medicine techniques. ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:4414:44, 4 January 2024 diff hist +110‎ N 24. Imaging of bone metastases. Radiologic and nuclear medicine techniques. ‎ Created page with "{{:Bone metastasis}} == Codman triangle == {{:Codman triangle}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" Tag: Visual edit
14:4414:44, 4 January 2024 diff hist +44‎ Bone metastasis ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
14:4214:42, 4 January 2024 diff hist +451‎ N Codman triangle ‎ Created page with "'''Codman triangle''' is a radiography sign visible in case of rapidly growing bone lesions, where the lesion grows so quickly that the periosteum does not have time to ossify. The sign refers to a triangular elevation of the periosteum visible on the radiograph. The sign is usually seen in: * Osteosarcoma * Ewing sarcoma * Bone metastasis * +++ <noinclude>‎Category:Radiology Category:Pathology</noinclude>" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:3814:38, 4 January 2024 diff hist +50‎ Bone metastasis ‎ →‎Diagnosis and evaluation Tag: Visual edit
14:3814:38, 4 January 2024 diff hist +1,303‎ N Bone metastasis ‎ Created page with "'''Bone metastases''' are far more frequent than primary bone tumors. Bones are the third most common site of metastasis, after the lung and liver. They are often multiple rather than solitary. The most frequent symptom of bone metastasis is strong bone pain and pathological fractures. == Etiology == These metastases often originate from: * Breast cancer * Lung cancer * Prostate cancer * ..." Tag: Visual edit
14:3814:38, 4 January 2024 diff hist +26‎ N Kidney cancer ‎ Redirected page to Renal cancer current Tags: New redirect Visual edit

22:1422:14, 2 January 2024 diff hist +147‎ N 23. Imaging of inflammatory bone and joint diseases. Osteomyelitis, arthritis. Aseptic bone necrosis. ‎ Created page with "= Osteomyelitis = {{#lst:Osteomyelitis|radiology}} = Osteonecrosis = {{#lst:Osteonecrosis|radiology}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
22:1322:13, 2 January 2024 diff hist +479‎ N Osteonecrosis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="radiology" />'''Osteonecrosis''', also called '''avascular necrosis''', refers to ischaemic necrosis of bone caused by impaired blood supply. It may affect any part of the bone but most commonly the knee and femoral head.<section end="radiology" /> == Diagnosis and evaluation == <section begin="radiology" /> === Imaging === MRI is the main imaging modality in the evaluation of osteonecrosis.<section end="radiology" /> {{:Stub}} Category:Orthopaedi..." Tag: Visual edit
22:0722:07, 2 January 2024 diff hist +1,150‎ N Osteomyelitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="radiology" />'''Osteomyelitis''' is an infection involving bone, caused by bacteria in most cases. It may be severe, and it may affect any bone. The pathogen may enter the bone directly (non-hematogenous osteomyelitis), usually after trauma or wounds, or from the blood (haematogenous osteomyelitis). <section end="radiology" /> == Clinical features == Symptoms include bone pain and fever. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Acute phase reactant|Acute phase..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:5821:58, 2 January 2024 diff hist +74‎ N 21. Imaging of musculoskeletal trauma (bones and soft tissue). Radiologic signs of fracture healing. Terminology. ‎ Created page with "{{:Musculoskeletal imaging}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
21:5721:57, 2 January 2024 diff hist +79‎ N 22. Imaging of degenerative joint diseases. ‎ Created page with "{{#lst:Osteoarthritis|radiology}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
21:5721:57, 2 January 2024 diff hist +1,121‎ N Osteoarthritis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="radiology" />'''Osteoarthritis''' (OA), also called '''degenerative joint disease''', is a common chronic disorder characterised by degeneration of joints. It's the most common type of arthritis. It usually affects weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, feet, as well as joints of the spine and hands.<section end="radiology" /> == Diagnosis and evaluation == No laboratory test is available for OA. The diagnosis is made based on typical clinical f..." Tag: Visual edit
21:5421:54, 2 January 2024 diff hist +90‎ N Stub ‎ Created page with "''This article is a stub, meaning that it is unfinished. It will eventually be expanded.''" current Tag: Visual edit
21:3021:30, 2 January 2024 diff hist +25‎ Musculoskeletal imaging ‎No edit summary current
21:3021:30, 2 January 2024 diff hist +2,088‎ N Musculoskeletal imaging ‎ Created page with "* Imaging of musculoskeletal trauma ** X-ray first *** 2 directions are always needed! **** Fractures are often visible in only one direction, so we need 2 x-rays from different perpendicular directions to evaluate *** Evaluation of x-ray **** Anatomical shape, form and alignment **** Cortex and medullary structure ***** Medulla should have trabecular pattern **** Surface of joint **** Surrounding soft tissues **** In children ***** Epiphyseal plates *** Fracture **** -..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:2721:27, 2 January 2024 diff hist −1‎ 20. Imaging of the venous and lymphatic system and their diseases. Deep vein thrombosis. ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
21:2721:27, 2 January 2024 diff hist +46‎ 19. Imaging of the arterial system and arterial diseases. Methods of angiography. Indications and complications. ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
21:2721:27, 2 January 2024 diff hist +62‎ Angiography ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
21:2521:25, 2 January 2024 diff hist +220‎ N 16. Imaging of the pancreas and the spleen. Imaging techniques, indications, information content. ‎ Created page with "= Acute pancreatitis = {{#lst:Acute pancreatitis|radiology}} = Pancreatic cancer = {{#lst:Pancreatic cancer|radiology}} = Splenic rupture = {{#lst:Splenic rupture|radiology}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit

4 January 2024

2 January 2024