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- 10:42, 8 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperprolactinaemia (Created page with "<section begin="pathophysiology" />'''Hyperprolactinaemia''' is the increased production of prolactin. It's a relatively rare disorder. == Etiology == hyperprolactinaemia occurs in: * Prolactinomas – prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas – most common cause * Damage to the hypothalamus and infundibular stalk – as this impairs the dopamine-mediated inhibition of prolactin * Hypothyroidism – as TRH stimulates prolactin * Dopamine antagonists * Chronic renal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:43, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Laboratory tests that predict hepatic disorders. (Created page with "{{:Liver biochemical tests}}") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:43, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Liver biochemical tests (Created page with "Several '''liver biochemical tests''' can be used to evaluate the state of the liver. These are also called '''liver function tests (LFTs)''', but this is sort of misleading because the tests do not necessarily reveal how the liver is functioning. {| class="wikitable" !'''Parameter''' !'''Sample''' !'''Reference range''' |- !Total bilirubin |Serum |5 – 20 µM |- !Albumin |Serum |35 – 53 g/L |- !Total protein |Serum |66 – 83 g/L |- !AST |Serum |< 44 U/L |- !ALT |Ser...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:25, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholecystitis (Created page with "{{:Stub}} '''Cholecystitis''' refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. The most common type is acute calculous cholecystitis. Category:Gastrointestinal surgery") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:07, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Liver function tests (Redirected page to Liver biochemical tests) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 18:06, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Lipids and lipoproteins in the blood plasma (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" !'''Parameter''' !'''Sample''' !'''Reference range''' |- !Cholesterol |Serum |4,0 – 5,6 mM |- !LDL |Serum |0,0 – 3,4 mM |- !HDL |Serum |0,9 – 1,7 mM |} * Analysis of lipids ** Enzymatic assay *** Cholesterol *** HDL, LDL *** <abbr>FFA</abbr> *** Triglycerides ** Immunoassay *** ApoA1 *** ApoB *** Lp(a) ** Lipoprotein electrophoresis ** Ultracentrifugation – sorted after density * Cholesterol ** Component of cell membrane ** Precursor of ster...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:02, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Clinical biochemistry of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia (Created page with "= Hypoglycaemia = {{#lst:Hypoglycaemia|clinical biochemistry}} = Hyperglycaemia = {{#lst:Hyperglycaemia|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:01, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperglycaemia (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Hyperglycaemia''' refers to higher-than-normal blood glucose level. The upper limit of "normal" glucose level depends on whether there is fasting or not. When fasting, the upper normal level is 7.0 mM. Chronic hyperglycaemia is a defining feature of diabetes mellitus.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Pathophysiology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 17:58, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypoglycaemia (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Hypoglycaemia''' is defined as a serum glucose level below 3.5 mmol/L. It most frequently occurs in diabetics in association with taking too much insulin or other antidiabetic (glucose-lowering) drugs. It may also occur in chronic alcoholics. Rare causes include beta blockers and insulinomas. It’s most characteristic for type 1 diabetics.<section end="clinical biochemi...") Tag: Visual edit
- 17:45, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus (WHO criteria). Laboratory monitoring of patients with diabetic history (Created page with "{{#lst:Diabetes mellitus|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 17:33, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary heart disease (Redirected page to Ischaemic heart disease) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 09:20, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diabetes mellitus (Created page with "'''Diabetes mellitus''' (DM) is a group of disorders characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. There are many types, but the most common types are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. DM is a very common disease, and the most common form, type 2, is associated with inactivity and obesity, which are increasing globally. Chronic hyperglycaemia causes severe long-term and short-term complications which may...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:07, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Laboratory diagnostics of the striated muscle diseases. (Created page with "= Creatine kinase = {{#lst:Creatine kinase|clinical biochemistry}} = Other = * LDH is elevated in any form of cell injury, including muscle injury * Duchenne muscle dystrophy ** Elevated total creatine kinase ** Creatine in urine * Rhabdomyolysis ** Elevated total creatine kinase (very high levels, 5x upper limit) ** Elevated myoglobin ** Elevated LDH, K+, phosphate ** Myoglobinuria – orange or brown ** Renal impairment parameters *** Urea *** Electrolytes [...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:03, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Creatine kinase (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Creatine kinase''' (CK) is an enzyme which catalyses the formation of creatine phosphate from creatine. Creatine phosphate is the main energy source in muscle, and so this enzyme is abundant in skeletal muscle. There are three isotypes of CK. CK-MM is mostly found in skeletal muscle. CK-MB is mostly found in myocardium (but only accounts for 30% of CK here). CK-BB is the dominant form in smooth muscle. == As a laboratory mark...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:55, 1 May 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Laboratory monitoring the therapy of myocardial infarction. Laboratory approaches in chronic heart failure (BNP, proBNP, electrolytes). (Created page with "= Monitoring therapy of AMI = * Decrease in troponin after treatment -> treatment successful * High troponin -> Worse prognosis * Immediately following reperfusion, troponin may temporarily increase = Heart failure = {{#lst:Heart failure|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:16, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Current analytical protocol to detect acute myocardial infarction; international recommendations. (Created page with "{{#lst:Acute coronary syndrome|clinical biochemistry}} == References == <references /> Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:05, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapies. (Created page with "= Warfarin = {{#lst:Vitamin K antagonists|clinical biochemistry}} = Heparin = {{#lst:Unfractionated heparin|clinical biochemistry}} = LMWH = {{#lst:Low-molecular-weight heparin|clinical biochemistry}} = DOAC = {{#lst:Direct oral anticoagulants|clinical biochemistry}} = Antiplatelets = {{#lst:Acetylsalicylic acid|clinical biochemistry}} {{#lst:P2Y12 inhibitors|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:39, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Dipyridamole (Created page with "'''Dipyridamole''' is an antiplatelet drug. It's rarely used, but may be indicated for the prevention of ischaemic stroke. It's often combined with acetylsalicylic acid. It's a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It increases the amount of cAMP in the platelets, which inhibits platelet aggregation. Dipyridamole is also a pharmacological "stressor", and can therefore be used to simulate physical stress in case of stress myocardial perfusion i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:34, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (Created page with "'''Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors''' are antiplatelets. They are mostly used for short-term treatment before and during percutaneous coronary intervention. They are administered by i.v. injection, == Compounds == * Abciximab * Eptifibatide * Tirofiban == Mechanism of action == These drugs bind to and inhibit the receptors glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, which prevents platelets from binding to each other and therefore preventing aggregation.<noinclude>Category:Pharmaco...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:32, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page P2Y12 inhibitors (Created page with "'''P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors''' are antiplatelet drugs. They are are often used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid, which is called ''dual antiplatelet therapy'' (<abbr>DAPT</abbr>). However, they may also be used alone. == Compounds == * Clopidogrel (Plavix®) * Prasugrel (Efient®) * Ticagrelor (Brilique®) == Mechanism of action == These drugs inhibit the P2Y12 receptor, an ADP receptor which is found on platelets. This receptor binds ADP which is r...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:28, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acetylsalicylic acid (Created page with "{{:Stub}} '''Acetylsalicylic acid''' (ASA) is technically an NSAID, although it’s more frequently used as an antiplatelet rather than for its anti-inflammatory effects. It’s a very frequently used antiplatelet. ASA is given in much lower dose for use as an antiplatelet drug than when used as an anti-inflammatory. Antiplatelet dose is 50 – 150 mg/day and in an extended-release formulation (Albyl-E®) while anti-inflammatory dose is 500 m...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:26, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Antiplatelet drugs (Created page with "'''Antiplatelet drugs''' are drugs which treat and prevent thrombosis by targeting the platelet's role in the coagulation cascade, thereby reducing the blood's tendency to form thrombi. As with anticoagulants, antiplatelets are also widely used in medicine (mostly cardiology and vascular surgery). Many patients are on antiplatelets. Unlike anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs can be combined. When there is vascular damage, receptors on the surface of platelet...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 12:05, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anticoagulants (Redirected page to Anticoagulant) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 12:04, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Low-molecular-weight heparin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />The '''low-molecular-weight heparins''' (LMWH) are ''fractionated heparins'' as opposed to unfractionated heparin. These drugs are just fragments of the unfractionated heparin. They’re more predictable and have longer half-life than unfractionated heparin and are therefore preferred in most cases.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> The LMWHs have a molecular weight of 3 – 4 kDa. == Compounds == * Enoxaparin (Clexane...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:55, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page APTT (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:52, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page International normalised ratio (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Prothrombin time and international normalised ratio (INR)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:52, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Warfarin (Redirected page to Vitamin K antagonists) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:51, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anticoagulant (Created page with "An '''anticoagulant''' is a drug which prevents or treat thrombosis by reducing the blood's tendency to form thrombi. Anticoagulant drugs are widely used in medicine, both in internal medicine and surgery. Many patients are on anticoagulants. Anticoagulant drugs are never combined. == Types == * Vitamin K antagonists (<abbr>VKA</abbr>) * Unfractionated heparin (<abbr>UFH</abbr>) * Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) * Direct oral anticoagulants (DO...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:49, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Unfractionated heparin (Redirected page to Heparin) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:47, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vitamin K antagonists (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />The '''vitamin K antagonists''' (VKAs) are a group of anticoagulants. Most vitamin K antagonists are '''''coumarins''''', so the terms are often used interchangeably. However, there exist some VKAs which are not coumarins. The most commonly used VKA by far is '''warfarin''' (Marevan®, Coumadin®). These drugs are administered orally. <section end="clinical biochemistry" /> '''Dicumarol''' is another VKA, but du...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:25, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page INR (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Prothrombin time and international normalised ratio (INR)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:23, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Heparin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Heparin''', more specifically '''unfractionated heparin''' (UFH) to distinguish them from low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is an anticoagulant. It's administered by intravenous or subcutaneous injection. Nowadays LMWH have replaced many use cases of UFH, as it's as efficacious and more predictable anticoagulant effect.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Heparin isn’t actually a single molecule but a family of larg...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:19, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Activated partial thromboplastin time (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 15:57, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Blood coagulation: functional tests (PT, APTT, TT, fibrinogen, D-dimer). (Created page with "= Coagulation tests = {{#lst:Coagulation tests|clinical biochemistry}} = Fibrin and fibrinogen = {{#lst:Fibrin|clinical biochemistry}} = D-dimer = {{:D-dimer}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:55, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page D-dimer (Created page with "'''D-dimer''' is a fibrin degradation product. Its level in the blood correlates with the activity of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It’s highly sensitive for venous thromboembolism (including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and disseminated intravascular coagulation, in which case the level is increased. However, D-dimer is not specific. It can be elevated due to other conditions, like pregnancy, cancer, infection, kidney disease, surgery, etc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:45, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fibrinogen (Redirected page to Fibrin) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 15:25, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coagulation tests (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />Several laboratory tests can be used to evaluate the coagulation system. They're used in the evaluation of bleeding disorders. == Summary == {| class="wikitable" !'''Parameter''' !'''Function examined''' !'''Normal range''' !'''Elevated result in''' |- !Prothrombin time |Extrinsic pathway, vitamin K-dependent factors |15 – 20 seconds |Vitamin K deficiency, liver disease |- !INR |Extrinsic pathway, vitamin K-dependent fa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:24, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fibrin (Created page with "{{:Stub}} <section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Fibrin''' is a protein involved in the coagulation cascade. Its inactive form '''fibrinogen''' is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the last steps of the coagulation cascade. Fibrinogen is synthesised in the liver and is an acute phase protein. == Fibrinogen in laboratory medicine == Fibrinogen can be measured in the plasma in the evaluation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), bleedin...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:11, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Blood coagulation: cellular components (platelets, endothelial cells) and their laboratory analysis. (Created page with "* Vasculopathies – endothelial dysfunction ** Ehlers-Danlos ** Marfan ** Bleeding time prolonged * Thrombocytopathies – plt dysfunction ** Platelet count and volume *** Measured by impedance or light scatter with flow cytometry ** Thrombocytopaenia *** Heparin induced (HIT) **** Immunoassay tests for antibodies (type 2) ** Thrombocytosis *** Inflammation *** Iron deficiency ** Thrombocythaemia *** Myeloproliferative disease ** Thrombocyte dysfunction *** von Willebra...") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:35, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:29, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Hyperphosphataema to Hyperphosphataemia
- 12:16, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Physiology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:15, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Laboratory findings in the disorders of iron metabolism. (Created page with "= Iron = {{#lst:Iron|clinical biochemistry}} = Ferritin = {{#lst:Ferritin|clinical biochemistry}} = Transferrin = {{#lst:Transferrin|clinical biochemistry}} == Summary == {| class="wikitable" !'''Disorder''' !'''Serum iron''' !'''Transferrin''' !'''Ferritin''' !'''Soluble transferrin receptor''' !'''Reticulocytes''' |- !'''Iron deficiency anaemia''' |↓ |↑ |↓ |↑ |↓ |- !'''Haemoglobinopathy''' |Normal |Normal |Normal |Normal |Normal |- !'''Anaemia of chronic dis...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:56, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transferrin receptor (Redirected page to Transferrin#Soluble transferrin receptor) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:52, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ferritin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />Free iron ions are toxic to the cells, as they create reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction. They are therefore stored in a protein called '''ferritin'''. One molecule of ferritin can store up to 4500 iron atoms. Note that the pure protein-only, non-iron-bound protein is called '''apoferritin'''. Ferritin is mostly found in the liver. Ferritin is a positive acute phase protein. == Ferritin in laboratory med...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:26, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transferrin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Transferrin''' is a serum protein whose function is to transport iron in the blood; more specifically, each molecule of transferrin binds two Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions with high affinity. Transferrin binds to transferrin receptors on cells which require iron, after which the transferrin-transferrin receptor complex is endocytosed. The pure protein, non-iron-bound form of transferrin is called '''apoferritin'''. Transferrin is a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:05, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Acute phase proteins to Acute phase protein
- 13:51, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron (Created page with "{{:Stub}} == Serum iron (laboratory medicine) == <section begin="clinical biochemistry" /> * Diurnal variation * 30% Biological variation * Influenced by inflammation, diet * Detected by coupled enzymatic reaction which form coloured complexes -> photometry * Not used to determine iron status, ferritin and transferrin are used instead <section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Laboratory Medicine Category:Biochemistry") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:00, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Haemoglobinopathies: disorders of the porphyrin metabolism. (Created page with "= Sickle cell disease = {{#lst:Sickle cell disease|clinical biochemistry}} = Thalassaemia = {{#lst:Thalassaemia|clinical biochemistry}} = Porphyria = {{#lst:Porphyria|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:00, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Porphyria (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Porphyrias''' are genetic diseases where there are defects in one of the enzymes required for porphyria synthesis. Porphyrins are circular molecules which consist of four porphobilinogen molecules. Many proteins contain porphyrins, including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and NO-activated guanylyl cyclase. Porphyrias are rare disorders, but the prevalence varies significantly with geography. Fo...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched