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21:04, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nasopharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Nasopharynx cancer''' is a rare type of head and neck cancer. The most common histological types are squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma. It can cause symptoms like unilateral conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, and lymph node metastasis at the mandibular angle. These tumours are very radiosensitive, which is lucky because surgery is difficult. <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:58, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Precancerous disorders in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and oesophagus (Created page with "{{#lst:Precancerous states of the GI tract|leukoplakia and erythroplakia}}") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:29, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oropharynx cancer (Redirected page to Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:29, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Oral cavity cancer''' or (simply '''oral cancer''') and '''oropharynx cancer''' are forms of head and neck cancer. These have similar etiology and pathology and are therefore often considered together. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of oral cavity and oropharynx cancer. Oropharynx cancer is most commonly located in the tonsils and tongue base but may affect all parts of the oropharynx. == Etiology == These types of cancer are highly...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:22, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page HPV (Redirected page to Human papilloma virus) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Leukoplakia (Redirected page to Precancerous states of the GI tract#Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:00, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Infectious diseases of the oral cavity and the pharynx (peritonsillar abscess) (Created page with "= Herpes labialis = {{:Herpes labialis}} = Herpangina = {{:Herpangina}} = Oral candidiasis = {{:Oral candidiasis}} = Tonsillitis = {{:Tonsillitis}} = Scarlet fever = {{:Scarlet fever}} = Peritonsillar abscess = {{:Peritonsillar abscess}} = Diphtheria = {{:Diphtheria}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:39, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diphtheria (Created page with "'''Diphtheria''' is an infection caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacterium most commonly infects the upper airways, but can also affect the lower airways, causing croup. Because the widely available dTP vaccine protects against diphtheria, it's very rare in countries with good vaccination coverage. == Clinical features == The bacterium forms a dense, grey pseudomembrane which covers the tonsils. If its severe enough, it can extend to cover the entire tra...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:24, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peritonsillar abscess (Created page with "'''Peritonsillar abscess''', an abscess localised around the palatine tonsil, is a potentially severe complication of bacterial tonsillitis. It's a rare condition, most commonly affecting people 20 - 40 years. Unlike the original bacterial tonsillitis is peritonsillar abscess usually a polymicrobial infection with anaerobes. ==Clinical features== Clinical features include those of tonsillitis but also throat pain on the affected side, globus sensation in the neck,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Scarlet fever (Created page with "'''Scarlet fever''', also called '''scarlatina''', is a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus pyogenes (also called group A streptococci or GAS) characterised by streptococcal tonsillitis, fever, a "strawberry tongue", and a rash. == Clinical features == In addition to features of tonsillitis, a rash and "strawberry tongue" are present. The rash usually begins 1-2 days after the tonsillitis. It's a generalised maculopapular exanthema which usually begins...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pharyngitis (Redirected page to Tonsillitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tonsillitis (Created page with "'''Tonsillitis''', infection of the palatine tonsils, is a common condition in children and adults. There is no clear distinction between tonsillitis and pharyngitis, and so the condition may also be called '''pharyngitis''' or '''tonsillopharyngitis'''. In 70% of cases tonsillitis is caused by viruses and is one part of a viral upper respiratory tract infection, which affects multiple parts of the upper respiratory tract. In 30% of cases, mostly in children, tonsil...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:25, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral candidiasis (Created page with "'''Oral candidiasis''' is a fungal infection of the Candida species and affects the mucus membrane of the mouth. It may affect healthy people but more commonly affect those who are immunosuppressed. It causes a white plaque in the oral cavity or on the tongue. The plaque can be scraped off, unlike the plaque of leukoplakia. It may cause a cottony feeling in the mouth and loss of taste. Treatment is with oral an antifungal. <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:22, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Herpangina (Created page with "'''Herpangina''' is an infection caused by Coxsackie A virus. It's most common in children, and causes fever, odynophagia, and vesicles in the oral cavity. It spontaneously resolves after 3-4 days and only requires symptomatic treatment. <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral herpes (Redirected page to Herpes labialis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:20, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Herpes labialis (Created page with "'''Herpes labialis''', also called '''oral herpes''' or '''cold sore''', is an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. It causes painful blisters which recur and spontaneously heal. Early use of topical acyclovir can improve the symptoms, but it must be started as early as possible. <noinclude>‎ Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) </noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Differential diagnosis of the neck masses (neck regions I-VII, origin of metastases) (Created page with "{{:Neck mass}}{{:Neck dissection}} ''You can be asked about the borders of these regions. I was.'' Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neck dissection (Created page with "* Neck dissection ** Radical neck dissection *** Regions I – V *** En bloc removal of everything in the neck except carotid artery, vagus, phrenic nerve, hypoglossal nerve *** Metastatic disease of the neck ** Modified neck dissection *** Preserves SCM, internal jugular vein OR accessory nerve *** Metastatic disease of the neck where the aforementioned structures are not infiltrated ** Selective neck dissection *** Preservation of certain regions *** I – III or II...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:08, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neck mass (Created page with "* Children ** 90% of neck masses in children are benign/inflammatory/congenital ** Most common cancer – lymphoma * Adults ** 80% of neck masses in adults are neoplastic ** Most common cancer – SCC * DD neck mass ** Congenital *** Branchial cleft cyst *** Thyroglossal duct cyst ** Inflammatory (lymphadenopathy) *** Reactive viral lymphadenopathy **** Mononucleosis *** Bacterial lymphadenopathy ** Neoplastic *** Metastasis from aerodigestive tract *** Tumor of tonsils,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Tumours of the salivary glands (benign and malignant) (Created page with "{{:Salivary gland tumour}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Salivary gland tumour (Created page with "* 70% are benign * Most are in parotid * Ultrasound – modality of choice for salivary gland * The smaller the gland, the higher risk that the tumor is malignant * Lateral parotidectomy ** Superficial – with large margin ** As early as possible ** Complete ** Complications: *** Facial nerve injury *** Gustatory sweating *** Gustatory hyperlacrimation * Benign tumours ** Clinical features *** Slow growth *** Painless *** Soft or tense *** Mobile nodule *** No additiona...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:05, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis (Created page with "{{:Acute sinusitis}}{{:Chronic sinusitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:05, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic sinusitis (Created page with "* Chronic rhinosinusitis ** > 12 weeks ** Etiology *** Impaired ventilation due to obstruction *** Anatomical abnormalities **** Septal deviation **** Septal spur *** Untreated acute rhinosinusitis *** Chronic allergy ** Clinical features (4 major signs, 4 minor) *** 4 major signs **** Nasal obstruction **** Purulent nasal discharge (ant/post) **** Anosmia **** Facial pain *** 4 minor signs **** Cough **** Dental pain **** Fever **** Halitosis ** Diagnosis *** Rhinoscopy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:04, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute sinusitis (Created page with "* Sinusitis rarely occurs without rhinitis – rhinosinusitis * Pansinusitis – all sinuses * Acute rhinosinusitis ** < 4 weeks ** Maxillary sinus > ethmoidal cells ** Etiology *** Spread of rhinitis *** Viruses **** Rhinovirus **** Coronavirus *** Bacteria **** S. pneumoniae **** H. influenzae *** Spread of dental root infection ** Clinical features *** Symptoms of rhinitis *** Pain over sinus *** Headache – worsens when bending over ** Diagnosis *** Rhinoscopy/endos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:03, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Fractures of the paranasal sinuses. Fronto-basal, maxillo-facial, blow-out fractures, Le Fort fractures (Created page with "{{:Facial fracture}}") Tag: Visual edit
11:03, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Facial fracture (Created page with "* Fronto-basal fractures ** Trauma to frontal bone or roof of nose *** Car accidents ** Escher classification *** Escher 1 – High fracture (forehead, calvaria) *** Escher 2 – Central fracture (low forehead) *** Escher 3 – Low fracture (along nasal cavity? – midface separated from skull base) *** Escher 4 – latero-orbital fracture (above and lateral to orbit) ** Clinical features *** CSF rhinorrhoea *** Cranial nerve palsy *** Raccoon eyes – haematoma around e...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Allergic rhinitis (Created page with "{{:Allergic rhinitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Allergic rhinitis (Created page with "* Allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity * Types ** Seasonal (hay fever) *** Pollen *** February – September *** No symptoms the rest of the year ** Perennial *** Indoor allergens *** House dust *** Pets *** Moulds *** Latex * Clinical features ** Nasal airway obstruction ** Sneezing ** Watery rhinorrhoea ** Itchy nose and eyes * Diagnosis ** History ** Examination of nose *** Bluish-purple mucosa in seasonal *** Red mucosa in perennial ** Allergy testing *** P...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:59, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Obstruction of the nasal airway, rhinitis (forms of rhinitis, except allergic rhinitis) (Created page with "{{:Nasal airway obstruction}}{{:Acute rhinitis (common cold)}}{{:Chronic rhinitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:58, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic rhinitis (Created page with "* Chronic rhinitis ** Non-specific *** Etiology **** Recurrent acute rhinitis with progressive mucosal damage **** Septal deviation **** Septal spur **** Nasal polyps **** Nasal cavity tumours *** Clinical features **** Nasal obstruction **** Mucous nasal discharge **** Hoarseness *** Treatment **** Remove offending irritant **** Surgically correct pathology **** Nasal decongestants (temporary benefit) ** Specific *** Tuberculosis *** Sarcoidosis *** Actinomycosis *** Sy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:57, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute rhinitis (common cold) (Created page with "* Acute rhinitis (common cold) ** Etiology *** Rhinovirus *** Coronavirus *** Influenzavirus *** Adenovirus ** Droplet infection ** Risk factors *** Cold exposure ** Clinical features *** Initial dry stage **** Malaise **** Headache **** Fever *** Catarrhal stage **** Watery, serous rhinorrhoea **** Nasal obstruction due to swelling *** (Bacterial superinfection) **** Mucopurulent rhinorrhoea ** Treatment *** Nasal decongestants *** Steam inhalation <noinclude>Categor...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nasal airway obstruction (Created page with "* Nasal airway obstruction ** Clinical features *** Difficulty in nasal breathing, eating, sleeping *** Nasal congestion *** Headache *** Epistaxis ** Differential diagnosis *** Acute rhinitis *** Chronic rhinitis *** Rhinosinusitis *** Deviated septum *** Septal perforation *** Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia) *** Turbinate hyperplasia *** Nasal polyp *** Tumours of nose, paranasal sinuses *** Foreign bodies *** Nasal decongestant abuse <noinclude>‎Categor...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:52, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Benign and malignant tumours of the paranasal sinuses (Created page with "{{:Paranasal sinus tumour}} Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)") Tag: Visual edit
10:50, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Paranasal sinus tumour (Created page with "* Diagnosis ** Histology ** CT to determine extent * Benign ** Clinical features *** Nasal airway obstruction **** Sinusitis *** Headache *** Epistaxis *** Anosmia ** Inverted papilloma *** Epithelial tumor *** Endophytic growth *** Locally aggressive *** Can transform into SCC *** Surgical removal ** Fungiform papilloma *** Exophytic growth ** Osteoma *** Asymptomatic until they obstruct drainage of paranasal sinuses *** Surgical removal when it becomes symptomatic * Ma...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:48, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Sleep apnoea (Created page with "{{:Obstructive sleep apnoea}} == Central sleep apnoea == {{:Central sleep apnoea}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:46, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Central sleep apnoea (Created page with "'''Central sleep apnoea''' is a rare cause of sleep apnoea. It's usually due to heart failure, stroke, or brainstem tumour, but it can also be idiopathic. The clinical features and treatment is similar to obstructive sleep apnoea. <noinclude>‎Category:Neurology Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:45, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Obstructive sleep apnoea (Created page with "'''Obstructive sleep apnoea''' (OSA) (sometimes called obstructive sleep apnoea ''syndrome'') is characterised by repetitive episodes of apnoea or hypopnea lasting > 10 seconds. These episodes are caused by upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep, and result in reductions in blood oxygen saturation. The hypoxaemia triggers the sympathetic nervous system, briefly arousing the person from sleep. Central sleep apnoea is related but not the same. In central sleep ap...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:42, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Cochlear implantation (Created page with "{{:Cochlear implant}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:41, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cochlear implant (Created page with "* Cochlear implants are prosthetic devices surgically implanted into the temporal bone * They stimulate the auditory nerve directly via intracochlear electrodes * A microphone and speech processor behind the hear picks up and processes the sound * The sound is then sent wirelessly through the skin to the cochlear implant * Prerequisite: Functional auditory nerve and central auditory pathway ** Promontory test – direct stimulation of promontory reveals whether the audit...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:40, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Tinnitus (Created page with "{{:Tinnitus}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:40, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tinnitus (Created page with "* An auditory sensation that occurs in the absence of external acoustic or electrical stimulus * Nonspecific symptom of an auditory system abnormality * Types ** Subjective tinnitus *** Conductive tinnitus **** Obstruction of the ear canal **** Middle ear disease *** Sensorineural tinnitus **** Damage to cochlea **** Damage to cochlear nerve *** Central tinnitus **** Damage to central auditory pathway ** Objective tinnitus *** Vascular tinnitus **** Vascular malformation...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:39, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Acoustic tumours, noise induced hearing losses (Created page with "{{:Vestibular schwannoma}} For noise-induced hearing loss, see topic 1. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:37, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vestibular schwannoma (Created page with "* Acoustic neuroma = vestibular schwannoma ** In internal acoustic canal or cerebellopontine angle ** Benign tumor of Schwann cells ** Older adults ** Unilateral – spontaneous ** Bilateral – NF2 ** Clinical features *** Early symptoms **** Unilateral SNHL **** Tinnitus **** Dizziness **** Unsteady gait *** Late symptoms – compression of cerebellopontine angle **** Trigeminal nerve – paraesthesia or facial pain **** Facial nerve – facial palsy **** Cerebellum...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:35, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Fluid systems of the labyrinth, Meniere’s disease, toxic lesions of the inner ear (Created page with "{{:Inner ear}}{{:Meniere disease}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:35, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Meniere disease (Created page with "* Meniere disease (idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops) ** Impaired resorption of endolymph causes accumulation ** Epidemiology *** Females *** Older adults ** Clinical features *** Meniere triad **** Episodes lasting from minutes to hours **** 3 yes 1 no **** Yes: Sensorineural HL **** Yes: Repeated attacks of vertigo **** Yes: Tinnitus **** No: No neurological signs ** Diagnosis *** Criteria **** >1 episode that lasts 20 minutes to 12 hours **** Low-mid frequency SN heari...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:34, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Inner ear (Created page with "* Fluid systems of the labyrinth ** Membranous labyrinth *** Filled with K-rich endolymph *** Contains hair cells *** Divided into vestibule and cochlear duct ** Bony labyrinth *** Contains membranous labyrinth in Na-rich perilymph *** Three cavities **** Scala media (cochlear duct) ***** Filled with endolymph ***** Basilar membrane forms the floor of it **** Scala vestibuli ***** Filled with perilymph ***** Above and separated from scala media ***** Connected to scala t...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:35, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis (Created page with "{{:Otosclerosis}}{{:Tympanosclerosis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:35, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tympanosclerosis (Created page with "* Tympanosclerosis ** Scarring of tympanic membrane and cavity due to recurrent otitis externa or media ** Asymptomatic or conductive hearing loss due to fixation of ossicles ** White calcified plaques on otoscopy ** Myringosclerosis – only tympanic membrane *** Rarely symptoms ** Treatment *** Surgical removal of sclerosis **** Usually recurs <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)‎</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:34, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otosclerosis (Created page with "* Otosclerosis ** Abnormal bone growth of the bony labyrinth ** The stapes becomes increasingly fixated to the oval window -> progressive conductive HL ** Can also affect cochlea ** Epidemiology *** Whites *** Females *** Adults ** 50% autosomal dominant, 50% sporadically ** Diagnosis *** Decreased air conduction on pure tone *** Carhart notch on audiogram *** Normal otoscopy ** Treatment *** Stapes replaced by prosthesis – stapedotomy <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, n...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:34, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Trauma of the temporal bone (longitudinal, transverse fractures) (Created page with "{{:Temporal bone fracture}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit