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12:05, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lung nodule (Redirected page to Lung nodule and lung mass) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
12:02, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chest radiography (Created page with "'''Chest radiography''', often called '''chest x-ray''', is a commonly performed radiological procedure. Some indications include: * Symptoms ** Dyspnoea ** Chronic cough * Suspicion of ** Pneumonia ** Pleural effusion ** Heart failure ** Lung cancer == Findings == See also imaging of pneumonia. * White-out of a hemithorax ** Complete opacification of one hemithorax ** Differential diagnosis *** Total pneumonectomy *** Extended pleural effu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:58, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chest x-ray (Redirected page to Chest radiography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:42, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ultrasonography (Created page with "* Fundamentals of ultrasound ** '''High-frequency sound waves produced by a transducer are used to make images''' *** '''2 – 20 MHz''' *** '''Higher frequency waves penetrate less deeply into the tissue but has increased resolution''' **** '''High-frequency waves used for superficial structures''' **** '''Low-frequency waves used for deep structures''' ** '''Image is made by sending high-frequency sound into the patient and measuring the magnitude and time of returnin...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:41, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ultrasound (Redirected page to Ultrasonography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:40, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. The fundamentals of CT and MRI imaging, examination methods. (Created page with "{{:Computed tomography}}{{:Magnetic resonance imaging}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page MR (Created page with "MR may refer to magnetic resonance imaging or mitral regurgitation.") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page MRi (Redirected page to Magnetic resonance imaging) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:38, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Magnetic resonance imaging (Created page with "* Magnetic resonance imaging ** Magnetic fields applied to the body align hydrogen atoms in the body *** When the fields are released, radio waves are released *** These radio waves are detected, and the frequency of the waves depend on the environment of the atoms (the tissues) ** Especially used for CNS, joints, heart, angiography (visualization of vessels) ** '''Can’t be used for people with old pacemakers''' *** (Can be used with new pacemakers) ** MRi contrast age...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:36, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Computed tomography (Created page with "* Fundamentals of Computed Tomography (CT) ** Passing a rotating fan beam of x-rays through the patient *** Basically many x-rays at different angles around the patient ** Computer can generate many images from different angles from a single examination *** Can even generate a 3D image ** '''10 – 100x more radiation than x-ray''' ** '''The appearance of tissues on CT''' *** '''Densities are generally the same as for x-rays''' *** '''Bright on CT = high density''' *** '...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:35, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. The fundamentals of X-ray imaging. X-ray equipments. Radiation protection. (Created page with "{{:Radiography}}{{:Radiation biology}}{{:Fluoroscopy}} Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:33, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Radiation biology (Created page with "* Radiation ** '''Absorbed radiation is measured by Gray (Gy)''' *** '''It does not take into account the biological effect of radiation''' ** '''Health effects of radiation is measured by Sievert (Sv)''' *** '''It does take into account the biological effect of radiation''' ** '''Types of radiation used for therapy''' *** Gamma rays (?) **** Used in stereotactic radiosurgery with gamma knife *** '''Alpha radiation''' **** Radium-223 **** For example for bone metastases...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:30, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fluoroscopy (Created page with "* Fluoroscopy = Real-time x-ray imaging * 30 frames/second generally * 120 frames/second for heart imaging * Often used with contrast ** Fluoroscopy allows you to see with high temporal solution (many fps) the movement of contrast * Can be recorded as a movie, and single frames can be examined * Indications ** Interventional cardiology ** Peripheral angiography ** GI ** Barium swallow <noinclude>Category:Radiology‎</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:29, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Radiography (Created page with "* Fundamentals of x-ray ** '''X-rays (electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 0,01 – 10 nm''' *** '''Hard x-rays''' **** '''Higher energy''' **** '''> 90 kV''' **** Wavelength < 0,1 nm **** '''Penetrate tissues better''' **** '''The type mostly used in medicine''' *** '''Soft x-rays''' **** '''Lower energy''' **** '''< 40 kV''' **** Wavelength > 0,1 nm **** '''Highlights differences between tissues with similar x-ray absorption''' ***** '''Used in mammography'''...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
10:18, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Clinical Radiology (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
10:17, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Radiology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
09:59, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page II. A. Clinical tests (Created page with "{{:Physical examination in ENT}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
09:59, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Physical examination in ENT (Created page with "* Weber and Rinne test ** Used to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss ** Weber *** Tuning fork placed on the forehead. *** In case of conductive hearing loss, the tone is lateralised (louder) to the side with decreased hearing. *** In case of sensorineural hearing loss, the tone is lateralised to the side opposite of the one with decreased hearing ** Rinne *** Tuning fork placed in front of ear opening and on the mastoid process. *** In case...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:50, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Vertigo in otolaryngologic practice (Created page with "= Vertigo = {{:Vertigo}} = Vestibular neuritis = {{:Vestibular neuritis}} = Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo = {{:Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo}} = Meniere disease = {{:Meniere disease}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
08:44, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vestibular neuritis (Created page with "'''Vestibular neuritis''', also called '''labyrinthitis''' or '''acute unilateral vestibulopathy''', is a disorder characterised by sudden loss of function of the vestibular nerve on one side. It's usually acute, but almost always completely reversible. It's a common cause of vertigo and acute vestibular syndrome. == Etiology == As the name implies, vestibular neuritis is assumed to be secondary to inflammation. The prevailing theory is that it's caused by reactiva...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:38, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page HINTS (Redirected page to Vertigo#HINTS) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:26, 27 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (Created page with "'''Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo''' (BPPV) is a cause of recurring vertigo which occurs due to canalolithiasis, stones in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. The peak incidence is in the 50s and it affects females more often. There are two types, posterior canal BPPV (90% of cases) and horisontal canal BPPV (10%). == Clinical features == BPPV causes paroxysmal positional harmonic vestibular signs. Paroxysmal and positional meaning that the symptoms oc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:33, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vertigo (Created page with "'''Vertigo''' is the sensation that you are moving, or everything moves around you. It's a common symptom in a variety of disorders, ranging from harmless to life-threatening. '''Acute vestibular syndrome''' is defined as the presence of severe vertigo lasting more than 24 hours which causes nausea and vomiting and an intolerance to head movement (because it makes the vertigo worse). == Etiology == The most common causes include: * Non-ENT causes ** Orthostatic hypot...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:00, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Tumours of the oesophagus, dysphagia (Created page with "= Oesophageal cancer = {{:Oesophageal cancer}} = Dysphagia = {{:Dysphagia}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:59, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Dysphagia (Created page with "* Dysphagia can be divided into two types ** Oropharyngeal type *** Etiology **** Tumor in oropharynx **** Pharyngitis **** Parkinson **** Stroke *** Clinical features **** Coughing **** Inability to initiate swallow **** Nasal regurgitation ** Oesophageal type *** Etiology **** Oesophagitis ***** HSV ***** Candida **** Oesophageal cancer **** Oesophageal diverticula **** Achalasia **** (Nutcracker oesophagus) **** (Diffuse oesophageal spasm) **** Scleroderma **** Autono...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:58, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Foreign bodies in the bronchial system, foreign bodies of the oesophagus (Created page with "Foreign body aspiration {{:Foreign body aspiration}} Foreign body in oesophagus {{:Foreign body in the oesophagus}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:55, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foreign body in the oesophagus (Created page with "* Foreign body in oesophagus is most common in children * In children: Coins, nuts, toys, button batteries, magnets ** Button batteries are especially dangerous because they can short-circuit and perforate the oesophagus * In adults: Fish bones, dentures * Usually stuck in the hypopharynx or upper part of oesophagus * Clinical features ** Pain ** Feeling of pressure ** Dysphagia * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Oesophagoscopy * Treatment ** Nothing (if asymptomatic, low-risk) ***...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:52, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foreign body aspiration (Created page with "* Mostly in children < 3 * 4x more often in the right main bronchus, due to its steeper incline * Peanuts, tablets, seeds * Clinical features ** Coughing ** Choking ** Stridor ** Dyspnoea * Complete obstruction – atelectasis * Partial obstruction – distal hyperinflation * Diagnosis ** If severe obstruction -> clinical diagnosis ** If non-severe obstruction *** Chest X-ray *** Bronchoscopy * Treatment ** Heimlich ** Removal with bronchoscopy <noinclude>Category:Ea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:49, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Clinical signs of obstructions of the upper airways (upper airway stenosis), coniotomy, tracheotomy (Created page with "Upper airway obstruction {{:Upper airway obstruction}}{{:Cricothyrotomy}}{{:Tracheotomy}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:47, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tracheotomy (Created page with "* Tracheotomy is a permanent or temporary stoma between cricoid cartilage and sternal notch * Indication ** Long-term mechanical ventilation ** Obstruction outside larynx or trachea *** Struma *** Cervical or mediastinal tumor ** Obstruction in the wall of larynx or trachea *** Laryngeal oedema *** Foreign body ** Prophylactic * Procedure ** Vertical skin incision between cricoid cartilage and sternal notch ** Separation of pre-laryngeal muscles ** Cut thyroid isthmus **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:47, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cricothyrotomy (Created page with "* Cricothyrotomy, also called coniotomy * In case of upper airway obstruction with unsuccessful intubation * Airway is opened through cricothyroid ligament between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage * Should be converted to tracheotomy when possible * Indications ** Angioedema ** Foreign body in upper airway ** Severe facial trauma * Procedure ** Transverse surgical incision into skin between thyroid and cricoid cartilages ** Incision through skin, spf cervical fascia, de...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:45, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Upper airway obstruction (Created page with "* Etiology ** Tumor ** Inflammation ** Infections *** Croup *** Epiglottitis *** Tracheitis *** Peritonsillar abscess *** Retropharyngeal abscess ** Oedema *** Anaphylaxis *** Angioedema ** Trauma ** Foreign body * Clinical features ** Dyspnoea ** Stridor *** Inspiratory if larynx or above *** Expiratory if trachea or below ** Respiratory distress ** Coughing ** Haemoptysis ** Cyanosis * Treatment ** Airway protection with intubation, cricothyrotomy, or tracheotomy <no...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:43, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Thyroiditis, malignant tumours of the thyroid gland (Created page with "= Hashimoto thyroiditis = {{:Hashimoto thyroiditis}} = Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis = {{:De Quervain thyroiditis}} = Postpartum thyroiditis = {{:Postpartum thyroiditis}} = Thyroid nodule = {{:Thyroid nodule}} = Thyroid cancer = {{:Thyroid cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:40, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (Redirected page to De Quervain thyroiditis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:38, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Congenital malformations of the neck, benign tumours of the neck (Created page with "Congenital malformations of the neck {{:Congenital malformations of the neck}} Benign tumours of the neck {{:Benign tumours of the neck}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:38, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Congenital malformation of the neck to Congenital malformations of the neck
21:37, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign tumours of the neck (Created page with "* Rare * Lipoma ** Painless, soft ** Surgery for cosmetic * Madelung disease ** In alcoholics ** Surgical removal ** Cancer risk * Carotid paraganglioma ** Painless, pulsatile mass at the carotid bifurcation ** Clinical features *** Dry cough (vagus irritation) *** Hoarseness (vagus irritation) ** Surgical removal <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:36, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital malformation of the neck (Created page with "* Thyroglossal duct cyst ** Remnant of thyroglossal duct ** Diagnosis in first years of age ** Painless, firm midline neck mass *** Moves when swallowing or moving tongue ** Dysphagia ** Surgical excision ** Complication *** Abscess formation * Branchial cleft cyst ** Remnant of second branchial cleft ** Undiagnosed cyst in young adults becomes infected ** Painless, firm lateral/midline mass *** Does not move when swallowing ** Surgical excision * Lymphangioma ** Consist...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:34, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Laryngeal cancer (supraglottic, glottic, subglottic), TNM stage (Created page with "{{:Laryngeal cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:33, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Laryngeal cancer (Created page with "* A cancer of older men * 40% of head and neck cancers * SCC * Etiology ** Smoking ** Alcohol * Types ** Supraglottic *** 40% of cases *** Gives late symptoms ** Glottic *** Best prognosis because gives early symptoms (hoarseness) *** Limited lymphatic drainage *** 60% of cases ** Subglottic *** 1% of cases *** Gives late symptoms *** Dyspnoea *** Stridor * Clinical features ** Hoarseness ** Foreign body sensation ** Dyspnoea ** Dysphagia ** Stridor * Staging ** TNM ***...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:30, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Benign tumours of the larynx (Created page with "{{:Benign laryngeal tumour}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:30, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign laryngeal tumour (Created page with "* Majority of laryngeal neoplasms * Clinical features ** Coughing ** Hoarseness ** Wheezing ** Dyspnoea * Vocal cord polyps ** Adults in speaking professions ** Etiology *** Vocal overuse *** Chronic inflammation ** Unilateral ** Mucosal hyperplasia ** Hoarseness ** Microsurgical removal * Cysts and mucoceles ** Originate in small glands ** Hoarseness ** Microsurgical removal * Laryngeal papilloma ** Most common in children ** HPV 6, 11 ** Hoarseness ** Inspiratory strid...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:28, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Acute and chronic infections of the larynx, acute epiglottitis, phlegmonous epiglottitis, abscess of the epiglottis (Created page with "{{:Acute laryngitis}}{{:Chronic laryngitis}}{{:Epiglottitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:27, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Epiglottitis (Created page with "* Epiglottitis ** Severe phlegmonous infection, quickly progressing ** Important to consider it in all children with stridor ** Less common after H. influenzae vaccine ** Mostly in young children ** Etiology *** H. influenzae *** S. pneumoniae ** Clinical features *** High fever *** Inspiratory stridor *** Odynophagia *** Drooling *** Leaning forward *** No cough ** Management *** Urgent to hospital *** Airway may collapse rapidly, must be prepared to intubate, no inspec...") Tag: Visual edit
21:17, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic laryngitis (Created page with "* Chronic laryngitis ** > 3 weeks duration ** Etiology *** Ascending or descending inflammation *** GERD *** Smoking *** Recurring URTI (postnasal drip) <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:16, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page False croup (Redirected page to Acute laryngitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:16, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute laryngitis (Created page with "* Acute laryngitis ** Also called "false croup" ** < 3 weeks duration ** Etiology *** Infectious **** Descended URTI **** Viral ***** Rhinovirus ***** Adenovirus **** Bacterial superinfection *** Non-infectious **** Vocal strain **** Airborne irritants ** Clinical features *** Hoarseness *** Dry cough ** Related disorders *** Croup – laryngotracheitis *** Epiglottitis ** Diagnosis *** Laryngoscopy – erythema, oedema of larynx ** Treatment *** Self-limiting *** Vocal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:11, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Clinical symptoms and signs of benign and malignant diseases of the larynx, hypopharynx and base of the tongue (Created page with "See topics 26, 29, and 30 for these symptoms. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:09, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Malignant tumours in the oral cavity and pharynx (Created page with "= Nasopharynx cancer = {{:Nasopharynx cancer}} = Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer = {{:Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer}} = Hypopharynx cancer = {{:Hypopharynx cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:08, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypopharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Hypopharynx cancer''' is a rare form of head and neck cancer. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma, and like oral cavity and oropharynx cancer it's related to alcohol and nicotine consumption. Hypopharynx cancer causes symptoms late, delaying diagnosis. Symptoms include dysphagia, halitosis, cervical lymph node metastasis, and referred ear pain. Treatment includes local surgical excision and sometimes neck dissection. Laryngectomy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched