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21:22, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Body fluid compartments.png
21:22, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Body fluid compartments.png
21:21, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. Structure of skeletal muscle. The regulatory role of calcium ion (Created page with "= Learning objectives = * What does excitation-contraction coupling mean? * What do we call the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell? * Describe the composition of skeletal muscle * Which proteins comprise the thin and thick filaments? * What is the function of troponin and tropomyosin? * What is the functional unit of striated muscle? * What are the thin filaments anchored to? * What are T-tubules? * Which two proteins in the T-tubules a...") Tag: Visual edit
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cross-bridge cycle.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cross-bridge cycle.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T-tubules.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T-tubules.jpg
21:19, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Muscle fibre microanatomy.png
21:19, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Muscle fibre microanatomy.png
21:18, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Thin and thick filaments.png
21:18, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Thin and thick filaments.png
21:17, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. The neuromuscular junction (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the neuromuscular junction? * Where does the presynaptic nerve fibre originate, and what type of neuron is it? * What is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction? * What is the postsynaptic receptor of the neuromuscular junction? * What is the motor end plate? Describe its structure * What is the end plate potential, and what is the magnitude of it? * Describe the steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junctio...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is a synapse? * Describe how an electrical synapse works * Describe how a chemical synapse works * What is the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane? * What is a neurotransmitter? * What is the synaptic cleft? * Which are the most important neurotransmitters, where in the body are they found, and which receptors do they activate? * How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft? * What are neuropeptides? * What are the types of c...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Temporal summation of EPSP.png
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Temporal summation of EPSP.png
21:15, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Insufficient hypopolarisation.png
21:15, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Insufficient hypopolarisation.png
21:14, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cell membrane receptor.jpg
21:14, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cell membrane receptor.jpg
21:13, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibers (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is a nerve? * What is a compound action potential? * What are the different types of nerve fibres in order from highest to lowest conduction velocity? * Which nerve fibres are myelinated and which aren’t? === The compound action potential === ==== What is a nerve? ==== A nerve is a bundle of the axons of many nerve cells. Most nerves are made up of axons from both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. For peripheral nerv...") Tag: Visual edit
21:12, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Membrane potential and action potential. Explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is an ion channel? * What are the different types of ion channels? * What is membrane potential? * What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+? * What is resting membrane potential? * What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron and a skeletal myocyte? * What is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase? * What is the equilibrium potential of Na+ and K+? * What is an action potential? * What are the phases of an...") Tag: Visual edit
21:11, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ion channels.png
21:11, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ion channels.png
21:09, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Physiology 1 (Created page with "Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Public health 3 - Environmental health (Created page with "I never made notes for ph3 but afaik the topics are quite similar to the ph6 topics. Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:2nd year (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
20:59, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 122. Migration and catastrophes, medical and occupational health considerations (Created page with "* General about migration ** 3,5% of the world population lives outside their home country ** Legal migration *** Healthy migrant effect = legal migrants are usually young and healthy people and therefore healthier than the population they migrate to ** Illegal/irregular migration ** Nearly half of migrants are hoping to find work ** Migrants are essential to uphold the population in Europe as the fertility rate is low * Health considerations of immigration into EU ** Mo...") Tag: Visual edit
20:59, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 121. New and emerging risks in occupational medicine. Occupational diseases of health care workers and prevention. Occupational accidents. (Created page with "* (This topic is slightly different since the 2021 spring topic list. See the top of the page.) * New and emerging risks in occupational medicine ** New and emerging risk = new and increasing risk ** New risk = *** Caused by new technology or processes *** Old issue newly considered to be a risk ** Increasing risk = *** The number of hazards leading to the risk is growing *** The likelihood of exposure to the hazard is increasing *** The effect of the hazard on health is...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 120. Ergonomic factors. Health effects of inorganic and organic dusts and their prevention (Created page with "* Ergonomics ** = how the workplace and equipment can be best used for comfort, safety, and productivity *** Physical ergonomics = how the body responds to work *** Cognitive ergonomics = how the mind responds to work *** Organizational ergonomics = how work organization can be optimized ** Applying ergonomics improves productivity, reduces cost, improves quality of work, and reduces absence ** Especially musculoskeletal disorders can be prevented by ergonomics *** Back...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 119. Health effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations (Created page with "* Basics of radiation ** Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei ** Beta radiation consists of electrons ** Gamma radiation consists of photons (electromagnetic radiation) * Units related to radiation ** Gray (Gy) = absorbed dose ** Sievert (Sv) = equivalent/effective dose * Ionizing radiation ** Mostly gamma rays ** Alpha and beta radiation has low penetrating power and therefore only causes disease if inhaled *** Radon can be inhaled, and it gives alpha radiation **...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 118. Psychosocial and biological hazards in the workplace (Created page with "* Psychosocial hazards in the workplace ** Work-related stress is one of the most frequent health risks in workers in Europe ** Psychosocial risk factors of workers *** Excessive workload *** Long working hours *** Conflicting demands *** Lack of influence over their own work *** Poor management *** Psychological and sexual harassment *** Discrimination ** Prevention *** Primary **** Eliminating the risks themselves *** Secondary **** Regularly ask workers if they have a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 117. Chemical hazards: Industrial and agricultural toxicology of inorganic compounds (Created page with "* Heavy metals ** Arsenic *** Sources **** Pesticides **** Contaminated water *** Acute symptoms **** Vomiting **** Abdominal pain *** Chronic symptoms **** Hyperkeratosis on soles and palms **** Neuropathy **** SCC of skin **** Hyperpigmentosis (black foot disease) **** Bladder cancer ** Lead *** Jobs at risk **** Working with lead products **** Shooting ranges **** Welding **** Soldering **** Construction *** Measured by blood lead levels *** Acute symptoms **** Abdomi...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 116. Chemical hazards: Industrial and agricultural toxicology of organic compounds (Created page with "* POP = persistent organic pollutant ** = Organic compounds which are resistant to environmental degradation *** Most are chlorinated ** Initially contained 12 compounds, nowadays more *** Originally called the “dirty dozen” *** DDT, PCBs, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, dioxins, furans *** Many POPs are pesticides, solvents, drugs, and industrial chemicals *** DDT is used against malaria mosquitoes ** Share 4 cha...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 115. Physical hazards: disorders caused by noise and vibration and their prevention (Created page with "* Disorders caused by noise ** Humans hear from 20 – 20 000 Hz ** Normal conversation is 60 dB ** Chronic exposure > 85 dB may cause hearing loss *** Higher noise causes hearing loss faster *** High frequency sounds are more damaging than low frequency sounds ** The phon scale *** For the human ear and brain, not only the sound pressure level (the decibel) but also the frequency matters. *** Unlike the normal decibel scale, the phon scale is standardized to one frequen...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 114. Physical hazards: health effects of low and high temperature (Created page with "* (This topic is removed since the 2021 spring topic list. See the top of the page.) * Health effects of low temperature ** Sources *** Natural conditions *** Ice plants *** Freezers ** Disorders *** Frostbite **** Cold, pale, skin **** Fingers, toes *** Trench foot **** Necrosis, gangrene * Health effects of high temperature ** Sources *** Natural conditions *** Boilers *** Ovens ** Disorders *** Heat rash (miliaria rubra) = itchy rash *** Heat cramps = cramps in the le...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 113. Occupational cancers (Created page with "* General about occupational cancers ** International Agency for Research on Cancer – IARC *** Involved in occupational cancer research *** Evaluates and classifies chemicals, occupations, physical effects, industrial processes, according to their carcinogenetic potential **** Group 1 – definitely carcinogenic ***** 113 substances ***** Alcohol ***** Smoking ***** UV radiation ***** Processed meat **** Group 2A – probably carcinogenic ***** Red meat ***** Fried foo...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 112. Occupational toxicology, chemical safety (Created page with "* Occupational toxicology ** The maximum working time in occupational exposure to hazardous compounds is: *** 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 240 shifts per year ** Measurement of toxicity – by LD50 (the dose which kills 50%) ** Toxicity according to timeframe *** Acute toxicity – within 24 hours *** Subacute toxicity – between 24 hours and 90 days *** Chronic toxicity – later than 90 days ** Elimination of organic toxic materials *** Phase 1 of biotransformati...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 111. Risk assessment, management, and communication (Created page with "* Risk assessment ** = assessing the health risk of a policy, action, or intervention ** Involves: ** Identification of the hazard ** Evaluation of the dose-response relationship *** Compounds can follow a deterministic dose-response relationship or a stochastic dose-response relationship *** Deterministic dose-response relationship **** = means that as the dose is increased past a certain threshold (LOAEL), the severity of the effect increases **** Most compounds have t...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 110. Health effects of soil contamination. Health effects and management of wastewater, wastes and hazardous wastes (Created page with "* Health effects of soil contamination ** According to the European hazard symbols, chemical which are dangerous to the soil and environment are noted by the letter N ** Sources of soil contamination *** Landfills *** Deforestation *** Pesticides, fertilizers *** Acid rain ** Biotic factors of soil with health impact *** Geohelminths *** Protozoa *** Bacteria ** Chemical factors of soil with health impact *** Heavy metals **** Arsenic **** Lead **** Mercury *** Mineral o...") Tag: Visual edit
20:54, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 109. Health effects of microbiological and chemical water pollutants, water quality testing (Created page with "* Natural ingredients of water ** Iodine, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, etc. ** The calcium and magnesium content of water determines its ''hardness'' *** Hardness should be around 5 – 35 degrees ** High sodium intake increases risk for hypertension ** Fluoride in water *** Protects against dental caries *** Too high level gives dental fluorosis, fragile bones *** Level should be 0,7 – 1,2 mg/L *** Fluoridation of drinking water may be necessary to reach opti...") Tag: Visual edit
20:54, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 108. Air pollutants and their health effects (Created page with "* PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl ** Used as a fluid in electronics ** Production has been banned for many years, but because it lasts for long, it can still be found in old electronics and the environment ** Symptoms of toxicity, collectively known as Yusho disease *** Chloracne – a severe form of acne *** Hepatotoxicity *** Foetal abnormalities *** Cancer * PCP = pentachlorophenol ** Use as pesticide, disinfectant ** Symptoms of toxicity *** Hyperthermia (by uncouplin...") Tag: Visual edit
20:53, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 107. Environmental monitoring and protection. Health effects of global environmental issues (Created page with "* (This topic is slightly different since the 2021 spring topic list. See the ph6 page.) * Environmental monitoring ** Air sampling ** Soil sampling ** Water quality monitoring ** Microbiological monitoring ** Measurement of noise ** Measurement of radiation * Environmental protection ** Waste management ** Ensure sustainable use of resources without degrading environment ** Prevent and control degradation of environment ** Promote international cooperation ** Use eco-fr...") Tag: Visual edit
20:53, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 106. Health effects of interiors, health and the built environment (Created page with "* Interior health is important, as most people spend as much as 90% of their time indoor * Indoor air pollutants is often much higher than regulation levels * Indoor pollutants (see also topic 108) ** Radon *** From the soil and building materials *** Radon causes 3 – 15% of all lung cancers *** Radon is the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking *** Radon is a cancer initiator and promotor *** Prevention **** Increase ventilation **** Sealing floor a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:51, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 105. Basic principles of ecology. Human environment, human ecology. (Created page with "* Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment * Supra-individual organization levels in ecology ** Populations – groups of individuals ** Communities – interactions of populations which interact ** Ecosystem – the sum of communities and the environment * The Gaia hypothesis = the biosphere (ecosystems) and the physical components of the Earth are closely integrated and form a complex interacting system * The tragedy of the commons **...") Tag: Visual edit
20:50, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Public health 6 - Occupational hygiene and occupational medicine (Created page with "Topics 1 – 104 are public health 1, 2, 4 and 5. Public health 3 itself is not included (just check the topic list) but many of the public health 6 topics are basically the same as public health 3. Since writing these notes, the public health 6 topic list has changed slightly. Check the topic list before studying. If you want an additional source for public health-related matters, https://iloencyclopaedia.org/ appears to be a good source. Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
20:47, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Recommended and compulsory screening methods for non-communicable diseases (excluding cancers) (Created page with "* DM2 screening in children ** Recommended by ADA ** In those who are overweight for their age and gender, and who have any of the following risk factors *** Family history *** Specific ethnicity *** Signs of insulin resistance ** Begin at age 10, repeat every 2 years * CVD in adults ** BP, cholesterol, weight, waist, glucose, smoking, physical activity, diet ** Start at 20 ** Every 2 – 4 years * Diabetic eye screening ** Annually to people with diabetes * Osteoporosis...") Tag: Visual edit
20:46, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Epidemiology and prevention of addictions (Created page with "* Addiction = Chronic problem which causes drug seeking, despite harmful consequences * Addictions cause accidents, violence, abuse * Epidemiology ** 6% of the world ** Most drug-related deaths are in North America * Physical dependence ** Avoidance of withdrawal * Psychological dependence ** Drug-seeking behaviour * Comorbidity of addiction ** Depression ** Suicide ** Antisocial personality disorder ** Infections Smoking * Epidemiology ** One of the most important pub...") Tag: Visual edit
20:46, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Epidemiology and prevention of schizophrenia and dementias (Created page with "* Schizophrenia ** Epidemiology *** Males = females *** Onset in 20s – 30s ** Clinical features *** Positive and negative symptoms ** Risk factors *** Stress *** Psychosocial factors *** Cannabis abuse *** Family history ** Treatment *** Avoid validation of delusions *** Avoid confronting patients about delusions ** Prevention *** Maintaining healthy relationships and friendships *** Avoiding cannabis *** Seeking therapy for depression early *** Teach stress and anxiet...") Tag: Visual edit
20:45, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Epidemiology and prevention of anxiety disorders (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Common in adolescents ** Most prevalent psychiatric disorders ** 22% of young people ** Impairment, high health-care utilization, economic burden ** Women > men * Risk factors ** Neurobiological factors ** Substance abuse ** Stress ** Smoking ** Psychological trauma ** Comorbidities * Subtypes ** Generalized anxiety disorder *** Most common in elderly ** Post-traumatic stress disorder ** Panic disorder *** Most common in middle-aged ** Social anxiety di...") Tag: Visual edit
20:45, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Epidemiology and prevention of depression and mood disorders (Created page with "* Epidemiology ** Depression is the most common mood disorder ** 20 million people every year ** Female > male ** Major cause of disability in young * Criteria for major depression ** Depressed mood ** Diminished interest ** Weight changes ** Sleep disturbances ** Loss of energy ** Feelings of worthlessness ** Feelings of excessive guilt ** Problems concentrating * Risk factors ** Biological factors *** Genetic predisposition (concordance 50%) *** Dysfunction of HPA ***...") Tag: Visual edit