New pages
- 14:21, 26 September 2024 Urinary tract infection (hist | edit) [7,248 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A '''urinary tract infection''' (UTI) generally refers to any infection at any location of the urinary tract and is almost always bacterial. We distinguish upper UTI and lower UTI depending on the location of the infection. Lower UTI is much more common and includes '''cystitis''' (most common) and possibly prostatitis. Cystitis is often technically accompanied by urethritis but we generally just call lower UTI "cystitis". Urethritis in i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:09, 26 September 2024 B18. Congenital anomalies of the gonads and vesicourethral unit (bladder, urethra) (hist | edit) [319 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Congenital anomalies of the testes = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the testes|urology}} = Congenital anomalies of the bladder = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the urinary bladder|urology}} = Congenital anomalies of the urethra = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the urethra|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 13:08, 26 September 2024 Congenital anomalies of the urethra (hist | edit) [586 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Posterior urethral valve == * = tissue which obstructs the posterior urethra * Common cause of urinary tract obstruction in newborn males ** Only affects males * Associated with pulmonary hypoplasia * Diagnosis by voiding cystogram * Treatment: Valve ablation with cystoscopy == Hypospadias == * External urethral opening on ventral penis * Only symptomatic cases require surgery == Epispadias == * External urethral opening on dorsal peni...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:07, 26 September 2024 Congenital anomalies of the urinary bladder (hist | edit) [235 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Bladder extrophy == * Male > female * Bladder is herniated through defect in abdominal wall * Associated with separation of pubic bones * Treatment: surgery <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:05, 26 September 2024 Congenital anomalies of the testes (hist | edit) [1,435 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />== Cryptorchidism == Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testicles to descend into scrotum. Untreated, it increases the risk for testicular cancer, infertility, and testicular torsion. * 1% of boys ** It’s the most common congenital anomaly of genitourinary tract * Risk factors ** Prematurity * Diagnosis ** Testis cannot be palpated in the scrotum * Treatment ** Many spontaneously descent, but not after 6 months ** Withi...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:55, 26 September 2024 A16. Role of minimal invasive procedures in urology (hist | edit) [1,090 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A minimally invasive procedure usually refers to a laparoscopic surgery, but one can also consider cystoscopic procedures like ureteral stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy as minimally invasive procedures as well. Laparoscopy and robot-assisted techniques are widely used in urology. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) may be associated with less bleeding and shorter hospital stay than open surgery. K...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:39, 26 September 2024 Ureteral stent (hist | edit) [1,071 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />A '''ureteral stent''' is a small tube which is inserted into the ureter to keep them open. Urine can flow through this tube and bypass any obstruction. They are also called '''double J stents''' due to the ends of the stents being J-shaped and are therefore sometimes called '''JJ''' or '''DJ stents'''. Ureteral stenting is usually performed retrograde from the bladder by cystoscopy. Once in the bladder, the ureteral orifice is cannulated...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:19, 26 September 2024 B17. Congenital anomalies of the nephric system (kidney, pyelon, ureter) (hist | edit) [303 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Congenital anomalies of the kidney = {{#lst:Congenital anomalies of the kidney|urology}} = Ureteropelvic junction obstruction = {{#lst:Ureteropelvic junction obstruction|urology}} = Congenital vesicoureteral reflux = {{#lst:Congenital vesicoureteral reflux|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 12:18, 26 September 2024 Congenital vesicoureteral reflux (hist | edit) [536 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Etiology ** Duplicated ureter ** Ectopic ureter ** Ureterocoele ** Posterior urethral valves * Causes hydronephrosis in utero ** In most cases hydronephrosis is diagnosed in utero by US * Causes recurrent UTIs and kidney failure in children * Diagnosis ** Ultrasound ** Voiding cystography * Treatment ** VUR often improves spontaneously ** Prophylactic antibiotics ** Bladder training ** Endoscopic injection ** Surgical correction if the reflux...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:17, 26 September 2024 Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (hist | edit) [397 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Male > female * Etiology: malformation of ureter * Causes hydronephrosis in utero ** Most common cause of abdominal mass in children ** In most cases hydronephrosis is diagnosed in utero by US * Diagnosis ** Ultrasound ** IV urography * Treatment ** Observation in asymptomatic cases ** Surgical correction if symptomatic <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:16, 26 September 2024 Congenital anomalies of the kidney (hist | edit) [1,075 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Congenital solitary kidney ** Usually asymptomatic *** However, they have a higher risk for kidney disease and should be monitored regularly ** The remaining kidney is usually hypertrophic ** Anatomical congenital solitary kidney *** The other kidney is absent (renal agenesis) ** Functional congenital solitary kidney *** The other kidney is non-functional *** Renal aplasia, renal dysplasia, or renal hypoplasia * Horseshoe kidney ** The left a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:12, 26 September 2024 A15. Evaluation and management of urological emergencies: Renal colic, suprapubic pain, acute scrotum, gross haematuria, anuria, and urinary retention (hist | edit) [484 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Renal colic = {{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology colic}} = Acute scrotum = {{#lst:Acute scrotum|urology}} = Testicular torsion = {{#lst:Testicular torsion|urology}} = Fournier gangrene = {{#lst:Fournier gangrene|urology}} = Acute epididymitis = {{#lst:Acute epididymitis|urology}} = Acute urinary retention = {{#lst:Acute urinary retention|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:08, 26 September 2024 Acute urinary retention (hist | edit) [6,025 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute urinary retention''' refers to when there is an acute inability to pass urine. It's a urological emergency which can cause permanent injury to the bladder and kidneys, severe suprapubic pain, and bladder rupture in severe cases. Initial management involves bladder catheterisation to drain the bladder. Urinary retention is more common in males, mostly because of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urinary retention can also be Chroni...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:53, 26 September 2024 Acute epididymitis (hist | edit) [1,466 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute epididymitis''' is the acute inflammation of the epididymis. It's one of the most common cause of acute scrotum. Symptoms include unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, usually of gradual onset. 50% of acute epididymis cases also include inflammation of the testicles, called '''epididymo-orchitis'''. == Etiology == Acute epididymitis is most commonly due to a sexually transmitted infection like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chl...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:42, 23 September 2024 Fournier gangrene (hist | edit) [875 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Perineal necrotising soft tissue infection''', commonly called '''Fournier gangrene''', is a necrotising soft tissue infection occuring in the perineum, scrotum, and penis. It's a polymicrobial infection with bacteria entering the region through abscess, fissure, fistula, colon perforation, etc. It's more common in immunocompromised people. Fournier gangrene is a urological emergency as it has a high (20%) mortality and requires urgent trea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:36, 23 September 2024 Testicular torsion (hist | edit) [1,736 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Testicular torsion''' refers to sudden twisting of spermatic cord, usually internal rotation. 1/3 of cases are due to external rotation. It's most frequent in childhood and adolescents. It's mostly idiopathic, but in some cases it may be related to bell-clapper deformity. It causes abrupt onset testicular pain and a swollen testicle and is therefore one cause of acute scrotum. The testicle lies transversally in the scrotum rather than lo...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:29, 23 September 2024 Acute scrotum (hist | edit) [390 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Acute scrotum''' refers to acute pain in the scrotum that develops over the course of minutes or a few days. Causes range from urological emergencies which are life-threatening to harmless. == Causes == * Testicular torsion * Fournier gangrene * Acute epididymitis * Trauma * Inguinal hernia <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:06, 23 September 2024 A14. Genitourinary tract biopsy: Indications and technique (hist | edit) [609 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Techniques of biopsy = * Bleeding parameters should be evaluated before * Percutaneous biopsies are usually guided by US with local anaesthesia * Urothelial lesions ** Biopsied with cystoscopy or through percutaneous catheters * Other lesions ** Renal masses ** Retroperitoneal masses ** Retroperitoneal lymph nodes ** Biopsied percutaneously or by open surgery = Kidney biopsy = {{#lst:Kidney biopsy|urology}} = Bladder biopsy = {{#lst:Bladder biopsy|urology}} = Prostate...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:05, 23 September 2024 Testicular biopsy (hist | edit) [283 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Testicular biopsy''' is used in the evaluation of infertility. It is not used in evaluation of testicular cancer as it increases the risk of spreading; the whole testicle is usually removed instead. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:03, 23 September 2024 Prostate biopsy (hist | edit) [976 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Prostate biopsy''' is indicated when PSA testing or digital rectal examination gives suspicion of prostate cancer. MRi is usually indicated before biopsy, as it may make the biopsy more targeted toward the lesion. The biopsy can be performed transrectally, transperineally, or (rarely) transurethrally. The standard is transrectal biopsy with ultrasound guidance (TRUS biopsy). MRi-targeted biopsy is preferred, but if unavailable...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:32, 23 September 2024 Kidney biopsy (hist | edit) [522 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney biopsy is not performed for urological diseases but for nephrological diseases * Indications ** Glomerulonephritis ** Renal transplant evaluation ** Renal mass where non-invasive imaging is inconclusive *** Renal masses can be diagnosed with high specificity by non-invasive imaging in most cases * Technique ** Can be acquired percutaneously or by open surgery * Complications ** Bleeding ** Tumour seeding is rare <section end="urology"...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:26, 23 September 2024 A13. Kidney function investigations (hist | edit) [142 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Creatinine and eGFR = {{#lst:Kidney function tests|urology}} = Proteinuria = {{#lst:Proteinuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 11:20, 16 September 2024 A12. Radionuclide imaging in urology (hist | edit) [70 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Renal scintigraphy|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:26, 16 September 2024 Renal scintigraphy (hist | edit) [2,000 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Renal scintigraphy''', alo called '''nuclear renal scan''', refers to using nuclear imaging to image the kidney and its function. == Static renal scintigraphy == Static renal scintigraphy is used to accurately visualise the renal morphology and to measure loss of renal cortex. One can measure relative ratio of renal function between the two kidneys. The radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DMSA is used, which accumulates in the renal parenchyme but is not excreted. Imaging is...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:14, 16 September 2024 A11. Interventional uro-radiology: Principles, technique, indications, and contraindications (hist | edit) [441 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Transcatheter embolisation = {{#lst:Transcatheter embolisation in urology|urology}} = Renal artery angioplasty and stenting = {{#lst:Renal artery stenosis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:12, 16 September 2024 Renal artery stenosis (hist | edit) [655 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Renal artery stenosis''' refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. It may be bilateral in rare cases. It's most commonly due to atherosclerosis (in elderly) and fibromuscular dysplasia (in young). It may lead to secondary hypertension and chronic kidney disease. == Management == Renal artery stenosis is managed by balloon dilatation and stenting of the stenosis. The interventional radiologist inserts a wire into the femoral a...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:57, 16 September 2024 Transcatheter embolisation in urology (hist | edit) [704 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />In urology, transcatheter embolisation is used on the following indications: * To embolise arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous malformations in the renal arteries * Stop severe bleeding from the urinary system, for example from the kidney, bladder, or pelvis * Pre- or postoperatively for renal cell carcinoma in very large or highly vascularised tumours * To induce renal infarcti...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:33, 16 September 2024 Percutaneous nephrostomy (hist | edit) [1,572 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Percutaneous nephrostomy''' (PCN) refers to creating an opening through the skin into the renal pelvis, allowing urine to drain directly from the pelvis into a urinary collection bag. The procedure is guided by ultrasound. In case of hydronephrosis with pyelonephritis, PCN must be performed emergently to allow drainage of the infected urine. The most common indication for PCN is a need for urinary drainage which cannot be achieved otherw...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:17, 16 September 2024 A10. Urinary tract imaging: Purpose, and indications (hist | edit) [80 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Imaging of the urinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 09:16, 16 September 2024 Imaging of the urinary tract (hist | edit) [4,036 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /><section begin="radiology" />A variety of imaging modalities are used in the evaluation of the urinary tract. == CT urography == CT urography refers to a contrast CT taken in a phase where the contrast has entered the urinary system. It's one of the most commonly used procedures used to image the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureters). * Procedure ** A non-contrast CT is taken ** IV contrast is injected ** Several CT scans are tak...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:03, 16 September 2024 Cystoscopy (hist | edit) [5,199 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Cystoscopy''', also called '''cysturethroscopy''', is a procedure where a cystoscope (an endoscope) is inserted into the urethra to examine the urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, urinary bladder, and uretral orifices. The endoscope can visualise the organs, take biopsy samples, and perform a limited number of therapeutic interventions like cauterisation. It's one of the most common procedures performed in urology. == Indications == * Ha...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:52, 16 September 2024 A8. Urethral catheterization: Types, indications, and technique (hist | edit) [75 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Bladder catheterisation|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 08:52, 16 September 2024 Bladder catheterisation (hist | edit) [3,280 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Bladder catheterisation''' refers to insertion of a catheter (a tube) into the urinary bladder to drain urine. The catheter may be inserted into the urethra (urethral catheterisation) or through the skin (suprapubic catheterisation). == Indications == * Diagnostic ** Acquire urinary sample ** Monitor urinary output *** Especially important in critically ill patients ** To allow instillation of diagnostic agents * Therapeutic ** Urinary rete...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:22, 13 September 2024 A7. Haematuria and its evaluation (hist | edit) [62 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Haematuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:17, 13 September 2024 A6. Pyuria and its examination (hist | edit) [58 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Pyuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:17, 13 September 2024 Pyuria (hist | edit) [1,847 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Pyuria''' or '''leukocyturia''' refers to >5 WBCs per field of view at 400x. The urine may be grossly cloudy. * Dipsticks ** Can test for the presence of ''leukocyte esterase'', an enzyme produced by WBCs ** Can test for nitrite -> positive indicates bacteriuria *** However, it can be false negative (bacteria which don’t produce nitrite) * Bacterial urine culture should be performed to check for bacteriuria **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:14, 13 September 2024 A5. Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (hist | edit) [91 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:14, 13 September 2024 Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (hist | edit) [4,787 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="neurology" /><section begin="urology" />Both urological and neurological problems can cause dysfunction of urinary storage or voiding, causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). == Anatomy == * The lower urinary tract involves bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter * Has two functions ** Symptom-free storage of urine which is constantly draining from the kidneys ** Periodical, voluntary, unobstructed, and complete voiding of stored urine...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:54, 13 September 2024 A4. Symptoms related to the act of urination and quantitative changes of the urine (hist | edit) [198 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Lower urinary tract symptoms = {{#lst:Lower urinary tract symptoms|urology}} = Quantitative changes of the urine = {{#lst:Quantitative changes of the urine|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:52, 13 September 2024 Quantitative changes of urine (hist | edit) [993 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />One normally produces 500 - 2500 mL of urine per day. In case of pathology, the amount may be increased or decreased. '''Polyuria''' refers to pathologically increased amount of urine (> 2500 mL/day) or > 50 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. It's a relatively rare finding. '''Oliguria''' refers to decreased amount of urine (100 - 500 mL/day) or < 20 mL/hour or < 0.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. '''Anuria''' refers to having < 100 mL of...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:42, 13 September 2024 Lower urinary tract symptoms (hist | edit) [1,206 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Lower urinary tract symptoms''' (LUTS) refers to symptoms related to the act of urination. They include voiding symptoms and storage symptoms. LUTS are classically caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Treatment of the underlying cause alleviates the symptoms. == Etiology == * BPH (most common) * Lower urinary tract infection == Clinical features == We distinguish two types of LUTS, voiding symptoms (also called obstructive...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:31, 13 September 2024 A3. Urologic laboratory examination. Urinalysis and urine culture (hist | edit) [126 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Urine culture = {{#lst:Urine culture|urology}} = Urinalysis = {{#lst:Urinalysis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:30, 13 September 2024 Urine culture (hist | edit) [433 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urine culture''' refers to sending a urine sample for a bacterial culture. This gives the name of the causative bacteria as well as any antibiotic resistance. Urine culture is recommended to perform in all cases of pyelonephritis and most cases of lower urinary tract infection. It takes a few days to recieve the results. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology Category:Microbiology") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:20, 13 September 2024 A2. Symptoms of disorders of the genitourinary tract and differential diagnosis (hist | edit) [87 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Symptoms of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 13:19, 13 September 2024 Symptoms of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [1,949 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Urologic symptoms are generally ** Pain, discomfort ** Alterations of urination ** Changes in the gross appearance of the urine ** Abnormal appearance or function of external genitalia * Primary urologic diseases can manifest as <abbr>GI</abbr> problems * Systemic manifestations ** Fever *** Acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, RCC *** Chronic pyelonephritis does not cause fever ** Weight loss *** Advanced stages of cancer * Pain ** Can be felt...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:18, 13 September 2024 A1. Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [100 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst: Physical examination of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 13:18, 13 September 2024 Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [2,275 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney ** Inspection *** Oedema -> inflammation *** Mass if it’s very large ** Palpation *** Bimanual kidney palpation/ballotation method *** Mass if it’s very large or thin patient ** Percussion *** Painful -> pyelonephritis or stones (inflammation or obstruction) ** Auscultation *** Bruit in area of costovertebral angle -> renal artery stenosis * Urinary bladder ** Palpation *** Palpable if 150 mL urine **** Palpable with less urine in...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:50, 13 September 2024 A14. Injuries of the abdomen. (hist | edit) [195 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Blunt abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Blunt abdominal trauma|traumatology}} = Penetrating abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Penetrating abdominal trauma|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:44, 13 September 2024 A2. Wound types. Principles of wound care. Soft tissue defects and reconstructive surgery. (hist | edit) [67 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Wound|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:42, 13 September 2024 B12. Carpal and metacarpal injuries. Basic principles of immobilization of the hand. (hist | edit) [163 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Carpal injuries = {{#lst:Carpal injuries|traumatology}} = Metacarpal injuries = {{#lst:Metacarpal injuries|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")