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• 19:06, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Congenital Coxa Vara (Created page with "{{#lst:Congenital coxa vara|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:05, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Congenital torticollis (wry neck) (Created page with "{{#lst:Congenital muscular torticollis|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:04, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Chronic osteomyelitis (Garre, Brodie’s abscess) (Created page with "{{#lst:Osteomyelitis|orthopaedics chronic}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:02, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Knee effusion, popliteal cysts (Created page with "= Knee effusion = {{#lst:Knee effusion|orthopaedics}} = Popliteal cyst = {{#lst:Popliteal cyst|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course) {{DEFAULTSORT:20._Knee_effusion,_popliteal_cysts}}") Tag: Visual edit
• 19:00, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Tendovaginites, types and management (Created page with "{{#lst:Tenosynovitis|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course) {{DEFAULTSORT:16._Tendovaginites,_types_and_management}}") Tag: Visual edit
• 18:59, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Acetabular Protrusion (Created page with "{{#lst:Acetabular protrusion|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:58, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Obstetrical brachial plexus injuries (Created page with "{{#lst:Neonatal brachial plexus palsy|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:45, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spinal dysraphism (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term for conditions caused by abnormal closure of the neural plate * The most important cause is maternal folic acid deficiency during pregnancy * Types ** Closed spinal dysraphism (spina bifida occulta) *** Asymptomatic *** Due to incomplete closure of vertebrae ** Open spinal dysraphism (spina bifida cystica) *** Meningocele – herniation of meninges *** Myelomeningocele – herniation of meninges and...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:44, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vertebral fracture (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Vertebral fracture is usually a pathological fracture due to osteoporosis. * Diagnosis ** X-ray * Clinical features ** Loss of height ** Local pain on percussion ** Progressive kyphosis * Stable fractures ** Most osteoporotic vertebral fractures are stable ** Most develop slowly over time and are therefore asymptomatic ** The structural stability of the spine remains intact ** No neurological problems ** Treated conservatively **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:37, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Orthosis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Orthoses (orthosis in singular) are externally fitted devices which support the musculoskeletal system ** They’re often used temporarily, but in some conditions permanent orthoses are necessary ** Uses *** After operation or injury, to promote recovery until full recovery is achieved *** Reduce weight-bearing forces on the limb *** Restrict movement in a certain direction *** Immobilize an extremity or joint *** Correct abnormal shape...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:36, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Limb amputation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Rehabilitation after amputation ** Aims of rehabilitation *** Teach the patient how to use prosthesis *** Improve balance, endurance and strength **** After amputation the amount of energy necessary for walking increases a lot, so endurance and strength are important *** Prevents secondary disabilities **** Contractures, especially flexion contracture *** Reduces phantom pain *** Hasten stump conditioning **** After amputation the stump...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:35, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chondromalacia patellae (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chondromalacia patellae is softening of the cartilage on the posterior articular cartilagenous surface of the patella * Due to overuse, inflammation, or injury * Epidemiology ** Adolescents ** Girls > boys * Clinical features ** Diffuse pain around or behind the patella ** Insidious onset of symptoms ** Pain worsens when walking in stairs or sitting for a long time * Treatment ** Conservative *** Main treatment is conservative *** Rest *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 17:18, 11 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tuberculous arthritis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Arthritis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis * Epidemiology ** Rare ** More common in developing countries * Most commonly affects spine, hip, and knee * Clinical features ** Pain during activity ** Subfebrility ** Night sweats * Diagnosis ** Synovial mycobacterial culture ** X-ray * Treatment ** Conservative *** Antimycobacterial treatment ** Surgical *** In advanced cases <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 20:00, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteonecrosis of the hip (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteonecrosis of the hip, also called femoral head necrosis, is the most common localisation of osteonecrosis. The femoral head is the most frequent area of osteonecrosis probably due to the intricate blood supply. * Etiology ** Idiopathic (Perthes disease) ** Trauma *** Femoral head fracture ** Chronic steroid ** Alcoholism ** Radiation * Clinical features ** Insidious onset of pain ** Affects both hips most of the time * Diagnosis: MRI...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:57, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neonatal septic arthritis of the hip (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Neonatal septic arthritis of the hip, the bacterial infection of the hip of the child, is a surgical emergency. If not treated rapidly it will cause permanent joint damage for the developing hip. * Epidemiology ** 50% occur in children < 2 years ** Hip is involved in 1/3 of all neonatal septic arthritides * Risk factors ** Prematurity ** C-section ** Trauma ** Infection * Clinical features ** Acute pain ** Fever ** Limping ** Swelling *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:53, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Recurrent patellar dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Recurrent patellar dislocation, also called patellar instability, refers to the recurrent lateral dislocation or subluxation of the patella. It occurs due to loosening of the joint capsule due to previous trauma. Specific movements usually trigger the dislocation. * Epidemiology ** Adolescents ** Girls > boys * When the dislocation occurs, the knee becomes swollen and painful * Treatment ** Conservative *** Quadriceps exercises *** Speci...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:50, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cervicobrachial syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="neurology" /><section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Cervicobrachial syndrome''', also called '''cervicobrachalgia''', refers to having neurological symptoms, including pain, in the neck and arm, in the distribution of C5 – C8, most commonly C8. It is usually due to compression of the spinal cord. It is one manifestation of spinal cord disease. == Etiology == * Trauma to the back * Spondylosis (age-related arthritis of the spine) * Spinal disc herniat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:46, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Elbow osteoarthritis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Much less frequent than OA of the hip and knee * Related to manual labour and overuse * Symptoms like any OA * Treatment ** Conservative ** Surgical: Joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:45, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Complex regional pain syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, Sudeck atrophy, or reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is a condition where painful sensations in a limb are more prolonged or more severe than would be expected * Classically occurs after trauma, but can occur after other conditions as well * Clinical features ** Excessive pain ** Hyperesthesia ** Vasomotor problems (hypo/hyperthermia, hypo/hyperpigmentation)...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:43, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Limb equalisation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Limb equalisation surgery, also called limb lengthening surgery, is performed when correction with shoes is inadequate, often at > 2,5 cm discrepancy * Multiple surgical procedures are available to correct limb length ** Some are complex, but by combining two or more of them we can reduce the complexity and the number of operations required * Temporary epiphysiodesis – using screws or staples across the epiphyseal plate ** Can only be...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:41, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital coxa vara (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Congenital coxa vara is a rare congenital condition where the collodiaphyseal angle of the femur gradually decreases due to malfunction of the ossification of the femoral neck * The condition is present at birth but usually isn’t discovered until 3 – 4 years * Diagnosis: x-ray * Clinical features ** 1/3 are bilateral ** Coxa vara ** Fold asymmetry ** Abduction contracture ** Limping * Treatment: Valgus osteotomy <section end="orthopa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:38, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital muscular torticollis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Congenital muscular torticollis, also called wry neck, is a deformity causing the neck of the newborn to be stiff and the head to be turned or tilted to one side due to fibrotic and/or hypertrophic sternocleidomastoid * 3rd most common congenital musculoskeletal disorder (after DDH and clubfoot) * Clinical features ** Tilted and rotated head ** Limited range of motion ** Prominent and tense sternocleidomastoid * Treatment ** Conservative...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:13, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Baker cyst (Redirected page to Popliteal cyst) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
• 19:12, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Popliteal cyst (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Popliteal cyst, also called a Baker cyst, is a cyst in the popliteal fossa, between the semimembranosus and gastrocnemius ** The cyst consists of a gel-like material ** The cyst communicates with the synovium of the knee, so it’s not a true cyst * Etiology ** It forms on the basis of a chronic inflammation of the knee ** Osteoarthritis ** Meniscus injury ** Rheumatoid arthritis * Clinical features ** Often asymptomatic ** Pain ** Locki...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:12, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Knee effusion (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />A knee effusion is a fluid accumulation in the intra-articular space of the knee * May be serous, bloody, or purulent * Etiology ** Osteoarthritis ** Trauma ** Crystal arthritis (gout) ** Rheumatoid arthritis ** Septic arthritis (infection) ** Ligament injuries ** Meniscus injuries * Clinical features ** Swelling around and above patella ** Decreased ROM ** Patellar ballottement * Diagnosis ** Swift diagnosis of septic arthritis is importa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:10, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tenosynovitis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tenosynovitis = tendovaginitis = inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath * Females > males * Etiology ** Repetitive use of tendon ** Rheumatological diseases ** Bacterial infection * Tendons of the fingers and wrist are most commonly affected * Clinical features ** Pain on passive extension of affected tendon ** Finger slightly flexed at rest * Special types ** Stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger finger) *** Thickening of one of th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:08, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acetabular Protrusion (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Acetabular protrusion refers to when the acetabular socket is so deep that the femoral head may protrude into the pelvis * This is a prearthritic condition * Epidemiology ** In adolescents and in elderly ** Women > men * Clinical features ** Hip pain ** Limited ROM * Diagnosis: x-ray * Treatment ** Arthroscopic or open joint surgery ** Total hip replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:06, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Neonatal brachial plexus palsy, also called obstetrical brachial plexus injuries, refers to injuries to the brachial plexus acquired during delivery * During birth the brachial plexus or its roots may be damaged ** Especially if lateral traction (pulling) is applied to the foetus’ head (shoulder dystocia) ** The condition is uncommon * The result is paralysis * Three types exist ** Erb’s type – the upper arm is paralyzed *** This i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 19:00, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteosarcoma (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteogenic sarcoma = osteosarcoma * Epidemiology ** Children + teenagers ** Boys > girls ** Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour * Clinical features ** Occurs in metaphysis of long bones *** Especially distal femur and proximal tibia ** Night pain ** B symptoms * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Codman triangle ** Sunburst appearance * Treatment ** Neoadjuvant chemo + limb-sparing surgery + adjuvant chemo <section end="orthopaedics"...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:59, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Giant cell tumour of bone (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** 20 – 40 years * Clinical features ** Locally aggressive tumour (borderline between benign and malignant) ** Most commonly in distal femur or proximal tibia, close to the knee ** High recurrence rate ** Deep persistent pain ** Pathological fractures * Diagnosis ** X-ray: Multi-cystic osteolytic lesions * Treatment ** Curettage and filling of the tumour with bone cement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedi...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:58, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteoclastoma (Redirected page to Giant cell tumour of bone) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
• 18:56, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ewing sarcoma (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Children, adolescents ** Boys > girls * Clinical features ** Can occur in any bone *** Most often in diaphysis of long bones ** Highly malignant ** Night pain ** B symptoms * Diagnosis ** Resembles osteomyelitis on x-ray, MRI and histology ** Immunohistological staining or PCR helps to differentiate * Treatment ** Neoadjuvant polychemo + limb-sparing surgery + adjuvant polychemo ** Radiation may also be used <section end=...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:52, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bone cysts and cyst-like conditions (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone cysts and cyst-like conditions are not true tumours ** MRI is best for diagnosis ** Simple bone cyst *** = serous fluid-filled lesion *** Usually found in young people ** Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) *** Shows multiple fluid lines (niveau) on MRI or CT *** Because it contains multiple liquids of different density ** Non-ossifying fibroma *** Due to dysfunctional ossification *** Located in metaphysis of long bones of the lower extremi...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:52, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteochondroma (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteochondroma, previously called cartilaginous exostosis is an exostosis covered with cartilage ** Most commonly solitary *** Can be multiple in ''multiple hereditary osteochondromas'' ** 10 – 20 years ** Usually not painful, but causes bump ** Have a mushroom-look on x-ray ** Occurs on the metaphysis of long bones ** Typical places: *** Distal femur *** Proximal tibia <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:50, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteoid osteoma (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoid osteoma is a small tumour in cortical bone * Contains a radiolucent nidus with a sclerotic margin * 10 – 30 years * Causes intense pain, especially at night ** Pain is responsive to NSAIDs * Treatment ** Surgical en-bloc resection <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 18:50, 2 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bone tumours (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Most common bone tumours according to age group ** Childhood *** Osteosarcoma *** Ewing sarcoma *** Benign cysts *** Fibrous dysplasia ** Young and middle age *** Chondrosarcoma *** Malignant fibrotic histiocytoma *** Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumour) ** Elderly *** Metastasis *** Myelomas * If it’s unclear whether the patient has a bone tumour or not – treat as is they have one! * When to think of bone tumours ** Night pain ** “Gr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 12:27, 28 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (Redirected page to Sick sinus syndrome) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
• 12:27, 28 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tachy-brady syndrome (Redirected page to Sick sinus syndrome) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
• 14:03, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13 – Low back pain (Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Intervertebral discs ** They lie between the vertebral bodies ** They consist of the outer annulus fibrosus and the inner nucleus pulposus ** The discs have no blood supply, they’re instead supplied by diffusion *** Moving of the spine causes changes in compression of the discs, which creates a “pumping” effect which facilitates diffusion of nutrients ** Annulus fibrosus *** = concentric collagen fibres *** Protects against distraction ** N...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 14:00, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spinal disc herniation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Spinal disc herniation''', also called '''disc extrusion''', refers to when the nucleus pulposus extrudes out of the disc through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, which compresses spinal nerves or spinal cord. '''Spinal disc protrusion''', also called '''disc prolapse''', refers to a similar situation where the intervertebral disc protrudes onto spinal nerves or the spinal cord but the nucleus has not broken through the annulus. The pr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:58, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Cauda equina syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the cauda equina, the nerve fibres of L3 – S5. '''Conus medullaris syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the conus medullaris, the spinal cord segments T12 – L2. Both are neurological emergencies as they may cause permanent neurological injury if untreated. They are usually caused by spinal disc herniation. These syndromes are medical emergencies and so any pa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:38, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sciatica (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Sciatica''', also called '''ischias syndrome''' or '''lumboischialgia''' (the latter usually in Hungarian literature), refers to a type of low back pain which is neurological in nature and radiates to the legs below the knees. It occurs due to compression of spinal roots, most frequently due to spinal disc herniation. Clinical features * Low back pain * Decreased lumbar lordosis * Antalgic gait * Paravertebral muscle spasm * Restr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:34, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Low back pain (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Low back pain is very common * LBP can generally take on one of two major forms ** Lumbago (mechanical low back pain) ** Sciatica (neurological low back pain) * LBP can occur in a healthy spine, often due to stretching or microscopic tears of muscles or ligaments * Lumbago ** = mechanical low back pain ** (Some sources, like this year’s lecture, reserve the term “lumbago” for idiopathic LBP) ** Can have many causes *** Mechani...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:33, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spondylosis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Spondylosis is an age-related degenerative change in spinal vertebrae. It's most commonly due to spinal osteoarthritis. It may cause compression of the spinal cord, causing low back pain or sciatica. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:13, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ankylosing spondylitis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disorder of the back. It's also called Bektherev disease * Epidemiology ** Males > females ** 15 – 40 * Etiology ** HLA-B27 positivity ** Inflammatory bowel disease * Pathology ** Ankylosis = fusion of articular surfaces ** Spondylitis = inflammation of the vertebrae * Clinical features ** Back pain ** Neck pain ** Morning stiffness ** Limited spinal mobility ** Anterior uveitis * Diagnosis **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:12, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sacralisation and lumbarisation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Sacralisation = fusion of L5 to S1 * Lumbarisation = non-fusion of S1 and S2, which causes the S1 to appear as a sixth lumbar vertebra * These are congenital abnormalities * Due to abnormal weight bearing -> problems with the rest of the spine * May cause lumbago in adult years <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:11, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spondylolisthesis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolisthesis refers to anterior slipping of a vertebra compared to the one below it * Etiology ** Spondylolysis ** Fracture ** Congenital malformation ** Tumour * Clinical features ** Many cases are asymptomatic ** Low back pain ** Palpable “step off” at the area of slippage ** Pain may radiate * Severe (grave V) spondylolisthesis is called ''spondyloptosis'' ** The vertebra has slipped so far with respect to the vertebra below...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:10, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spondylolysis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolysis is a defect of the neural arch (pars interarticularis) of the vertebrae which allows the vertebra lying superiorly to slip anteriorly * More common in certain territories * Diagnosis: oblique x-ray * Most commonly between L5-S1 <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:04, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12 – Acute injuries and degenerative diseases of the knee joint (Created page with "== Basics of knee == * Anatomy ** 1 lateral and 1 medial meniscus *** The meniscus is cartilage ** 3 bones (femur, tibia, patella) ** 4 ligaments *** ACL – anterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** PCL – posterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** LCL – lateral collateral ligament **** Connects the femur to the fibula **** Does not merge with the joint capsule of the knee **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
• 13:02, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Knee deformities (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) ** Post-traumatic ** Disease of growth plate * Types ** Genu varum ** Genu valgum ** Recurvate knee (hyperextended knee) * Complications ** All knee deformities are prearthritic conditions * Treatment ** Vitamin D – in case of rickets ** Surgical *** Wedge osteotomy *** Blocking the growth plate in childhood <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched