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11:39, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Folliculitis (Created page with "<section begin="dermatology" />* Inflammation of follicle * Any age group * Terminal or vellus hairs * Usually bacterial ** Mainly staph aureus * Clinical features ** Tender papule/pustule of hair follicle * Treatment ** Dicloxacillin ** Incision and drainage for large lesions <section end="dermatology" /> Category:Dermatology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:37, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Erysipelas (Created page with "<section begin="dermatology" />* Special type of cellulitis caused by strep pyogenes * Epidemiology ** Children ** Poor circulation *** Stasis ** Diabetics ** Chronic oedema * Spreads by superficial lymph vessels * Clinical features ** On lower limbs – 80% ** On face – rarely ** Large erythema, irregular borders ** Tender ** Rapidly advancing borders ** Oedema ** Warm ** Fever * Site of entry needs to be located ** Ulcers ** Interdigital lesion ** Fungal infections *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:34, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cellulitis (Created page with "<section begin="dermatology" />* Deeper than impetigo * Infection of deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue * Etiology ** Staph aureus -> purulent cellulitis ** Strep pyogenes -> nonpurulent cellulitis * Primary – entry through minor skin injury * Secondary – to systemic infection * Clinical features ** Erythematous lesion with poorly defined margins ** Purulent cellulitis -> purulent exudate * Treatment ** Cloxacillin <section end="dermatology" /> Category:Dermatolog...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:32, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Impetigo (Created page with "<section begin="dermatology" />* Superficial skin infection * Highly infectious * Children ** Most common bacterial skin infection in children * Etiology ** Staph aureus – 80% ** Strep pyogenes ** Risk factors *** Diabetes *** Immunosuppression ** Secondary – superinfection of atopic dermatitis, etc * Clinical features ** Honey-crusted lesions *** The result of ruptured pustules ** Central face ** Itching ** Can be bullous * Types ** Ecthyma *** A form of impetigo th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:30, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Dermatology (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
11:30, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Dermatology (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
11:30, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Psoriasis (Created page with "{{#lst:Psoriasis|dermatology}} Category:Dermatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Psoriasis (Created page with "* A type of systemic papulosquamous dijusease * Epidemiology ** 2% of whites, less common in other skin colours ** 20 – 40 years *** Family history ** 50 – 100 years *** No family history * Etiology ** Polygenic inheritance (HLA) ** Triggers *** Streptococci <abbr>URTI</abbr> *** Irritation of skin *** Staph *** HIV *** Mechanical irritation *** Alcohol *** Stress *** Drugs **** Beta blockers **** Lithium **** Interferon **** Chloroquine * Pathophysiology ** Acanthos...") Tag: Visual edit
11:09, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Toxicology tests in the clinical laboratory (Created page with "* Methods ** High performance liquid chromatography *** Can detect many drugs at the same time ** Immunoassay ** Alcohol -> enzymatic reaction + UV detection, gas chromatography * In blood or urine * Mostly qualitative, sometimes quantitative * Often checked drugs ** Benzos ** Barbs ** Illegal drugs ** Alcohol * Indications ** Suspected poisoning ** Unexplainable sickness Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:07, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 50. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) (Created page with "{{#lst:Therapeutic drug monitoring|clinical biochemistry}}")
11:06, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Therapeutic drug monitoring (Created page with "{{:Stub}} = measurement of drug concentration or activity in plasma * Methods ** High performance liquid chromatography ** Immunoassay * Indications ** Non-linear kinetics of drug ** When there is poor compliance ** If the therapeutic effect can’t be assessed clinically ** If the therapeutic index is low *** Warfarin *** Aminoglycosides *** Antipsychotics *** Digoxin *** Lithium ** When there are signs of overdose ** To determine pharmacokinetic interactions Categ...") Tag: Visual edit
11:04, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 49. Molecular biology applications in the practice of clinical laboratories (Created page with "Molecular biology methods * High sensitivity and specificity * Expensive * Real-time PCR ** Visualization – fluorescent dyes, hybridization * DNA sequencing ** Next generation sequencing ** Whole exome sequencing * Benefit * Diagnosis ** Prognosis ** Therapy response * Monogenic disorders ** Sickle cell anaemia ** Thalassaemia * Microbiological assays ** HepC ** HepB ** CMV ** <abbr>EBV</abbr> ** HSV ** Gonorrhoea * Inherited conditions ** Factor V Leiden ** Prothr...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 48. Tumor markers and their informational value in the clinical laboratory practice (Created page with "{{#lst:Tumour marker|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:55, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Afp (Redirected page to Tumour marker#Alpha-foetoprotein) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
10:52, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page PSA (Redirected page to Tumour marker#Prostate specific antigen) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
10:52, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Prostate specific antigen (Redirected page to Tumour marker#Prostate specific antigen) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
10:51, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tumour marker (Created page with "<section begin="pathology" />A '''tumour marker''', also called a '''cancer biomarker''', is a substance found in the body which concentration in the blood or other body fluid increases when cancer is present. The tumour marker may be produced by the cancer cells themselves or by healthy cells in response to the cancer. Tumour markers are usually proteins and are often produced in small amounts even in people without cancer. The term tumour marker may also be used to...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:27, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cancer treatment (Redirected page to Cancer therapy) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
10:13, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 47. The most important non-specific laboratory tests that suggest the presence of malignant diseases. (Created page with "* In any cancer ** Elevated CRP or ESR (without infection or other explanatory cause) * Multiple myeloma ** Extremely high ESR * GI cancer ** Chronic microcytic anaemia * Leukaemias ** Leukocytosis ** Anaemia ** Thrombocytopaenia ** Blasts in bone marrow or blood ** Abnormal differentiation * Bone tumors ** ALP increase * Lung cancer ** LDH increase * Bile duct cancer ** Bilirubin increase * Neuroendocrine tumors ** Hormones * During chemo ** Bone marrow depression ** LD...") Tag: Visual edit
10:09, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 46. Clinical biochemistry of the disorders of the human reproductive system (Created page with "= Assessment of ovarian reserve = {{#lst:Infertility (female)|clinical biochemistry}} = Polycystic ovary syndrome = {{#lst:Polycystic ovary syndrome|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:05, 18 June 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Infertility (female) (Created page with "'''Female''' '''infertility''' is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse without use of contraception after 12 months in women less then 35 years of age, and after 6 months in women 35 years and older. We can distinguish primary and secondary infertility. In primary, the woman has never achieved pregnancy, while in secondary, there’s been at least one previous pregnancy. Fecundability is also relevant. It’s the probability of achi...") Tag: Visual edit
15:32, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page PCOS (Redirected page to Polycystic ovary syndrome) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
15:23, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Polycystic ovary syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Polycystic ovary syndrome''' (PCOS) is characterised by oligomenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism, and anovulation. It’s a common disorder, as it affects approx. 10% of women. It’s the most common cause of hyperandrogenism in females. Symptoms usually begin in adolescence.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> == Risk factors == * Obesity * Diabetes mellitus * Family history == Pathomechanism == The pathomechanism is unknown. O...") Tag: Visual edit
15:16, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 45. Clinical biochemistry of the disorders of adrenal medulla/cortex (Created page with "* Adrenal cortex ** Hypofunction *** Hyponatraemia *** Hyperkalaemia *** Metabolic acidosis *** Addison disease **** Low cortisol **** ACTH high **** ACTH stimulation -> cortisol remains low (usually rises) *** Secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency **** Low cortisol **** ACTH low **** ACTH stimulation -> cortisol increases *** Congenital adrenal hyperplasia **** High levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone ** Hyperfunction *** Hypernatraemia *** Hypokalaemia *** Metabolic al...") Tag: Visual edit
15:16, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 44. Laboratory assessment of the thyroid function (Created page with "= Hypothyroidism = {{#lst:Hypothyroidism|clinical biochemistry}} = Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis= {{#lst:Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis|clinical biochemistry}} = Hashimoto thyroiditis = {{#lst:Hashimoto thyroiditis|clinical biochemistry}} = Other stuff = * Drugs which affect thyroid function ** Lithium – decreases thyroid hormone release ** Amiodarone – hypo or hyperthyroidism ** SSRIs – increase TSH Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 43. Clinical biochemistry of the hypothalamus, hypophysis (Created page with "* Dynamic function test ** Administer insulin -> measure cortisol, GH ** Administer GnRH -> measure FSH, LH ** Administer TRH -> measure TSH * GH excess ** Administer oral glucose -> GH still high (usually decreases) * GH deficiency ** Low levels of <abbr>IGF</abbr>-1 ** Administer GHRH -> GH still low (usually increases) * Hyperprolactinaemia ** Serum prolactin ** Administer dopamine agonist -> prolactin still high (usually decreases) * Diabetes insipidus ** Water depri...") Tag: Visual edit
14:56, 30 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 42. Pre-analytical considerations of the hormone tests. (Created page with "* Measured by serum in plain tube (red) or gel tube (yellow) * Small peptide hormones ** Unstable, transported quickly and on ice ** TRH ** Renin * Amino acid derivatives ** T3, T4 *** Only free fraction is measured *** Protein binding influences measurement ** Adrenalin * Steroids ** Cortisol ** Aldosterone ** Sex hormones ** Both fractions are measured *** Binding protein should also be measured * Biological variation ** GH – pulsatile release ** Cortisol – influen...") Tag: Visual edit
21:01, 28 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flag of Palestine.png
21:01, 28 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flag of Palestine.png
10:16, 28 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 41. Laboratory tests of the cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids. (Created page with "= Cerebrospinal fluid = {{#lst:cerebrospinal fluid|clinical biochemistry}} = Pleural fluid = {{#lst:Pleural effusion|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
09:52, 28 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Leukocyte count (Redirected page to Leukocyte#Leukocyte count (lab test)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
09:52, 27 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cerebrospinal fluid (Redirected page to Lumbar puncture) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
09:49, 27 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 40. Laboratory assessment of increased serum uric acid levels (Created page with "{{#lst:Uric acid|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 27 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Uric acid (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Uric acid''' (or '''urate''') is a metabolic breakdown product of purines. Purines are metabolised to xanthine and then to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints is the driving mechanism in attacks of gout. Deposition of uric acid crystals in the kidney can cause uric acid nephropathy. Elevated uric acid is seen in gout, but is also seen in tumour lysis syndrome, ...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:40, 27 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. Laboratory findings in proteinuria and haematuria (Created page with "= Proteinuria = {{#lst:Proteinuria|clinical biochemistry}} = Haematuria = {{#lst:Haematuria|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
17:29, 26 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haematuria (Created page with "'''Haematuria''' refers to the presence of blood in the urine. We distinguish between microscopic haematuria or microhaematuria, when the concentration of blood is too low to be macroscopically visible, and macroscopic haematuria, or macrohaematuria (or gross haematuria), where the concentration is so high that the urine is visible coloured red. Haematuria is usually a sign of kidney or urinary tract pathology, including glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infection...") Tag: Visual edit
20:11, 24 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Proteinuria (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" /><section begin="pathophysiology" />'''Proteinuria''' refers to pathological amounts of protein in the urine, defined as urinary protein content of > 150 mg per day. Physiologically, 50 - 150 mg protein is excreted in urine per day, most of which secreted by the tubuli with only small amounts filtered through the glomeruli. 99% of filtered proteins are reabsorbed in the tubuli. Most normal plasma proteins are not filtered in the g...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
19:10, 24 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of chronic renal diseases (Created page with "{{#lst:Chronic kidney disease|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
19:07, 24 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Laboratory diagnosis of acute renal diseases. (Created page with "= Kidney function tests = {{#lst:Kidney function tests|clinical biochemistry}} = Acute kidney injury = {{#lst:Acute kidney injury|clinical biochemistry}} = References =") Tag: Visual edit
11:53, 12 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Kidney function tests (Created page with "Several laboratory tests can be used to estimate the kidney function. These are important in the evaluation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). The most common one is using the serum creatinine level to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). == Serum creatinine == Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate following the creatine kinase reaction. It is eliminated by the kidneys by glome...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:05, 12 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Creatinine (Created page with "'''Creatinine''' is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate following the creatine kinase reaction. Its significance in medicine is its use as a marker of kidney excretory function; more specifically, it's used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), an estimate of the true glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when evaluating the kidney function. Creatinine and estimated glomarular filtration rate are extensively...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of malignant and inflammatory bowel diseases (Created page with "= Inflammatory bowel disease = {{#lst:Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis)|clinical biochemistry}} = Colorectal cancer = {{#lst:Colorectal cancer|clinical biochemistry}} = Malabsorption = {{#lst:Malabsorption syndromes|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Laboratory diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (Created page with "{{#lst:Chronic pancreatitis|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (Created page with "{{#lst:Acute pancreatitis|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Disorders of bilirubin metabolism (Created page with "{{#lst:Jaundice|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:26, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperbilirubinaemia (Redirected page to Jaundice) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:22, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Laboratory diagnostics of alcoholic liver damage. Laboratory tests to assess liver fibrosis (Created page with "= Alcoholic liver disease = {{#lst:Alcoholic liver disease|clinical biochemistry}} = Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis = {{#lst:Cirrhosis|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:10, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page ALT (Redirected page to Liver biochemical tests#Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:10, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page AST (Redirected page to Liver biochemical tests#Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
10:42, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Prolactin (Created page with "<section begin="pathophysiology" />'''Prolactin''' is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary in pregnancy, sleep, lactation, stress, physical exercise and hypoglycaemia. It stimulates the growth of glandular tissue in the breast and is necessary to produce milk. Prolactin inhibits FSH and LH. Dopamine usually inhibits the secretion of prolactin. TRH stimulates the production of prolactin. Pathologically elevated prolactin is called hyperprolactinaemia, and de...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched