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- 11:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Allergic rhinitis (Created page with "{{:Allergic rhinitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 11:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Allergic rhinitis (Created page with "* Allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity * Types ** Seasonal (hay fever) *** Pollen *** February – September *** No symptoms the rest of the year ** Perennial *** Indoor allergens *** House dust *** Pets *** Moulds *** Latex * Clinical features ** Nasal airway obstruction ** Sneezing ** Watery rhinorrhoea ** Itchy nose and eyes * Diagnosis ** History ** Examination of nose *** Bluish-purple mucosa in seasonal *** Red mucosa in perennial ** Allergy testing *** P...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:59, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Obstruction of the nasal airway, rhinitis (forms of rhinitis, except allergic rhinitis) (Created page with "{{:Nasal airway obstruction}}{{:Acute rhinitis (common cold)}}{{:Chronic rhinitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:58, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic rhinitis (Created page with "* Chronic rhinitis ** Non-specific *** Etiology **** Recurrent acute rhinitis with progressive mucosal damage **** Septal deviation **** Septal spur **** Nasal polyps **** Nasal cavity tumours *** Clinical features **** Nasal obstruction **** Mucous nasal discharge **** Hoarseness *** Treatment **** Remove offending irritant **** Surgically correct pathology **** Nasal decongestants (temporary benefit) ** Specific *** Tuberculosis *** Sarcoidosis *** Actinomycosis *** Sy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:57, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute rhinitis (common cold) (Created page with "* Acute rhinitis (common cold) ** Etiology *** Rhinovirus *** Coronavirus *** Influenzavirus *** Adenovirus ** Droplet infection ** Risk factors *** Cold exposure ** Clinical features *** Initial dry stage **** Malaise **** Headache **** Fever *** Catarrhal stage **** Watery, serous rhinorrhoea **** Nasal obstruction due to swelling *** (Bacterial superinfection) **** Mucopurulent rhinorrhoea ** Treatment *** Nasal decongestants *** Steam inhalation <noinclude>Categor...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nasal airway obstruction (Created page with "* Nasal airway obstruction ** Clinical features *** Difficulty in nasal breathing, eating, sleeping *** Nasal congestion *** Headache *** Epistaxis ** Differential diagnosis *** Acute rhinitis *** Chronic rhinitis *** Rhinosinusitis *** Deviated septum *** Septal perforation *** Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil hyperplasia) *** Turbinate hyperplasia *** Nasal polyp *** Tumours of nose, paranasal sinuses *** Foreign bodies *** Nasal decongestant abuse <noinclude>Categor...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:52, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Benign and malignant tumours of the paranasal sinuses (Created page with "{{:Paranasal sinus tumour}} Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:50, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Paranasal sinus tumour (Created page with "* Diagnosis ** Histology ** CT to determine extent * Benign ** Clinical features *** Nasal airway obstruction **** Sinusitis *** Headache *** Epistaxis *** Anosmia ** Inverted papilloma *** Epithelial tumor *** Endophytic growth *** Locally aggressive *** Can transform into SCC *** Surgical removal ** Fungiform papilloma *** Exophytic growth ** Osteoma *** Asymptomatic until they obstruct drainage of paranasal sinuses *** Surgical removal when it becomes symptomatic * Ma...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:48, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Sleep apnoea (Created page with "{{:Obstructive sleep apnoea}} == Central sleep apnoea == {{:Central sleep apnoea}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:46, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Central sleep apnoea (Created page with "'''Central sleep apnoea''' is a rare cause of sleep apnoea. It's usually due to heart failure, stroke, or brainstem tumour, but it can also be idiopathic. The clinical features and treatment is similar to obstructive sleep apnoea. <noinclude>Category:Neurology Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:45, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Obstructive sleep apnoea (Created page with "'''Obstructive sleep apnoea''' (OSA) (sometimes called obstructive sleep apnoea ''syndrome'') is characterised by repetitive episodes of apnoea or hypopnea lasting > 10 seconds. These episodes are caused by upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep, and result in reductions in blood oxygen saturation. The hypoxaemia triggers the sympathetic nervous system, briefly arousing the person from sleep. Central sleep apnoea is related but not the same. In central sleep ap...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:42, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Cochlear implantation (Created page with "{{:Cochlear implant}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:41, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cochlear implant (Created page with "* Cochlear implants are prosthetic devices surgically implanted into the temporal bone * They stimulate the auditory nerve directly via intracochlear electrodes * A microphone and speech processor behind the hear picks up and processes the sound * The sound is then sent wirelessly through the skin to the cochlear implant * Prerequisite: Functional auditory nerve and central auditory pathway ** Promontory test – direct stimulation of promontory reveals whether the audit...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:40, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Tinnitus (Created page with "{{:Tinnitus}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:40, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tinnitus (Created page with "* An auditory sensation that occurs in the absence of external acoustic or electrical stimulus * Nonspecific symptom of an auditory system abnormality * Types ** Subjective tinnitus *** Conductive tinnitus **** Obstruction of the ear canal **** Middle ear disease *** Sensorineural tinnitus **** Damage to cochlea **** Damage to cochlear nerve *** Central tinnitus **** Damage to central auditory pathway ** Objective tinnitus *** Vascular tinnitus **** Vascular malformation...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:39, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Acoustic tumours, noise induced hearing losses (Created page with "{{:Vestibular schwannoma}} For noise-induced hearing loss, see topic 1. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:37, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vestibular schwannoma (Created page with "* Acoustic neuroma = vestibular schwannoma ** In internal acoustic canal or cerebellopontine angle ** Benign tumor of Schwann cells ** Older adults ** Unilateral – spontaneous ** Bilateral – NF2 ** Clinical features *** Early symptoms **** Unilateral SNHL **** Tinnitus **** Dizziness **** Unsteady gait *** Late symptoms – compression of cerebellopontine angle **** Trigeminal nerve – paraesthesia or facial pain **** Facial nerve – facial palsy **** Cerebellum...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:35, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Fluid systems of the labyrinth, Meniere’s disease, toxic lesions of the inner ear (Created page with "{{:Inner ear}}{{:Meniere disease}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:35, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Meniere disease (Created page with "* Meniere disease (idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops) ** Impaired resorption of endolymph causes accumulation ** Epidemiology *** Females *** Older adults ** Clinical features *** Meniere triad **** Episodes lasting from minutes to hours **** 3 yes 1 no **** Yes: Sensorineural HL **** Yes: Repeated attacks of vertigo **** Yes: Tinnitus **** No: No neurological signs ** Diagnosis *** Criteria **** >1 episode that lasts 20 minutes to 12 hours **** Low-mid frequency SN heari...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:34, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Inner ear (Created page with "* Fluid systems of the labyrinth ** Membranous labyrinth *** Filled with K-rich endolymph *** Contains hair cells *** Divided into vestibule and cochlear duct ** Bony labyrinth *** Contains membranous labyrinth in Na-rich perilymph *** Three cavities **** Scala media (cochlear duct) ***** Filled with endolymph ***** Basilar membrane forms the floor of it **** Scala vestibuli ***** Filled with perilymph ***** Above and separated from scala media ***** Connected to scala t...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:35, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis (Created page with "{{:Otosclerosis}}{{:Tympanosclerosis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:35, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tympanosclerosis (Created page with "* Tympanosclerosis ** Scarring of tympanic membrane and cavity due to recurrent otitis externa or media ** Asymptomatic or conductive hearing loss due to fixation of ossicles ** White calcified plaques on otoscopy ** Myringosclerosis – only tympanic membrane *** Rarely symptoms ** Treatment *** Surgical removal of sclerosis **** Usually recurs <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:34, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otosclerosis (Created page with "* Otosclerosis ** Abnormal bone growth of the bony labyrinth ** The stapes becomes increasingly fixated to the oval window -> progressive conductive HL ** Can also affect cochlea ** Epidemiology *** Whites *** Females *** Adults ** 50% autosomal dominant, 50% sporadically ** Diagnosis *** Decreased air conduction on pure tone *** Carhart notch on audiogram *** Normal otoscopy ** Treatment *** Stapes replaced by prosthesis – stapedotomy <noinclude>Category:Ear, n...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:34, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Trauma of the temporal bone (longitudinal, transverse fractures) (Created page with "{{:Temporal bone fracture}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:33, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Temporal bone fracture (Created page with "* Temporal bone fracture ** Often with fractures of calvaria and brain injury ** Thin-slice CT ** Complications *** CSF leak **** Air in intracranial cavity **** CSF otorrhoea **** CSF rhinorrhoea **** Meningitis **** Brain abscess **** Surgery only if it persists *** Cochleovestibular symptoms **** Conductive (fluid in middle ear) **** Sensorineural (fracture of labyrinth) ***** Vertigo ***** Nausea *** Facial nerve symptoms ** Types *** Longitudinal fractures **** Frac...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:32, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Disorders of the inner ear, congenital malformations, hereditary deafness (Created page with "* Disorders of the inner ear ** Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ** Trauma ** Labyrinthitis *** Complication of AOM *** Hearing loss *** Vertigo ** Vestibular neuritis *** Idiopathic *** Possibly viral *** No hearing loss *** Vertigo *** Positive head thrust test ** Acoustic neuroma ** Meniere syndrome Congenital malformations {{:Congenital malformations of the inner ear}} Hereditary deafness {{:Hereditary deafness}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hereditary deafness (Created page with "* Syndromic hereditary hearing loss ** Down syndrome * Non-syndromic hereditary hearing loss ** Congenital form *** Autosomal recessive *** Only lack of hearing *** Symmetrical *** Present at birth ** Later-onset form *** Hearing loss occurs later *** Autosomal dominant <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital malformations of the inner ear (Created page with "* Michel aplasia = complete labyrinthine aplasia * Mondini aplasia ** 1,5 turns of cochlea instead of 2,5 ** Sensorineural hearing loss * Congenital CSF otorrhoea ** Fistula of oval window * Thalidomide embryopathy <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:28, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Idiopathic facial nerve palsy, Bell palsy (Created page with "{{:Facial nerve palsy}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:27, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Facial nerve palsy (Created page with "'''Facial nerve palsy''' is a peripheral lesion of the facial nerve. In the cases where this lesion is idiopathic, the condition is called '''Bell’s palsy'''. ==Etiology== *Idiopathic (= Bell’s palsy) *Infection **VZV (herpes zoster oticus/Ramsay Hunt syndrome) **Lyme disease *Trauma (involving pyramidal bone) *Parotid tumour *Brainstem stroke (involving facial nucleus) Bell’s palsy is caused by idiopathic inflammation of CN VII in the facial canal....") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page LP (Redirected page to Lumbar puncture) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 13:29, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Complications of suppurative otitis media (Created page with "See topic 6. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Suppurative otitis media (acute, chronic) (Created page with "{{:Acute otitis media}}{{:Chronic suppurative otitis media}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic suppurative otitis media (Created page with "* Chronic suppurative otitis media ** Persistent drainage from middle ear through perforated tympanic membrane lasting > 6 weeks *** Perforated tympanic membrane usually heals within weeks *** No healing -> sign of chronic inflammation ** Older children ** Bacteria enter through perforated TM ** Clinical features *** 3 yes 1 no *** Yes: Perforation of TM *** Yes: Ear discharge *** Yes: Conductive hearing loss *** No: No pain ** Two types *** Mesotympanic **** Central per...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:25, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute otitis media (Created page with "* Acute (suppurative) otitis media ** Epidemiology *** Infants *** Small children *** 80% by 3 years of age ** Etiology *** Bacterial superinfection (on viral <abbr>URTI</abbr>) which ascends through eustachian tube *** S. pneumoniae *** H. influenzae ** Risk factors *** Previous AOM *** Chronic otitis media *** Parental smoking ** Protective factors *** Prolonged breastfeeding *** Pneumococcal vaccine ** Clinical features *** Ear pain **** Infants repeatedly touch the e...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:22, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Serous otitis media (acute, chronic) (Created page with "{{:Otitis media with effusion}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:22, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otitis media with effusion (Created page with "* Serous otitis media = otitis media with effusion * Middle ear fluid without acute signs of infection * Due to obstruction of Eustachian tube -> air absorbed in middle ear -> negative pressure in middle ear -> exudate in middle ear * Usually resolves by itself * Risk factors ** Cleft palate and other midface anomalies ** 6 – 18 months ** Impaired ventilation of middle ear *** Upper respiratory viral infection with swelling *** Obstruction of eustachian tube by tumor o...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Diseases of the tympanic membrane, tumours of the external ear (benign, malignant tumours) (Created page with "{{:Tympanic membrane}} Tumours of external ear {{:Tumours of the external ear}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tumours of the external ear (Created page with "* Most are epithelial * Kerato-acanthoma * Rheumatoid nodules * Epidermal cyst * Haemangioma * Seborrheic keratosis * Atheroma * Actinic keratosis * Cutaneous horn * BCC * SCC * Malignant melanoma <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tympanic membrane (Created page with "* Divided into four quadrants be the longitudinal axis of the handle of the malleus and a line perpendicular to it * Anterosuperior quadrant ** Pars tensa * Posterosuperior quadrant ** Vessels ** Nerves ** Middle ear bones * Anteroinferior quadrant ** Light reflex * Posteroinferior quadrant ** Nothing * Surgery ** Paracentesis – needle puncture to drain fluid ** Myringotomy – incision, insertion of tube ** Anteroinferior or posteroinferior quadrant! * Diseases ** Per...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Diseases of the pinna and the external ear canal (Created page with "{{:Diseases of the auricle}}{{:Otitis externa}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otitis externa (Created page with "* External ear canal ** Outer third is cartilage, inner 2/3 is bone ** Thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ** Contains ceruminous glands -> produce cerumen ** Diseases *** Swimming, Q-tip use, scratching *** Acute **** Diffuse otitis externa **** Circumscribed otitis externa **** Bullous otitis externa *** Chronic **** Necrotizing otitis externa (pseudomonas) **** Eczema **** Fungal infection (otomycosis) **** Cholesteatoma ** Symptoms *** Otorrhoea *** Pain...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:06, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diseases of the auricle (Created page with "* Auricle (pinna) ** Elastic cartilage ** Collects sound waves ** Diseases *** Malformations **** Protruding ears **** Auricular appendages **** Congenital auricular fistulas ***** Infections **** Microtia **** Anotia **** Stenosis of ear canal **** Creased lobule (CAD) *** Inflammation (often bacterial/viral) **** Often with otitis externa **** Acute ***** Herpes zoster oticus ***** Cellulitis, dermatitis ***** Perichondritis **** Chronic ***** Eczema *** Trauma **** Pe...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:04, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Otoacoustic emissions, brainstem evoked response audiometry (Created page with "{{:Objective audiometry}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:03, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Objective audiometry (Created page with "* Objective audiometry ** Doesn’t depend on cooperation and subjective responses of patient * Otoacoustic emissions ** Vibrations of hair cells in cochlea are transmitted back through the conducting apparatus ** Test can only be performed if the middle ear function is normal ** A microphone in the ear canal can detect otoacoustic emissions ** Test reflects functional integrity of cochlea ** Indications *** Screening for cochlear function in newborns **** Cochlear lesio...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:02, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry (Created page with "{{:Subjective audiometry}}{{:Hearing loss}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:01, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) to Category:ENT (POTE course)
- 12:01, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hearing loss (Created page with "* Conductive hearing loss ** Impaired conduction of sound through outer ear, tympanic membrane or middle ear ** Children and young adults ** Etiology *** Tympanic membrane perforation *** Otitis media with effusion *** Barotrauma *** Otosclerosis ** Diagnosis *** Pure tone audiometry **** Auditory threshold increased for air conduction **** Auditory threshold normal for bone conduction *** Speech audiometry **** Increasing loudness eventually leads to 100% speech compreh...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:00, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Subjective audiometry (Created page with "* Subjective audiometry ** Involve attention, reaction time, cooperation, etc * Pure tone audiometry ** The patient is played various frequencies through a headphone (air conduction) and a bone oscillator on mastoid bones ** Various frequencies are played -> patient gives signal when hearing the sound ** Auditory threshold is determined for each frequency for each modality * Speech audiometry ** Increasingly loud words are played, which the patient should repeat *** The...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:55, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (content was: "Category:4th year", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))