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  • 18:50, 2 September 2024Osteoid osteoma (hist | edit) ‎[331 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoid osteoma is a small tumour in cortical bone * Contains a radiolucent nidus with a sclerotic margin * 10 – 30 years * Causes intense pain, especially at night ** Pain is responsive to NSAIDs * Treatment ** Surgical en-bloc resection <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:50, 2 September 2024Bone tumours (hist | edit) ‎[2,686 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Most common bone tumours according to age group ** Childhood *** Osteosarcoma *** Ewing sarcoma *** Benign cysts *** Fibrous dysplasia ** Young and middle age *** Chondrosarcoma *** Malignant fibrotic histiocytoma *** Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumour) ** Elderly *** Metastasis *** Myelomas * If it’s unclear whether the patient has a bone tumour or not – treat as is they have one! * When to think of bone tumours ** Night pain ** “Gr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 14:03, 27 August 202413 – Low back pain (hist | edit) ‎[1,568 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Intervertebral discs ** They lie between the vertebral bodies ** They consist of the outer annulus fibrosus and the inner nucleus pulposus ** The discs have no blood supply, they’re instead supplied by diffusion *** Moving of the spine causes changes in compression of the discs, which creates a “pumping” effect which facilitates diffusion of nutrients ** Annulus fibrosus *** = concentric collagen fibres *** Protects against distraction ** N...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 14:00, 27 August 2024Spinal disc herniation (hist | edit) ‎[1,716 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Spinal disc herniation''', also called '''disc extrusion''', refers to when the nucleus pulposus extrudes out of the disc through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, which compresses spinal nerves or spinal cord. '''Spinal disc protrusion''', also called '''disc prolapse''', refers to a similar situation where the intervertebral disc protrudes onto spinal nerves or the spinal cord but the nucleus has not broken through the annulus. The pr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:58, 27 August 2024Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[1,506 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Cauda equina syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the cauda equina, the nerve fibres of L3 – S5. '''Conus medullaris syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the conus medullaris, the spinal cord segments T12 – L2. Both are neurological emergencies as they may cause permanent neurological injury if untreated. They are usually caused by spinal disc herniation. These syndromes are medical emergencies and so any pa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:38, 27 August 2024Sciatica (hist | edit) ‎[672 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Sciatica''', also called '''ischias syndrome''' or '''lumboischialgia''' (the latter usually in Hungarian literature), refers to a type of low back pain which is neurological in nature and radiates to the legs below the knees. It occurs due to compression of spinal roots, most frequently due to spinal disc herniation. Clinical features * Low back pain * Decreased lumbar lordosis * Antalgic gait * Paravertebral muscle spasm * Restr...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:34, 27 August 2024Low back pain (hist | edit) ‎[1,074 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Low back pain is very common * LBP can generally take on one of two major forms ** Lumbago (mechanical low back pain) ** Sciatica (neurological low back pain) * LBP can occur in a healthy spine, often due to stretching or microscopic tears of muscles or ligaments * Lumbago ** = mechanical low back pain ** (Some sources, like this year’s lecture, reserve the term “lumbago” for idiopathic LBP) ** Can have many causes *** Mechani...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:33, 27 August 2024Spondylosis (hist | edit) ‎[300 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Spondylosis is an age-related degenerative change in spinal vertebrae. It's most commonly due to spinal osteoarthritis. It may cause compression of the spinal cord, causing low back pain or sciatica. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:13, 27 August 2024Ankylosing spondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[769 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disorder of the back. It's also called Bektherev disease * Epidemiology ** Males > females ** 15 – 40 * Etiology ** HLA-B27 positivity ** Inflammatory bowel disease * Pathology ** Ankylosis = fusion of articular surfaces ** Spondylitis = inflammation of the vertebrae * Clinical features ** Back pain ** Neck pain ** Morning stiffness ** Limited spinal mobility ** Anterior uveitis * Diagnosis **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:12, 27 August 2024Sacralisation and lumbarisation (hist | edit) ‎[369 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Sacralisation = fusion of L5 to S1 * Lumbarisation = non-fusion of S1 and S2, which causes the S1 to appear as a sixth lumbar vertebra * These are congenital abnormalities * Due to abnormal weight bearing -> problems with the rest of the spine * May cause lumbago in adult years <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:11, 27 August 2024Spondylolisthesis (hist | edit) ‎[578 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolisthesis refers to anterior slipping of a vertebra compared to the one below it * Etiology ** Spondylolysis ** Fracture ** Congenital malformation ** Tumour * Clinical features ** Many cases are asymptomatic ** Low back pain ** Palpable “step off” at the area of slippage ** Pain may radiate * Severe (grave V) spondylolisthesis is called ''spondyloptosis'' ** The vertebra has slipped so far with respect to the vertebra below...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:10, 27 August 2024Spondylolysis (hist | edit) ‎[362 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolysis is a defect of the neural arch (pars interarticularis) of the vertebrae which allows the vertebra lying superiorly to slip anteriorly * More common in certain territories * Diagnosis: oblique x-ray * Most commonly between L5-S1 <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:04, 27 August 202412 – Acute injuries and degenerative diseases of the knee joint (hist | edit) ‎[1,366 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of knee == * Anatomy ** 1 lateral and 1 medial meniscus *** The meniscus is cartilage ** 3 bones (femur, tibia, patella) ** 4 ligaments *** ACL – anterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** PCL – posterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** LCL – lateral collateral ligament **** Connects the femur to the fibula **** Does not merge with the joint capsule of the knee **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:02, 27 August 2024Knee deformities (hist | edit) ‎[445 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) ** Post-traumatic ** Disease of growth plate * Types ** Genu varum ** Genu valgum ** Recurvate knee (hyperextended knee) * Complications ** All knee deformities are prearthritic conditions * Treatment ** Vitamin D – in case of rickets ** Surgical *** Wedge osteotomy *** Blocking the growth plate in childhood <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:00, 27 August 2024Arthroscopy (hist | edit) ‎[813 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Small tube with a light and camera is pushed into the joint through a hole ** A cannula is pushed through a second hole to provide irrigation fluid ** A third hole is opened for entry of tools, like forceps, shavers, scalpel, etc. * Was developed to diagnose intraarticular knee injuries without opening the joint * Was originally used for diagnostic purposes – nowadays not used for diagnosis ** We use MRI instead * Widely used today for...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:59, 27 August 2024Meniscus tears (hist | edit) ‎[3,892 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* The menisci equalise the weight load on the joints, and stabilizes the joint * Medial meniscus is more commonly injured than the lateral * Etiology ** Trauma (in young people) *** Axial loading of the knee + rotation ** Degenerative disease * Location of tear ** White zone *** The inner third *** Avascular part of meniscus ** Red-white zone *** Middle third *** Poorly vascularized ** Red zone *** Outer third *** Well vascularized * Types...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:56, 27 August 2024Knee ligament injuries (hist | edit) ‎[4,849 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Anterior cruciate ligament injury ** Typical sport injury ** Etiology *** Sudden twisting of the leg *** Osteoarthritis of knee (osteophytes can damage ligament) ** Clinical features *** Swollen leg (haemarthrosis) **** Due to bleeding from the ACL *** Acute pain *** Knee instability ** Diagnosis *** Positive Lachman test *** Positive anterior drawer test *** MRI **** Gold standard *** Not visible on x-ray ** Treatment *** Conservative *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:50, 27 August 202411 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot (hist | edit) ‎[957 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of adult foot deformities == * Most common foot conditions ** Forefoot *** Hallux valgus *** Hallux rigidus *** Metatarsalgia *** Morton neuroma *** Tailors bunion ** Flatfoot ** Hindfoot *** Ankle joint osteoarthritis *** Subtalar joint osteoarthritis *** Heel spur *** Plantar fasciitis *** Haglund’s heel *** Achilles tendon problems == 3. Flat foot (pes planovalgus) == {{#lst:Flat foot|orthopaedics}} == 9. Hallux valgus, mallet finger, digitus V. varus, b...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:44, 27 August 2024Haglund deformity (hist | edit) ‎[278 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Haglund deformity, also called Haglund heel, is pain due to a bony protrusion on the back of the calcaneus. It causes pain when wearing shoes. Not everyone with the protrusion develops pain.<section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:42, 27 August 2024Plantar fasciitis (hist | edit) ‎[579 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Plantar fasciitis is a very common cause of heel pain and is due to degenerative irritation of the plantar fascia of the calcaneus * Most frequent in women and obese patients * Related to overuse stress * Common with other foot deformities (flat foot, cavus deformity) * Symptoms ** Morning pain ** Typical pain localization * Diagnosis ** Pain point pressure ** X-ray ** MRI * Treatment ** Conservative *** First choice *** Insoles *** RICE...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:40, 27 August 2024Morton’s neuroma (hist | edit) ‎[186 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Morton’s neuroma is a benign growth of perineural tissue which causes pain under the toe-ball. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:39, 27 August 2024Metatarsalgia (hist | edit) ‎[320 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Metatarsalgia is pain under the MTP joint line, most commonly of the 2nd and 3rd toes (the toe-ball) * Can be due to pes transversoplanus * Treatment ** Conservative – orthopaedic insoles or shoes ** Surgical – Weil-osteotomy <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:38, 27 August 2024Hallux rigidus (hist | edit) ‎[229 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Hallux rigidus is osteoarthritis of the MTP joint of the hallux causes the joint to become stiff and painful * Treatment: MTP joint fusion <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:38, 27 August 2024Mallet finger (hist | edit) ‎[494 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Mallet finger occurs due to trauma to extensor digitorum tendon * Due to trauma of the finger in extended position, which causes sudden forced flexion ** Often occurs when trying to catch a ball, so it’s also called baseball finger * Often occurs in fingers 3, 4 and 5 * Can cause fracture or subluxation * Treatment ** Conservative *** Extension splinting of DIP joint ** Surgical *** In severe cases <section end="orthopaedics" /> Cate...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:31, 27 August 2024Bunion (hist | edit) ‎[447 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bunion is an exostosis on the side of the foot * Most commonly on the medial side, in connection with hallux valgus * Treatment: bunionectomy (removal of the exostosis) <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:31, 27 August 2024Hammer toe (hist | edit) ‎[337 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Toe deformity with PIP flexion + DIP extension + neutral MTP * Most commonly affects 2nd and the other lesser toes * Etiology ** Poorly fitting shoes ** Polyneuropathy ** Rheumatoid arthritis ** Trauma * Treatment: remove head of proximal phalanx <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:28, 27 August 2024Hallux valgus (hist | edit) ‎[1,613 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Genetics ** Shoe wear ** Anatomical variations * Pathology ** Valgus deformity of big toe ** Flexor tendons are dislocated laterally ** Extensor tendon slips down * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Hallux valgus angle (HVA) > 15 degrees *** Angle between the long axis of the first metatarsal and the long axis of the first phalanx ** Intermetatarsal angle (IMA) > 9 degrees *** Angle between first and second metatarsal ** Distal metatarsa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:26, 27 August 2024Flat foot (hist | edit) ‎[2,086 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Flat foot = pes planus = pes planovalgus * Flat foot occurs due to flattening of one or more of the arches of the foot ** Due to muscle insufficiency or failing capsules and ligaments * Flat foot can occur in children and in adults * The arches of the feet develop a while after birth – flatfoot in newborns is normal * Etiology ** Increased bodyweight ** Being forced to stand early as a baby (too early walking age) ** Standing all day a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:23, 27 August 202410 – Complications of joint replacement and revision arthroplasty (hist | edit) ‎[125 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 57. Complications of joint replacements == {{#lst:Joint replacement|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:22, 27 August 2024Joint replacement (hist | edit) ‎[1,556 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "For more details, see total hip replacement, the prototypical joint replacement. <section begin="orthopaedics" /> * Complications of joint replacements are relatively rare ** THR has an expected survival of more than 15 years ** Complications rate is < 3% ** Satisfaction rate > 90% * Intraoperative complications ** Fracture ** Nerve damage ** Vessel damage ** Bleeding ** Complications related to anaesthesia * Early postoperative complications ** Infection *** Patient...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:19, 27 August 20249 – Joint arthroplasty + hip osteoarthritis + bone substitution (hist | edit) ‎[455 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 16. Hip osteoarthritis, clinical features, conservative management of == {{#lst:Hip osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == 35. Surgical options for degenerative joint diseases == See topics on hip osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis == 58. Joint prothesis types and fixation methods == {{#lst:Total hip replacement|orthopaedics}} == 61. Bone substitution, bone transplantation == {{#lst:Bone grafting|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:16, 27 August 2024Bone grafting (hist | edit) ‎[2,538 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone grafting/substitution/transplantation = replacing bone with something (called a bone graft) * As the native bone grows it will generally replace the graft material with normal bone * Needed in ** Alignment correction *** A wedge of bone graft may be inserted into a gap made by an osteotomy to correct alignment ** Tumour surgery *** Significant amounts of bone are removed and should be replaced *** Tumour in diaphysis -> part of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:04, 27 August 2024Total hip replacement (hist | edit) ‎[2,426 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Joint prosthesis ** They are used to replace damaged joints * Total hip replacement (THR) ** Surgical technique *** The acetabulum is opened and ''reamed'' (hollowed out) **** This removes any residual cartilage and leaves only the bony surface *** The neck of the femur is cut with a saw *** The medullary cavity is reamed to make space for the femoral stem *** If bone cement is used, bone cement is applied to the medullary cavity of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:02, 27 August 2024Knee osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[1,268 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the knee * Clinical features ** Same as for hip osteoarthritis ** Morning stiffness ** Pain ** Limping ** Restricted range of motion (Flexion contracture) ** Crepitation ** Alignment deformities (Varus, valgus) * Diagnosis ** Same as for hip OA ** X-ray ** Joint space narrowing ** Subchondral sclerosis ** Osteophytes ** Subchondral cysts * Treatment ** Conservative *** Weight loss *** Regular moderate exercise *** O...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:55, 27 August 2024Hip osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[1,698 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the hip * Clinical features ** Morning stiffness ** Inguinal pain or pain above greater trochanter *** Can refer to the thigh and knee ** Contractures (reduced ROM) *** First movement affected: internal rotation ** Limp ** Muscle atrophy around hip and thigh ** Limb length difference * Diagnosis ** By conventional x-ray ** AP view and Lauenstein (frog-leg) view x-ray *** Narrow joint line *** Subchondral sclerosis *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:53, 27 August 20248 – Prearthritic conditions, osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[173 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Osteoarthritis == {{#lst:Osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == Prearthritis conditions == {{#lst:Prearthritic conditions|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:52, 27 August 2024Prearthritic conditions (hist | edit) ‎[1,359 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Prearthritis conditions are mechanical problems which leads to earlier osteoarthritis than normal ** Any abnormal alignment, function, usage of joint * Prearthritic conditions of all joints ** Abnormal joint alignment – causes abnormal weight loading on the joints *** Varus deformity *** Valgus deformity ** Excessive weight loading – obesity, joint overuse ** Trauma involving intraarticular fractures ** Inflammatory prearthritic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:38, 27 August 20247 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity (hist | edit) ‎[2,028 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics == * From an orthopaedic point of view the upper extremity starts from the neck and the heart ** This is because upper extremity symptoms may come from the neck (nerves) or heart (vessels) ** Nerve roots of the brachial plexus innervates the dermatomes of the upper extremity * Upper extremity consists of three joints – shoulder, elbow, and hand ** Only full function of all three joints allow normal movement of upper extremity * Pain can radiate up or down th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:35, 27 August 2024Osteoarthritis of the fingers (hist | edit) ‎[180 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* May occur in physical workers * Treatment: ** Conservative ** Surgical: joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:34, 27 August 2024Dupuytren contracture (hist | edit) ‎[518 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Idiopathic * Pathology ** Hypertrophy/metaplasia of palmar aponeurosis -> shrinkage of palmar aponeurosis -> the affected finger gets pulled -> flexion contracture * Clinical features ** Painless *** The patient does not complain of pain but rather of the deformity ** Most commonly affects the 4th finger, but can affect any finger ** Flexion contracture of MCP and PIP joint * Treatment ** Surgical removal of the aponeurosis <section end=...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:32, 27 August 2024Wrist osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[790 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Usually affects people in working age, unlike other OA * Etiology ** Vibration work *** Miners, roadworkers, etc. ** Fracture of distal radius ** Scaphoid fracture *** In that case: fix the scaphoid fracture with a screw * Clinical symptoms ** Pain ** Restricted ROM * Treatment ** Wrist arthrodesis with plate and screws *** Unlike arthrodesis for knee and hip joint (which is never performed anymore), wrist arthrodesis is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:31, 27 August 2024Rotator cuff tear (hist | edit) ‎[667 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = tear in the tendon of one or more muscles of the rotator cuff ** Most commonly affects supraspinatus tendon * Rotator cuff ** = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis ** These muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus ** Function is to stabilize the shoulder and allow for normal shoulder motion * Clinical features ** Painful/weak/impossible elevation of shoulder * Imaging ** US or MRI * Differential di...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:29, 27 August 2024Thoracic outlet syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[1,740 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Symptoms occurring due to compression of structures like ** Brachial plexus (95% of cases) ** Subclavian vein (4% of cases) ** Subclavian artery (1% of cases) * Caused by narrowing of the anatomical opening called “thoracic inlet”, “thoracic outlet” or “superior thoracic aperture”, which is a hole surrounded by ** Clavicula ** The first rib ** Scalenus anterior ** Scalenus medius * If the thoracic outlet becomes narrower some...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:24, 27 August 2024Frozen shoulder (hist | edit) ‎[1,377 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Frozen shoulder = adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (= periarthritis of the shoulder) ** = inflammation of the joint capsule which shrinks it and makes movement painful ** Can be idiopathic (primary) or secondary to diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. ** Pathomechanism *** Inflammation of the joint capsule makes movement of the shoulder painful *** Pain causes the shoulder to be less frequently used *** Lack of use and inflammation causes...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:22, 27 August 2024Recurrent shoulder dislocation (hist | edit) ‎[1,000 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chronic/recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, also called chronic shoulder instability * Etiology ** Untreated or poorly treated previous trauma *** Most common cause *** After one traumatic dislocation the joint capsule is torn, which predisposes to recurrent dislocation *** After a dislocated shoulder has been reduced, further dislocations must be prevented by immobilizing the shoulder *** Immobilizing allows the joint capsule to heal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:20, 27 August 2024Medial epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[486 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Golf elbow = medial humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of flexor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The flexors originate from the medial epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Golfing *** Excessive computer use ** Clinical features *** Pain over medial epicondyle and the flexors ** Treatment *** Same as for tennis elbow <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Ort...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:20, 27 August 2024Lateral epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[843 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tennis elbow = lateral humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of extensor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The extensors originate from the lateral epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Excessive computer use *** Racquet sports ** Clinical features *** Pain over lateral epicondyle and the extensors ** Treatment *** Conservative **** The primary treatment is conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:16, 27 August 20246 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis) (hist | edit) ‎[368 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''13. Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis'' {{#lst:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis|orthopaedics}} ''26. Perthes’s Disease'' {{#lst:Legg-Calve-Perthes disease|orthopaedics}} ''54. Transitory coxitis, coxa saltans'' {{#lst:Transitory synovitis of the hip|orthopaedics}} {{#lst:Snapping hip syndrome|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:13, 27 August 2024Snapping hip syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[802 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Snapping hip syndrome = coxa saltans * A condition characterised by a snapping sensation felt in the hip * May or may not be audible, may or may not cause pain * Three types ** External snapping hip *** Caused by iliotibial tract sliding over greater trochanter *** Often visible ** Internal snapping hip *** Caused by iliopsoas tendon sliding over femoral head or other structures *** Often not visible, but is audible ** Intra-articular sn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:12, 27 August 2024Transitory synovitis of the hip (hist | edit) ‎[1,151 bytes]Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Transitory coxitis = transitory synovitis of the hip = irritable hip ** Epidemiology *** Most common cause of acute hip pain in children 3 – 8 years *** Boys > girls ** Etiology *** Occurs without precipitating cause in most cases *** May follow upper respiratory tract infections or trauma ** Pathology *** Synovitis of the hip ** Clinical features *** Almost always unilateral *** After upper respiratory tract infections **** This may g...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
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