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  • 11:53, 27 August 2024 ‎8 – Prearthritic conditions, osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[173 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Osteoarthritis == {{#lst:Osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == Prearthritis conditions == {{#lst:Prearthritic conditions|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:52, 27 August 2024 ‎Prearthritic conditions (hist | edit) ‎[1,359 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Prearthritis conditions are mechanical problems which leads to earlier osteoarthritis than normal ** Any abnormal alignment, function, usage of joint * Prearthritic conditions of all joints ** Abnormal joint alignment – causes abnormal weight loading on the joints *** Varus deformity *** Valgus deformity ** Excessive weight loading – obesity, joint overuse ** Trauma involving intraarticular fractures ** Inflammatory prearthritic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:38, 27 August 2024 ‎7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity (hist | edit) ‎[2,028 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics == * From an orthopaedic point of view the upper extremity starts from the neck and the heart ** This is because upper extremity symptoms may come from the neck (nerves) or heart (vessels) ** Nerve roots of the brachial plexus innervates the dermatomes of the upper extremity * Upper extremity consists of three joints – shoulder, elbow, and hand ** Only full function of all three joints allow normal movement of upper extremity * Pain can radiate up or down th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:35, 27 August 2024 ‎Osteoarthritis of the fingers (hist | edit) ‎[180 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* May occur in physical workers * Treatment: ** Conservative ** Surgical: joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:34, 27 August 2024 ‎Dupuytren contracture (hist | edit) ‎[518 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Idiopathic * Pathology ** Hypertrophy/metaplasia of palmar aponeurosis -> shrinkage of palmar aponeurosis -> the affected finger gets pulled -> flexion contracture * Clinical features ** Painless *** The patient does not complain of pain but rather of the deformity ** Most commonly affects the 4th finger, but can affect any finger ** Flexion contracture of MCP and PIP joint * Treatment ** Surgical removal of the aponeurosis <section end=...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:32, 27 August 2024 ‎Wrist osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[790 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Usually affects people in working age, unlike other OA * Etiology ** Vibration work *** Miners, roadworkers, etc. ** Fracture of distal radius ** Scaphoid fracture *** In that case: fix the scaphoid fracture with a screw * Clinical symptoms ** Pain ** Restricted ROM * Treatment ** Wrist arthrodesis with plate and screws *** Unlike arthrodesis for knee and hip joint (which is never performed anymore), wrist arthrodesis is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:31, 27 August 2024 ‎Rotator cuff tear (hist | edit) ‎[667 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = tear in the tendon of one or more muscles of the rotator cuff ** Most commonly affects supraspinatus tendon * Rotator cuff ** = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis ** These muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus ** Function is to stabilize the shoulder and allow for normal shoulder motion * Clinical features ** Painful/weak/impossible elevation of shoulder * Imaging ** US or MRI * Differential di...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:29, 27 August 2024 ‎Thoracic outlet syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[1,740 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Symptoms occurring due to compression of structures like ** Brachial plexus (95% of cases) ** Subclavian vein (4% of cases) ** Subclavian artery (1% of cases) * Caused by narrowing of the anatomical opening called “thoracic inlet”, “thoracic outlet” or “superior thoracic aperture”, which is a hole surrounded by ** Clavicula ** The first rib ** Scalenus anterior ** Scalenus medius * If the thoracic outlet becomes narrower some...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:24, 27 August 2024 ‎Frozen shoulder (hist | edit) ‎[1,377 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Frozen shoulder = adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (= periarthritis of the shoulder) ** = inflammation of the joint capsule which shrinks it and makes movement painful ** Can be idiopathic (primary) or secondary to diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. ** Pathomechanism *** Inflammation of the joint capsule makes movement of the shoulder painful *** Pain causes the shoulder to be less frequently used *** Lack of use and inflammation causes...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:22, 27 August 2024 ‎Recurrent shoulder dislocation (hist | edit) ‎[1,000 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chronic/recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, also called chronic shoulder instability * Etiology ** Untreated or poorly treated previous trauma *** Most common cause *** After one traumatic dislocation the joint capsule is torn, which predisposes to recurrent dislocation *** After a dislocated shoulder has been reduced, further dislocations must be prevented by immobilizing the shoulder *** Immobilizing allows the joint capsule to heal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:20, 27 August 2024 ‎Medial epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[486 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Golf elbow = medial humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of flexor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The flexors originate from the medial epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Golfing *** Excessive computer use ** Clinical features *** Pain over medial epicondyle and the flexors ** Treatment *** Same as for tennis elbow <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Ort...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:20, 27 August 2024 ‎Lateral epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[843 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tennis elbow = lateral humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of extensor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The extensors originate from the lateral epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Excessive computer use *** Racquet sports ** Clinical features *** Pain over lateral epicondyle and the extensors ** Treatment *** Conservative **** The primary treatment is conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:16, 27 August 2024 ‎6 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis) (hist | edit) ‎[368 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''13. Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis'' {{#lst:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis|orthopaedics}} ''26. Perthes’s Disease'' {{#lst:Legg-Calve-Perthes disease|orthopaedics}} ''54. Transitory coxitis, coxa saltans'' {{#lst:Transitory synovitis of the hip|orthopaedics}} {{#lst:Snapping hip syndrome|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:13, 27 August 2024 ‎Snapping hip syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[802 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Snapping hip syndrome = coxa saltans * A condition characterised by a snapping sensation felt in the hip * May or may not be audible, may or may not cause pain * Three types ** External snapping hip *** Caused by iliotibial tract sliding over greater trochanter *** Often visible ** Internal snapping hip *** Caused by iliopsoas tendon sliding over femoral head or other structures *** Often not visible, but is audible ** Intra-articular sn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:12, 27 August 2024 ‎Transitory synovitis of the hip (hist | edit) ‎[1,151 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Transitory coxitis = transitory synovitis of the hip = irritable hip ** Epidemiology *** Most common cause of acute hip pain in children 3 – 8 years *** Boys > girls ** Etiology *** Occurs without precipitating cause in most cases *** May follow upper respiratory tract infections or trauma ** Pathology *** Synovitis of the hip ** Clinical features *** Almost always unilateral *** After upper respiratory tract infections **** This may g...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:10, 27 August 2024 ‎Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (hist | edit) ‎[1,494 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Legg-Calve-Perthes disease = Perthes disease = idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head * Epidemiology ** 3 – 16 years ** Boys > girls * Etiology: Idiopathic by definition * Pathomechanism ** The femoral epiphysis grows quickly and is therefore highly dependent on adequate blood supply ** Inadequate blood supply can be due to compression of the arteries (for example from transient coxitis) * Clinical features ** Usually unilat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:09, 27 August 2024 ‎Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (hist | edit) ‎[1,087 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis * Epidemiology ** Most common hip disorder in adolescents ** Males > females ** 6 – 16 years * Etiology ** Unknown cause ** GH and sex hormone imbalance may be involved ** Obesity and family history are risk factors * Pathology ** The femoral head (epiphysis) slips off the neck (metaphysis) in the line of the growth plate ** Can be acute or chronic * Clinical features ** Often bilateral ** Acu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:07, 27 August 2024 ‎5 – Cerebral palsy (hist | edit) ‎[111 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''17. Infantile cerebral palsy'' {{#lst:Chemotherapy|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:06, 27 August 2024 ‎Cerebral palsy (hist | edit) ‎[758 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Risk factors ** Preterm birth ** TORCH ** Brain damage ** Alcohol * Types of CP ** Spastic CP *** Most common *** Spastic paralysis occurs ** Ataxic CP ** Athetoid CP * Clinical features ** Hyperlordosis ** Knee joint *** Flexion contracture ** Hip joint *** Hip dislocation *** Flexion contracture *** Adduction contracture ** Equinovarus and planovalgus deformity of feet ** Scissor gait (legs cross while walking) * Treatment ** Conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 11:03, 27 August 2024 ‎4 – Spine deformities (hist | edit) ‎[8,805 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Curvatures ** Lordosis – concave (inward) ** Kyphosis – convex (outward) ** Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) *** Lateral curvature in the coronal plane *** Lordotic deviation in the sagittal plane *** Vertebral rotation in the horizontal plane ** Normal: *** Cervical lordosis *** Thoracic kyphosis *** Lumbar lordosis == Basics of scoliosis == * Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) ** Lateral...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:02, 27 August 2024 ‎3 – Congenital foot deformities (hist | edit) ‎[5,361 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of foot == * DDH is the most common congenital problem of the musculoskeletal system * Congenital foot deformities are the second * Foot = everything distal to tibiotalar joint * Arches of the foot ** Soft tissues like muscles, tendons and ligaments are important in maintaining the arches of the foot ** The three arches form a triangle under the foot ** Transverse arch ** Lateral longitudinal arch ** Medial longitudinal arch * Characteristics of healthy foot *...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:00, 27 August 2024 ‎2 – Congenital dislocation of the hip (hist | edit) ‎[4,191 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ==== 7. DDH (developmental dysplasia of the hip), etiology and pathology of ==== * DDH is the most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity ** Affects approx. 2 out of 100 000 newborns in Europe * Left hip is slightly more often affected than the right ** Bilateral DDH is rare * Etiology ** Girls > boys ** Breech position during delivery *** Causes abnormal flexion of the hip ** Firstborn children > later-born children ** Family history ** Oligohydramnios * Patholog...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:59, 27 August 2024 ‎1 – Introduction, gait cycle, symptoms in orthopaedic disorders (hist | edit) ‎[6,061 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 11. Gait and limping == * Gait ** Has two phases ** Stance phase – lasts from the moment the heel touches the ground until the foot lifts off the ground *** Heel strike *** Rolling *** Lift-off ** Swing phase – lasts from the moment of lift-off until the heel touches the ground *** Acceleration *** Swing-through *** Deceleration ** What to assess in a patient’s gait *** The character *** The step length *** The width *** Whether there is limping *** Whether the...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:12, 22 August 2024 ‎Acute decompensated heart failure (hist | edit) ‎[8,798 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Acute decompensated heart failure''' (ADHF), also called '''acute-on-chronic heart failure''', '''heart failure exacerbation''' or simply '''acute heart failure''', refers to the heart failure which develops or worsens acutely. They may occur in a patient with chronic heart failure who has decompensated for any reason, or it may occur de novo (without preexisting chronic heart failure, rare). It's a severe condition, usually requiring hospitalisation. Many conditi...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:43, 20 August 2024 ‎24. Urologic and male genital cancers (hist | edit) ‎[247 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Prostate cancer = {{#lst:Prostate cancer|oncology}} = Bladder cancer = {{#lst:Bladder cancer|oncology}} = Renal cancer = {{#lst:Renal cancer|oncology}} = Testicular cancer = {{#lst:Testicular cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")
  • 09:41, 20 August 2024 ‎Testicular cancer (hist | edit) ‎[12,570 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Testicular cancer''' is most frequent in young males. It is the most common tumor in men in the 15 – 35 age group. There are three age peaks where testicular cancer is most common: * 15 – 35 years (the most common age group) * 0 – 10 years * > 60 years 96% of all testicular tumors are malignant. Most present with metastases already present, but despite this the prognosis is excellent. Even advanced and metastatic testicular cancers are often curable. Most (95%)...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 09:59, 19 August 2024 ‎Prostate cancer (hist | edit) ‎[11,905 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="pathology" /><section begin="oncology" />'''Prostate cancer''' is the most common form of cancer in men, accounting for around 25% of cases. However, it causes only 9% of all cancer deaths, which shows that it has a low mortality. This is owed mostly to regular screening of PSA levels and digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer is mostly a disease of elderly. About 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point of their lives, but aut...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:43, 18 August 2024 ‎23. Gynaecologic tumors (hist | edit) ‎[200 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Overian cancer = {{#lst:Ovarian cancer|oncology}} = Cervical cancer = {{#lst:Cervical cancer|oncology}} = Endometrial cancer= {{#lst:Endometrial cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")
  • 19:41, 18 August 2024 ‎Endometrial cancer (hist | edit) ‎[5,903 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="gynaecology1" />'''Endometrial cancer''' is the cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterine corpus. There are multiple histological types, but the most common is the endometroid carcinoma. It’s mostly a disease of postmenopausal women. It’s the most common form of gynaecological cancer (but not the most deadly, ovarian cancer is). It causes symptoms early, enabling diagnosis at a stage where there is a high likelihood of cure. The mortality i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:32, 14 August 2024 ‎Cervical cancer (hist | edit) ‎[11,773 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="CIN" />'''Cervical cancer''' is the cancer of the uterine cervix. It's the 4th most common cancer in females, but the 6th most common cause of cancer death. It mostly affects women 35 - 50 years old. It progresses from '''cervical intraepithelial neoplasia''' (CIN), which is the precancerous lesion of cervical cancer. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the cause in virtually all cases. Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 09:58, 14 August 2024 ‎Ovarian cancer (hist | edit) ‎[15,210 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="oncology" />'''Ovarian cancer''' is the second most common gynaecological cancer (after endometrial), but the most common cause of gynaecological cancer death due to its poor prognosis. It has no early symptoms, it has potential to grow very large, and it has aggressive behaviour. There is no effective screening for it in the general population. The most common type is the epithelial type (90% of cases), which has the worst prognosis. It is mostly a disea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 09:30, 14 August 2024 ‎22. Nervous system tumors (hist | edit) ‎[83 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Central nervous system tumour|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:29, 14 August 2024 ‎Central nervous system tumour (hist | edit) ‎[5,504 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="oncology" /><section begin="neurology" />'''Central nervous system tumours''' can be primary (originating in the CNS) or secondary (metastasis from other organ). Primary CNS malignancies account for 2% of adult malignancies, but 30% of childhood malignancies. In adults, secondary CNS tumours (metastases) are more common than primary, and CNS metastases occur in 10% of cancer patients. Metastasis is usually from lung cancer, breast cancer, or mel...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 08:36, 14 August 2024 ‎20. Melanoma (hist | edit) ‎[62 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Melanoma|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:17, 14 August 2024 ‎19. Non-melanoma skin cancer (hist | edit) ‎[373 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Basal cell carcinoma = {{#lst:Basal cell carcinoma|oncology}} = Squamous cell carcinoma = {{#lst:Squamous cell carcinoma|oncology}} = Merkel cell carcinoma = {{#lst:Merkel cell carcinoma|oncology}} = Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans = {{#lst:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans|oncology}} = Kaposi sarcoma = {{#lst:Kaposi sarcoma|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:14, 14 August 2024 ‎Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (hist | edit) ‎[210 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="oncology" />* Rare tumour, but the most common cutaneous sarcoma * Translocation between chromosome 17 and 22 * Treatment is surgical excision <section end="oncology" /> Category:Dermatology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 08:14, 14 August 2024 ‎Merkel cell carcinoma (hist | edit) ‎[310 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="oncology" />* Non-melanoma skin cancer related to immune system dysfunction ** Higher incidence and worse prognosis in immunocompromised ** Due to Merkel cell polyomavirus * Pinkish nodule on sun-exposed areas * Treatment is surgical excision <section end="oncology" /> Category:Dermatology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 08:05, 14 August 2024 ‎18. Colorectal cancer (hist | edit) ‎[71 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Colorectal cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
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