User contributions for Nikolas

13:5913:59, 27 August 2024 diff hist +939‎ N Meniscus tears ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* The menisci equalise the weight load on the joints, and stabilizes the joint * Medial meniscus is more commonly injured than the lateral * Etiology ** Trauma (in young people) *** Axial loading of the knee + rotation ** Degenerative disease * Location of tear ** White zone *** The inner third *** Avascular part of meniscus ** Red-white zone *** Middle third *** Poorly vascularized ** Red zone *** Outer third *** Well vascularized * Types..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:5613:56, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,811‎ N Knee ligament injuries ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Anterior cruciate ligament injury ** Typical sport injury ** Etiology *** Sudden twisting of the leg *** Osteoarthritis of knee (osteophytes can damage ligament) ** Clinical features *** Swollen leg (haemarthrosis) **** Due to bleeding from the ACL *** Acute pain *** Knee instability ** Diagnosis *** Positive Lachman test *** Positive anterior drawer test *** MRI **** Gold standard *** Not visible on x-ray ** Treatment *** Conservative *..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:5213:52, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2‎ 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎No edit summary
13:5013:50, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2‎ 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:5013:50, 27 August 2024 diff hist +948‎ N 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎ Created page with "== Basics of adult foot deformities == * Most common foot conditions ** Forefoot *** Hallux valgus *** Hallux rigidus *** Metatarsalgia *** Morton neuroma *** Tailors bunion ** Flatfoot ** Hindfoot *** Ankle joint osteoarthritis *** Subtalar joint osteoarthritis *** Heel spur *** Plantar fasciitis *** Haglund’s heel *** Achilles tendon problems == 3. Flat foot (pes planovalgus) == {{#lst:Flat foot|orthopaedics}} == 9. Hallux valgus, mallet finger, digitus V. varus, b..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:4613:46, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,251‎ N Osteonecrosis of the foot ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteonecrosis of the food = avascular necrosis of the foot * Most commonly affects talus, navicular and the first and second metatarsal bones * Köhler disease ** = osteonecrosis of the navicular bone ** Rare ** In young children (5 – 10) ** Boys > girls ** Presents with pain on dorsal and medial surface of foot ** It’s self-limiting, so conservative treatment with NSAIDs and immobilization is the only treatment *** No role for s..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:4413:44, 27 August 2024 diff hist +278‎ N Haglund deformity ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Haglund deformity, also called Haglund heel, is pain due to a bony protrusion on the back of the calcaneus. It causes pain when wearing shoes. Not everyone with the protrusion develops pain.<section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:4213:42, 27 August 2024 diff hist +579‎ N Plantar fasciitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Plantar fasciitis is a very common cause of heel pain and is due to degenerative irritation of the plantar fascia of the calcaneus * Most frequent in women and obese patients * Related to overuse stress * Common with other foot deformities (flat foot, cavus deformity) * Symptoms ** Morning pain ** Typical pain localization * Diagnosis ** Pain point pressure ** X-ray ** MRI * Treatment ** Conservative *** First choice *** Insoles *** RICE..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:4013:40, 27 August 2024 diff hist +186‎ N Morton’s neuroma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Morton’s neuroma is a benign growth of perineural tissue which causes pain under the toe-ball. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:3913:39, 27 August 2024 diff hist +320‎ N Metatarsalgia ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Metatarsalgia is pain under the MTP joint line, most commonly of the 2nd and 3rd toes (the toe-ball) * Can be due to pes transversoplanus * Treatment ** Conservative – orthopaedic insoles or shoes ** Surgical – Weil-osteotomy <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:3813:38, 27 August 2024 diff hist +229‎ N Hallux rigidus ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Hallux rigidus is osteoarthritis of the MTP joint of the hallux causes the joint to become stiff and painful * Treatment: MTP joint fusion <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:3813:38, 27 August 2024 diff hist +494‎ N Mallet finger ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Mallet finger occurs due to trauma to extensor digitorum tendon * Due to trauma of the finger in extended position, which causes sudden forced flexion ** Often occurs when trying to catch a ball, so it’s also called baseball finger * Often occurs in fingers 3, 4 and 5 * Can cause fracture or subluxation * Treatment ** Conservative *** Extension splinting of DIP joint ** Surgical *** In severe cases <section end="orthopaedics" /> Cate..." current Tag: Visual edit
13:3213:32, 27 August 2024 diff hist +184‎ Bunion ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
13:3113:31, 27 August 2024 diff hist +263‎ N Bunion ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bunion is an exostosis on the side of the foot * Most commonly on the medial side, in connection with hallux valgus * Treatment: bunionectomy (removal of the exostosis) <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:3113:31, 27 August 2024 diff hist +337‎ N Hammer toe ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Toe deformity with PIP flexion + DIP extension + neutral MTP * Most commonly affects 2nd and the other lesser toes * Etiology ** Poorly fitting shoes ** Polyneuropathy ** Rheumatoid arthritis ** Trauma * Treatment: remove head of proximal phalanx <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:2813:28, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,613‎ N Hallux valgus ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Genetics ** Shoe wear ** Anatomical variations * Pathology ** Valgus deformity of big toe ** Flexor tendons are dislocated laterally ** Extensor tendon slips down * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Hallux valgus angle (HVA) > 15 degrees *** Angle between the long axis of the first metatarsal and the long axis of the first phalanx ** Intermetatarsal angle (IMA) > 9 degrees *** Angle between first and second metatarsal ** Distal metatarsa..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:2613:26, 27 August 2024 diff hist 0‎ N Category:Paediatrics ‎ Created blank page current Tag: Visual edit
13:2613:26, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2,086‎ N Flat foot ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Flat foot = pes planus = pes planovalgus * Flat foot occurs due to flattening of one or more of the arches of the foot ** Due to muscle insufficiency or failing capsules and ligaments * Flat foot can occur in children and in adults * The arches of the feet develop a while after birth – flatfoot in newborns is normal * Etiology ** Increased bodyweight ** Being forced to stand early as a baby (too early walking age) ** Standing all day a..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:2313:23, 27 August 2024 diff hist +125‎ N 10 – Complications of joint replacement and revision arthroplasty ‎ Created page with "== 57. Complications of joint replacements == {{#lst:Joint replacement|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
13:2213:22, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,556‎ N Joint replacement ‎ Created page with "For more details, see total hip replacement, the prototypical joint replacement. <section begin="orthopaedics" /> * Complications of joint replacements are relatively rare ** THR has an expected survival of more than 15 years ** Complications rate is < 3% ** Satisfaction rate > 90% * Intraoperative complications ** Fracture ** Nerve damage ** Vessel damage ** Bleeding ** Complications related to anaesthesia * Early postoperative complications ** Infection *** Patient..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:1913:19, 27 August 2024 diff hist +455‎ N 9 – Joint arthroplasty + hip osteoarthritis + bone substitution ‎ Created page with "== 16. Hip osteoarthritis, clinical features, conservative management of == {{#lst:Hip osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == 35. Surgical options for degenerative joint diseases == See topics on hip osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis == 58. Joint prothesis types and fixation methods == {{#lst:Total hip replacement|orthopaedics}} == 61. Bone substitution, bone transplantation == {{#lst:Bone grafting|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:1613:16, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2,538‎ N Bone grafting ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone grafting/substitution/transplantation = replacing bone with something (called a bone graft) * As the native bone grows it will generally replace the graft material with normal bone * Needed in ** Alignment correction *** A wedge of bone graft may be inserted into a gap made by an osteotomy to correct alignment ** Tumour surgery *** Significant amounts of bone are removed and should be replaced *** Tumour in diaphysis -> part of the..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:0413:04, 27 August 2024 diff hist 0‎ N Category:Orthopaedics ‎ Created blank page current Tag: Visual edit
13:0413:04, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2,426‎ N Total hip replacement ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Joint prosthesis ** They are used to replace damaged joints * Total hip replacement (THR) ** Surgical technique *** The acetabulum is opened and ''reamed'' (hollowed out) **** This removes any residual cartilage and leaves only the bony surface *** The neck of the femur is cut with a saw *** The medullary cavity is reamed to make space for the femoral stem *** If bone cement is used, bone cement is applied to the medullary cavity of the..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:0213:02, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,268‎ N Knee osteoarthritis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the knee * Clinical features ** Same as for hip osteoarthritis ** Morning stiffness ** Pain ** Limping ** Restricted range of motion (Flexion contracture) ** Crepitation ** Alignment deformities (Varus, valgus) * Diagnosis ** Same as for hip OA ** X-ray ** Joint space narrowing ** Subchondral sclerosis ** Osteophytes ** Subchondral cysts * Treatment ** Conservative *** Weight loss *** Regular moderate exercise *** O..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:5912:59, 27 August 2024 diff hist +4‎ Hip osteoarthritis ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
12:5812:58, 27 August 2024 diff hist +808‎ Hip osteoarthritis ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit
12:5512:55, 27 August 2024 diff hist +886‎ N Hip osteoarthritis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the hip * Clinical features ** Morning stiffness ** Inguinal pain or pain above greater trochanter *** Can refer to the thigh and knee ** Contractures (reduced ROM) *** First movement affected: internal rotation ** Limp ** Muscle atrophy around hip and thigh ** Limb length difference * Diagnosis ** By conventional x-ray ** AP view and Lauenstein (frog-leg) view x-ray *** Narrow joint line *** Subchondral sclerosis *..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:5312:53, 27 August 2024 diff hist +173‎ N 8 – Prearthritic conditions, osteoarthritis ‎ Created page with "== Osteoarthritis == {{#lst:Osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == Prearthritis conditions == {{#lst:Prearthritic conditions|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)" current Tag: Visual edit
12:5212:52, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,359‎ N Prearthritic conditions ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Prearthritis conditions are mechanical problems which leads to earlier osteoarthritis than normal ** Any abnormal alignment, function, usage of joint * Prearthritic conditions of all joints ** Abnormal joint alignment – causes abnormal weight loading on the joints *** Varus deformity *** Valgus deformity ** Excessive weight loading – obesity, joint overuse ** Trauma involving intraarticular fractures ** Inflammatory prearthritic..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:5012:50, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,886‎ Osteoarthritis ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:4012:40, 27 August 2024 diff hist −5‎ 7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:4012:40, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2‎ 7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity ‎ →‎Wrist osteoarthritis
12:4012:40, 27 August 2024 diff hist +43‎ 7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:3812:38, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,988‎ N 7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity ‎ Created page with "== Basics == * From an orthopaedic point of view the upper extremity starts from the neck and the heart ** This is because upper extremity symptoms may come from the neck (nerves) or heart (vessels) ** Nerve roots of the brachial plexus innervates the dermatomes of the upper extremity * Upper extremity consists of three joints – shoulder, elbow, and hand ** Only full function of all three joints allow normal movement of upper extremity * Pain can radiate up or down th..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:3512:35, 27 August 2024 diff hist +180‎ N Osteoarthritis of the fingers ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* May occur in physical workers * Treatment: ** Conservative ** Surgical: joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:3412:34, 27 August 2024 diff hist +518‎ N Dupuytren contracture ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Idiopathic * Pathology ** Hypertrophy/metaplasia of palmar aponeurosis -> shrinkage of palmar aponeurosis -> the affected finger gets pulled -> flexion contracture * Clinical features ** Painless *** The patient does not complain of pain but rather of the deformity ** Most commonly affects the 4th finger, but can affect any finger ** Flexion contracture of MCP and PIP joint * Treatment ** Surgical removal of the aponeurosis <section end=..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:3212:32, 27 August 2024 diff hist +790‎ N Wrist osteoarthritis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Usually affects people in working age, unlike other OA * Etiology ** Vibration work *** Miners, roadworkers, etc. ** Fracture of distal radius ** Scaphoid fracture *** In that case: fix the scaphoid fracture with a screw * Clinical symptoms ** Pain ** Restricted ROM * Treatment ** Wrist arthrodesis with plate and screws *** Unlike arthrodesis for knee and hip joint (which is never performed anymore), wrist arthrodesis is..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:3112:31, 27 August 2024 diff hist +667‎ N Rotator cuff tear ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = tear in the tendon of one or more muscles of the rotator cuff ** Most commonly affects supraspinatus tendon * Rotator cuff ** = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis ** These muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus ** Function is to stabilize the shoulder and allow for normal shoulder motion * Clinical features ** Painful/weak/impossible elevation of shoulder * Imaging ** US or MRI * Differential di..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:2912:29, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,740‎ N Thoracic outlet syndrome ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Symptoms occurring due to compression of structures like ** Brachial plexus (95% of cases) ** Subclavian vein (4% of cases) ** Subclavian artery (1% of cases) * Caused by narrowing of the anatomical opening called “thoracic inlet”, “thoracic outlet” or “superior thoracic aperture”, which is a hole surrounded by ** Clavicula ** The first rib ** Scalenus anterior ** Scalenus medius * If the thoracic outlet becomes narrower some..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:2412:24, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,377‎ N Frozen shoulder ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Frozen shoulder = adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (= periarthritis of the shoulder) ** = inflammation of the joint capsule which shrinks it and makes movement painful ** Can be idiopathic (primary) or secondary to diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. ** Pathomechanism *** Inflammation of the joint capsule makes movement of the shoulder painful *** Pain causes the shoulder to be less frequently used *** Lack of use and inflammation causes..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:2212:22, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,000‎ N Recurrent shoulder dislocation ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chronic/recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, also called chronic shoulder instability * Etiology ** Untreated or poorly treated previous trauma *** Most common cause *** After one traumatic dislocation the joint capsule is torn, which predisposes to recurrent dislocation *** After a dislocated shoulder has been reduced, further dislocations must be prevented by immobilizing the shoulder *** Immobilizing allows the joint capsule to heal..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:2012:20, 27 August 2024 diff hist +486‎ N Medial epicondylitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Golf elbow = medial humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of flexor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The flexors originate from the medial epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Golfing *** Excessive computer use ** Clinical features *** Pain over medial epicondyle and the flexors ** Treatment *** Same as for tennis elbow <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Ort..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:2012:20, 27 August 2024 diff hist +843‎ N Lateral epicondylitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tennis elbow = lateral humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of extensor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The extensors originate from the lateral epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Excessive computer use *** Racquet sports ** Clinical features *** Pain over lateral epicondyle and the extensors ** Treatment *** Conservative **** The primary treatment is conservat..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:1612:16, 27 August 2024 diff hist +360‎ N 6 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis) ‎ Created page with "''13. Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis'' {{#lst:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis|orthopaedics}} ''26. Perthes’s Disease'' {{#lst:Legg-Calve-Perthes disease|orthopaedics}} ''54. Transitory coxitis, coxa saltans'' {{#lst:Transitory synovitis of the hip|orthopaedics}} {{#lst:Snapping hip syndrome|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)" Tag: Visual edit
12:1512:15, 27 August 2024 diff hist +34‎ Slipped capital femoral epiphysis ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
12:1312:13, 27 August 2024 diff hist +802‎ N Snapping hip syndrome ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Snapping hip syndrome = coxa saltans * A condition characterised by a snapping sensation felt in the hip * May or may not be audible, may or may not cause pain * Three types ** External snapping hip *** Caused by iliotibial tract sliding over greater trochanter *** Often visible ** Internal snapping hip *** Caused by iliopsoas tendon sliding over femoral head or other structures *** Often not visible, but is audible ** Intra-articular sn..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:1212:12, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,151‎ N Transitory synovitis of the hip ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Transitory coxitis = transitory synovitis of the hip = irritable hip ** Epidemiology *** Most common cause of acute hip pain in children 3 – 8 years *** Boys > girls ** Etiology *** Occurs without precipitating cause in most cases *** May follow upper respiratory tract infections or trauma ** Pathology *** Synovitis of the hip ** Clinical features *** Almost always unilateral *** After upper respiratory tract infections **** This may g..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:1012:10, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,494‎ N Legg-Calve-Perthes disease ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Legg-Calve-Perthes disease = Perthes disease = idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head * Epidemiology ** 3 – 16 years ** Boys > girls * Etiology: Idiopathic by definition * Pathomechanism ** The femoral epiphysis grows quickly and is therefore highly dependent on adequate blood supply ** Inadequate blood supply can be due to compression of the arteries (for example from transient coxitis) * Clinical features ** Usually unilat..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:0912:09, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,053‎ N Slipped capital femoral epiphysis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis * Epidemiology ** Most common hip disorder in adolescents ** Males > females ** 6 – 16 years * Etiology ** Unknown cause ** GH and sex hormone imbalance may be involved ** Obesity and family history are risk factors * Pathology ** The femoral head (epiphysis) slips off the neck (metaphysis) in the line of the growth plate ** Can be acute or chronic * Clinical features ** Often bilateral ** Acu..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched

27 August 2024