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15:06, 27 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B19. Lower urinary tract infections in women: Classification, pathogenesis, and management (Created page with "''Rather than splitting the topic into female (B19), male (B20), and pyelonephritis (B21) I think it makes more sense to consider UTI as a whole.'' {{#lst:Urinary tract infection|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:21, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Urinary tract infection (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A '''urinary tract infection''' (UTI) generally refers to any infection at any location of the urinary tract and is almost always bacterial. We distinguish upper UTI and lower UTI depending on the location of the infection. Lower UTI is much more common and includes '''cystitis''' (most common) and possibly prostatitis. Cystitis is often technically accompanied by urethritis but we generally just call lower UTI "cystitis". Urethritis in i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:09, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B18. Congenital anomalies of the gonads and vesicourethral unit (bladder, urethra) (Created page with "= Congenital anomalies of the testes = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the testes|urology}} = Congenital anomalies of the bladder = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the urinary bladder|urology}} = Congenital anomalies of the urethra = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the urethra|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:08, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital anomalies of the urethra (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Posterior urethral valve == * = tissue which obstructs the posterior urethra * Common cause of urinary tract obstruction in newborn males ** Only affects males * Associated with pulmonary hypoplasia * Diagnosis by voiding cystogram * Treatment: Valve ablation with cystoscopy == Hypospadias == * External urethral opening on ventral penis * Only symptomatic cases require surgery == Epispadias == * External urethral opening on dorsal peni...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:07, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital anomalies of the urinary bladder (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Bladder extrophy == * Male > female * Bladder is herniated through defect in abdominal wall * Associated with separation of pubic bones * Treatment: surgery <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:05, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital anomalies of the testes (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />== Cryptorchidism == Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testicles to descend into scrotum. Untreated, it increases the risk for testicular cancer, infertility, and testicular torsion. * 1% of boys ** It’s the most common congenital anomaly of genitourinary tract * Risk factors ** Prematurity * Diagnosis ** Testis cannot be palpated in the scrotum * Treatment ** Many spontaneously descent, but not after 6 months ** Withi...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:55, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A16. Role of minimal invasive procedures in urology (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A minimally invasive procedure usually refers to a laparoscopic surgery, but one can also consider cystoscopic procedures like ureteral stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy as minimally invasive procedures as well. Laparoscopy and robot-assisted techniques are widely used in urology. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) may be associated with less bleeding and shorter hospital stay than open surgery. K...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:39, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ureteral stent (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A '''ureteral stent''' is a small tube which is inserted into the ureter to keep them open. Urine can flow through this tube and bypass any obstruction. They are also called '''double J stents''' due to the ends of the stents being J-shaped and are therefore sometimes called '''JJ''' or '''DJ stents'''. Ureteral stenting is usually performed retrograde from the bladder by cystoscopy. Once in the bladder, the ureteral orifice is cannulated...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:19, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B17. Congenital anomalies of the nephric system (kidney, pyelon, ureter) (Created page with "= Congenital anomalies of the kidney = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the kidney|urology}} = Ureteropelvic junction obstruction = {{#lst:Ureteropelvic junction obstruction|urology}} = Congenital vesicoureteral reflux = {{#lst:Congenital vesicoureteral reflux|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
12:18, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital vesicoureteral reflux (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Etiology ** Duplicated ureter ** Ectopic ureter ** Ureterocoele ** Posterior urethral valves * Causes hydronephrosis in utero ** In most cases hydronephrosis is diagnosed in utero by US * Causes recurrent UTIs and kidney failure in children * Diagnosis ** Ultrasound ** Voiding cystography * Treatment ** VUR often improves spontaneously ** Prophylactic antibiotics ** Bladder training ** Endoscopic injection ** Surgical correction if the reflux...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:17, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Male > female * Etiology: malformation of ureter * Causes hydronephrosis in utero ** Most common cause of abdominal mass in children ** In most cases hydronephrosis is diagnosed in utero by US * Diagnosis ** Ultrasound ** IV urography * Treatment ** Observation in asymptomatic cases ** Surgical correction if symptomatic <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:16, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital anomalies of the kidney (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Congenital solitary kidney ** Usually asymptomatic *** However, they have a higher risk for kidney disease and should be monitored regularly ** The remaining kidney is usually hypertrophic ** Anatomical congenital solitary kidney *** The other kidney is absent (renal agenesis) ** Functional congenital solitary kidney *** The other kidney is non-functional *** Renal aplasia, renal dysplasia, or renal hypoplasia * Horseshoe kidney ** The left a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:12, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A15. Evaluation and management of urological emergencies: Renal colic, suprapubic pain, acute scrotum, gross haematuria, anuria, and urinary retention (Created page with "= Renal colic = {{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology colic}} = Acute scrotum = {{#lst:Acute scrotum|urology}} = Testicular torsion = {{#lst:Testicular torsion|urology}} = Fournier gangrene = {{#lst:Fournier gangrene|urology}} = Acute epididymitis = {{#lst:Acute epididymitis|urology}} = Acute urinary retention = {{#lst:Acute urinary retention|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:08, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute urinary retention (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute urinary retention''' refers to when there is an acute inability to pass urine. It's a urological emergency which can cause permanent injury to the bladder and kidneys, severe suprapubic pain, and bladder rupture in severe cases. Initial management involves bladder catheterisation to drain the bladder. Urinary retention is more common in males, mostly because of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urinary retention can also be Chroni...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:38, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bladder tamponade (Redirected page to Acute urinary retention) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
09:53, 26 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute epididymitis (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute epididymitis''' is the acute inflammation of the epididymis. It's one of the most common cause of acute scrotum. Symptoms include unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, usually of gradual onset. 50% of acute epididymis cases also include inflammation of the testicles, called '''epididymo-orchitis'''. == Etiology == Acute epididymitis is most commonly due to a sexually transmitted infection like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chl...") Tag: Visual edit
14:42, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fournier gangrene (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Perineal necrotising soft tissue infection''', commonly called '''Fournier gangrene''', is a necrotising soft tissue infection occuring in the perineum, scrotum, and penis. It's a polymicrobial infection with bacteria entering the region through abscess, fissure, fistula, colon perforation, etc. It's more common in immunocompromised people. Fournier gangrene is a urological emergency as it has a high (20%) mortality and requires urgent trea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:36, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Testicular torsion (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Testicular torsion''' refers to sudden twisting of spermatic cord, usually internal rotation. 1/3 of cases are due to external rotation. It's most frequent in childhood and adolescents. It's mostly idiopathic, but in some cases it may be related to bell-clapper deformity. It causes abrupt onset testicular pain and a swollen testicle and is therefore one cause of acute scrotum. The testicle lies transversally in the scrotum rather than lo...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:29, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute scrotum (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute scrotum''' refers to acute pain in the scrotum that develops over the course of minutes or a few days. Causes range from urological emergencies which are life-threatening to harmless. == Causes == * Testicular torsion * Fournier gangrene * Acute epididymitis * Trauma * Inguinal hernia <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit
14:06, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Genitourinary tract biopsy: Indications and technique (Created page with "= Techniques of biopsy = * Bleeding parameters should be evaluated before * Percutaneous biopsies are usually guided by US with local anaesthesia * Urothelial lesions ** Biopsied with cystoscopy or through percutaneous catheters * Other lesions ** Renal masses ** Retroperitoneal masses ** Retroperitoneal lymph nodes ** Biopsied percutaneously or by open surgery = Kidney biopsy = {{#lst:Kidney biopsy|urology}} = Bladder biopsy = {{#lst:Bladder biopsy|urology}} = Prostate...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:05, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Testicular biopsy (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Testicular biopsy''' is used in the evaluation of infertility. It is not used in evaluation of testicular cancer as it increases the risk of spreading; the whole testicle is usually removed instead. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:03, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Prostate biopsy (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Prostate biopsy''' is indicated when PSA testing or digital rectal examination gives suspicion of prostate cancer. MRi is usually indicated before biopsy, as it may make the biopsy more targeted toward the lesion. The biopsy can be performed transrectally, transperineally, or (rarely) transurethrally. The standard is transrectal biopsy with ultrasound guidance (TRUS biopsy). MRi-targeted biopsy is preferred, but if unavailable...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:51, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bladder biopsy (Redirected page to Cystoscopy#Bladder biopsy) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:32, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Kidney biopsy (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney biopsy is not performed for urological diseases but for nephrological diseases * Indications ** Glomerulonephritis ** Renal transplant evaluation ** Renal mass where non-invasive imaging is inconclusive *** Renal masses can be diagnosed with high specificity by non-invasive imaging in most cases * Technique ** Can be acquired percutaneously or by open surgery * Complications ** Bleeding ** Tumour seeding is rare <section end="urology"...") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A13. Kidney function investigations (Created page with "= Creatinine and eGFR = {{#lst:Kidney function tests|urology}} = Proteinuria = {{#lst:Proteinuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:20, 23 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Estimated glomerular filtration rate (Redirected page to Kidney function tests) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:20, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A12. Radionuclide imaging in urology (Created page with "{{#lst:Renal scintigraphy|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:26, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Renal scintigraphy (Created page with "'''Renal scintigraphy''', alo called '''nuclear renal scan''', refers to using nuclear imaging to image the kidney and its function. == Static renal scintigraphy == Static renal scintigraphy is used to accurately visualise the renal morphology and to measure loss of renal cortex. One can measure relative ratio of renal function between the two kidneys. The radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DMSA is used, which accumulates in the renal parenchyme but is not excreted. Imaging is...") Tag: Visual edit
10:14, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A11. Interventional uro-radiology: Principles, technique, indications, and contraindications (Created page with "= Transcatheter embolisation = {{#lst:Transcatheter embolisation in urology|urology}} = Renal artery angioplasty and stenting = {{#lst:Renal artery stenosis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:12, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Renal artery stenosis (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Renal artery stenosis''' refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. It may be bilateral in rare cases. It's most commonly due to atherosclerosis (in elderly) and fibromuscular dysplasia (in young). It may lead to secondary hypertension and chronic kidney disease. == Management == Renal artery stenosis is managed by balloon dilatation and stenting of the stenosis. The interventional radiologist inserts a wire into the femoral a...") Tag: Visual edit
09:57, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transcatheter embolisation in urology (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />In urology, transcatheter embolisation is used on the following indications: * To embolise arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous malformations in the renal arteries * Stop severe bleeding from the urinary system, for example from the kidney, bladder, or pelvis * Pre- or postoperatively for renal cell carcinoma in very large or highly vascularised tumours * To induce renal infarcti...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:33, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Percutaneous nephrostomy (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Percutaneous nephrostomy''' (PCN) refers to creating an opening through the skin into the renal pelvis, allowing urine to drain directly from the pelvis into a urinary collection bag. The procedure is guided by ultrasound. In case of hydronephrosis with pyelonephritis, PCN must be performed emergently to allow drainage of the infected urine. The most common indication for PCN is a need for urinary drainage which cannot be achieved otherw...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:17, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A10. Urinary tract imaging: Purpose, and indications (Created page with "{{#lst:Imaging of the urinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
09:16, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Imaging of the urinary tract (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /><section begin="radiology" />A variety of imaging modalities are used in the evaluation of the urinary tract. == CT urography == CT urography refers to a contrast CT taken in a phase where the contrast has entered the urinary system. It's one of the most commonly used procedures used to image the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureters). * Procedure ** A non-contrast CT is taken ** IV contrast is injected ** Several CT scans are tak...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:13, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page CT urography (Redirected page to Imaging of the urinary tract#CT urography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
09:03, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cystoscopy (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Cystoscopy''', also called '''cysturethroscopy''', is a procedure where a cystoscope (an endoscope) is inserted into the urethra to examine the urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, urinary bladder, and uretral orifices. The endoscope can visualise the organs, take biopsy samples, and perform a limited number of therapeutic interventions like cauterisation. It's one of the most common procedures performed in urology. == Indications == * Ha...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:52, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A8. Urethral catheterization: Types, indications, and technique (Created page with "{{#lst:Bladder catheterisation|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
08:52, 16 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bladder catheterisation (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Bladder catheterisation''' refers to insertion of a catheter (a tube) into the urinary bladder to drain urine. The catheter may be inserted into the urethra (urethral catheterisation) or through the skin (suprapubic catheterisation). == Indications == * Diagnostic ** Acquire urinary sample ** Monitor urinary output *** Especially important in critically ill patients ** To allow instillation of diagnostic agents * Therapeutic ** Urinary rete...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:22, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A7. Haematuria and its evaluation (Created page with "{{#lst:Haematuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
14:17, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A6. Pyuria and its examination (Created page with "{{#lst:Pyuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
14:17, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pyuria (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Pyuria''' or '''leukocyturia''' refers to >5 WBCs per field of view at 400x. The urine may be grossly cloudy. * Dipsticks ** Can test for the presence of ''leukocyte esterase'', an enzyme produced by WBCs ** Can test for nitrite -> positive indicates bacteriuria *** However, it can be false negative (bacteria which don’t produce nitrite) * Bacterial urine culture should be performed to check for bacteriuria **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:14, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (Created page with "{{#lst:Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
14:14, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (Created page with "<section begin="neurology" /><section begin="urology" />Both urological and neurological problems can cause dysfunction of urinary storage or voiding, causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). == Anatomy == * The lower urinary tract involves bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter * Has two functions ** Symptom-free storage of urine which is constantly draining from the kidneys ** Periodical, voluntary, unobstructed, and complete voiding of stored urine...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:54, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Symptoms related to the act of urination and quantitative changes of the urine (Created page with "= Lower urinary tract symptoms = {{#lst:Lower urinary tract symptoms|urology}} = Quantitative changes of the urine = {{#lst:Quantitative changes of the urine|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:53, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anuria (Redirected page to Quantitative changes of urine) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:53, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oliguria (Redirected page to Quantitative changes of urine) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:53, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Polyuria (Redirected page to Quantitative changes of urine) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:52, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Quantitative changes of urine (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />One normally produces 500 - 2500 mL of urine per day. In case of pathology, the amount may be increased or decreased. '''Polyuria''' refers to pathologically increased amount of urine (> 2500 mL/day) or > 50 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. It's a relatively rare finding. '''Oliguria''' refers to decreased amount of urine (100 - 500 mL/day) or < 20 mL/hour or < 0.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. '''Anuria''' refers to having < 100 mL of...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:42, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lower urinary tract symptoms (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Lower urinary tract symptoms''' (LUTS) refers to symptoms related to the act of urination. They include voiding symptoms and storage symptoms. LUTS are classically caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Treatment of the underlying cause alleviates the symptoms. == Etiology == * BPH (most common) * Lower urinary tract infection == Clinical features == We distinguish two types of LUTS, voiding symptoms (also called obstructive...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:39, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Urology (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit