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• 12:43, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Coordinated regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the function of glucokinase? * How is glucokinase different from other types of hexokinase? * How are the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated? * What activates <abbr>PP2A</abbr>? * How does insulin regulate PFK-2/FBPase-2? * How does glucagon regulate PFK-2/FBPase-2? * How is pyruvate kinase regulated? * How does acetyl-CoA regulate gluconeogenesis and glucose breakdown? === Regulation of glucokinase === There are 4 different...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:42, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Acetyl-CoA regulates.png
• 12:42, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Acetyl-CoA regulates.png
• 12:42, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Insulin and glucagon on PFK-2-FBPase-2.png
• 12:42, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Insulin and glucagon on PFK-2-FBPase-2.png
• 12:41, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:F26BP on PFK1 and FBPase-1.png
• 12:41, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:F26BP on PFK1 and FBPase-1.png
• 12:40, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Reciprocal regulation PFK1 and FBPase-1.png
• 12:40, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Reciprocal regulation PFK1 and FBPase-1.png
• 12:39, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * Which protein regulates both ''glycogen synthase'' and ''glycogen phosphorylase?'' * What is the function of ''casein kinase II''? * What is the net result of insulin on glycogen metabolism? * What is the net result of glucagon and epinephrine on glycogen metabolism? * How does insulin regulate ''glycogen synthase''? * How does insulin regulate ''glycogen phosphorylase''? * How does glucagon regulate ''glycogen synthase?'' * How does glucag...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:38, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glycogen synthase regulation.png
• 12:38, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glycogen synthase regulation.png
• 12:38, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glycogen phosphorylase regulation.png
• 12:38, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glycogen phosphorylase regulation.png
• 12:35, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Glycogen synthesis and degradation (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the function of glycogen? * Describe the structure of glycogen. * What are the fates of glycogen in skeletal muscle? * What are the fates of glycogen in the liver? * Why is it an advantage that glycogen is branched? * Which enzymes are involved in the synthesis of glycogen? * Which enzymes are involved in the breakdown of glycogen? === General === Glycogen is the most important molecule for storing carbohydrates in humans. It’s a...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glycogen degradation.png
• 12:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glycogen degradation.png
• 12:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Gluconeogenesis (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * When is gluconeogenesis active? * In which cellular compartments does gluconeogenesis take place? * By which transporter does glucose leave the cell? * What are the substrates of gluconeogenesis, and where do they originate from? * In which organs does gluconeogenesis take place? * What is the rate-limiting enzyme of the gluconeogenesis? * Why do we need certain exclusive enzymes for the gluconeogenesis? * Which enzymes of the gluconeogenes...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:33, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glucolysis vs gluconeogenesis.png
• 12:33, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glucolysis vs gluconeogenesis.png
• 12:33, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Pentose phosphate pathway (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the substrate for the pentose phosphate pathway? * What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway, and what are they used for? * Which other enzyme produces NADPH? * Where does the <abbr>PPP</abbr> take place? * What are the phases of the PPP? * What is glutathione and what is its importance? * What is the function of ''hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase?'' * What are the 5 possible fates of glucose 6-phosphate? * What is gluc...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:32, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Non-oxidative phase of PPP.png
• 12:32, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Non-oxidative phase of PPP.png
• 12:31, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Protein Kinase C pathway (Created page with "Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated in the signal pathways of many hormones. The most important ones are acetylcholine, angiotensin II, glutamate, histamine, vasopressin and oxytoxin. Vasopressin is shown in the figure as an example. Protein kinase C performs many functions of which we don’t have to know the details of. Some are shown on the figure, but other functions are receptor desensitization, membrane structure regulation, gene expression, immune response cell...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:30, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:PKC pathway.png
• 12:30, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:PKC pathway.png
• 12:29, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AMPK pathway (Created page with "center|frameless|560x560px center|frameless|682x682px Category:Biochemistry help material") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:29, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:AMPK pathway 2.png
• 12:29, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:AMPK pathway 2.png
• 12:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:AMPK pathway 1.png
• 12:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:AMPK pathway 1.png
• 12:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glucagon pathway (Redirected page to Protein Kinase A pathway) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
• 12:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Protein Kinase A pathway (Created page with "Protein kinase A (PKA) is the major downstream effector of many hormones, including glucagon, epinephrine, vasopressin, and neurotransmitters. The figure below shows multiple actions of PKA, but note that no single hormone effectuates all these changes. Glucagon and epinephrine mediate most of them. The effect of <abbr>PKA</abbr> on Aquaporin 2 and K+-channel is ''not'' activated by glucagon or epinephrine, but by vasopressin and neurotransmitters, respectively! File:P...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Protein kinase A pathway.png
• 12:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Protein kinase A pathway.png
• 12:23, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Insulin pathway (Created page with "frameless|671x671px {| class="wikitable" !Abbreviation !Name !Function |- |PDE |Phosphodiesterase |Degrade cAMP to 5′-AMP which inhibits <abbr>PKA</abbr> and therefore the effect of glucagon and epinephrine |- |IRS |Insulin receptor substrate |Activates MAPK and PDE |- |<abbr>PKB</abbr>/Akt |Protein kinase B (or Akt) |Activated by PDK1, mediates many of the insulin functions. |- |MAPK |MAP kinase |Activate a protein cascade called the MAP k...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Insulin pathway.png
• 12:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Insulin pathway.png
• 12:21, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hexokinase and glucokinase (Created page with "Hexokinase is an enzyme which catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. There are multiple forms, from I to IV. Hexokinase IV is also called glucokinase. Glucokinase (hexokinase IV) differs from the other three types of hexokinase (hexokinase I, II and III) in multiple ways. They’re summarized in the table below. {| class="wikitable" !Property !Hexokinase (I, II, III) !Glucokinase (hexokinase IV) |- |Concentration of glucose where enzyme is ha...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:21, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glucokinase in beta cells.png
• 12:21, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glucokinase in beta cells.png
• 12:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hexokinase I and IV activity.png
• 12:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hexokinase I and IV activity.png
• 14:51, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page How to calculate ATP yield (Created page with "Many different compounds in the body can be broken down to yield ATP. There is almost always a question on the exam where you need to calculate the ATP yield of a certain compound. You must write the process of your calculation on the exam. Here are some examples of compounds: * Fatty acids ** Hexanoyl-CoA ** Hexanoate (hexanoyl-CoA without the -CoA) ** Octanoyl-CoA (an 8 carbon long fatty acid) * Ketone bodies ** β-hydroxybutyrate ** Acetoacetate ** Acetoacetyl-CoA *...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:51, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Enzymes and regulation (Created page with "=== General rules about regulation: === * Hormones always regulate stuff indirectly * Hormones almost always regulate stuff covalently * Kinases or phosphatases almost always regulate stuff covalently * Something that’s not a protein can never regulate anything covalently directly The ones I think are most important are ''italicised''. Most of them are taken from Lehninger 6th edition. The “Page” column shows which page from the book has been used as a source....") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:33, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diseases in biochemistry 1 (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |'''Disease''' |'''Affected enzyme(s)''' |- |Alkaptonuria |Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase |- |Fructosemia |Fructose 1-phosphate aldolase |- |Fructosuria |Fructokinase |- |Phenylketonuria |Phenylalanine hydroxylase |- |Maple syrup urine disease |Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex |- |Tyrosinemia type I |Fumarylacetoacetase |- |Tyrosinemia type II |Tyrosine aminotransferase |- |Tyorsinemia type III |p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |- |...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:30, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page How to pass biochemistry 1 (Created page with "You should know the MRTs very well (use flashcards), and also know what reaction is impaired in a few diseases. You can be asked questions about the smallest things, and some questions can be so vague you’re not even sure what they’re asking. You should always ask teachers to clarify questions you don’t understand. However, if you know the MRTs well, and know most of what’s written here, you should at least pass. In some topics, you might only need to know the su...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:30, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry 1 lectures (Created page with "Category:Biochemistry 1") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:29, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry help material (Created page with "Category:Biochemistry 1") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:29, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry 1 (Created page with "Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit