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13:02, 27 August 2024 ‎Knee deformities (hist | edit) ‎[445 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) ** Post-traumatic ** Disease of growth plate * Types ** Genu varum ** Genu valgum ** Recurvate knee (hyperextended knee) * Complications ** All knee deformities are prearthritic conditions * Treatment ** Vitamin D – in case of rickets ** Surgical *** Wedge osteotomy *** Blocking the growth plate in childhood <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:00, 27 August 2024 ‎Arthroscopy (hist | edit) ‎[813 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Small tube with a light and camera is pushed into the joint through a hole ** A cannula is pushed through a second hole to provide irrigation fluid ** A third hole is opened for entry of tools, like forceps, shavers, scalpel, etc. * Was developed to diagnose intraarticular knee injuries without opening the joint * Was originally used for diagnostic purposes – nowadays not used for diagnosis ** We use MRI instead * Widely used today for...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:59, 27 August 2024 ‎Meniscus tears (hist | edit) ‎[3,892 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* The menisci equalise the weight load on the joints, and stabilizes the joint * Medial meniscus is more commonly injured than the lateral * Etiology ** Trauma (in young people) *** Axial loading of the knee + rotation ** Degenerative disease * Location of tear ** White zone *** The inner third *** Avascular part of meniscus ** Red-white zone *** Middle third *** Poorly vascularized ** Red zone *** Outer third *** Well vascularized * Types...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:56, 27 August 2024 ‎Knee ligament injuries (hist | edit) ‎[4,849 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Anterior cruciate ligament injury ** Typical sport injury ** Etiology *** Sudden twisting of the leg *** Osteoarthritis of knee (osteophytes can damage ligament) ** Clinical features *** Swollen leg (haemarthrosis) **** Due to bleeding from the ACL *** Acute pain *** Knee instability ** Diagnosis *** Positive Lachman test *** Positive anterior drawer test *** MRI **** Gold standard *** Not visible on x-ray ** Treatment *** Conservative *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:50, 27 August 2024 ‎11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot (hist | edit) ‎[957 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of adult foot deformities == * Most common foot conditions ** Forefoot *** Hallux valgus *** Hallux rigidus *** Metatarsalgia *** Morton neuroma *** Tailors bunion ** Flatfoot ** Hindfoot *** Ankle joint osteoarthritis *** Subtalar joint osteoarthritis *** Heel spur *** Plantar fasciitis *** Haglund’s heel *** Achilles tendon problems == 3. Flat foot (pes planovalgus) == {{#lst:Flat foot|orthopaedics}} == 9. Hallux valgus, mallet finger, digitus V. varus, b...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:44, 27 August 2024 ‎Haglund deformity (hist | edit) ‎[278 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Haglund deformity, also called Haglund heel, is pain due to a bony protrusion on the back of the calcaneus. It causes pain when wearing shoes. Not everyone with the protrusion develops pain.<section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:42, 27 August 2024 ‎Plantar fasciitis (hist | edit) ‎[579 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Plantar fasciitis is a very common cause of heel pain and is due to degenerative irritation of the plantar fascia of the calcaneus * Most frequent in women and obese patients * Related to overuse stress * Common with other foot deformities (flat foot, cavus deformity) * Symptoms ** Morning pain ** Typical pain localization * Diagnosis ** Pain point pressure ** X-ray ** MRI * Treatment ** Conservative *** First choice *** Insoles *** RICE...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:40, 27 August 2024 ‎Morton’s neuroma (hist | edit) ‎[186 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Morton’s neuroma is a benign growth of perineural tissue which causes pain under the toe-ball. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:39, 27 August 2024 ‎Metatarsalgia (hist | edit) ‎[320 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Metatarsalgia is pain under the MTP joint line, most commonly of the 2nd and 3rd toes (the toe-ball) * Can be due to pes transversoplanus * Treatment ** Conservative – orthopaedic insoles or shoes ** Surgical – Weil-osteotomy <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:38, 27 August 2024 ‎Hallux rigidus (hist | edit) ‎[229 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Hallux rigidus is osteoarthritis of the MTP joint of the hallux causes the joint to become stiff and painful * Treatment: MTP joint fusion <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:38, 27 August 2024 ‎Mallet finger (hist | edit) ‎[494 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Mallet finger occurs due to trauma to extensor digitorum tendon * Due to trauma of the finger in extended position, which causes sudden forced flexion ** Often occurs when trying to catch a ball, so it’s also called baseball finger * Often occurs in fingers 3, 4 and 5 * Can cause fracture or subluxation * Treatment ** Conservative *** Extension splinting of DIP joint ** Surgical *** In severe cases <section end="orthopaedics" /> Cate...") Tag: Visual edit
12:31, 27 August 2024 ‎Bunion (hist | edit) ‎[447 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bunion is an exostosis on the side of the foot * Most commonly on the medial side, in connection with hallux valgus * Treatment: bunionectomy (removal of the exostosis) <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:31, 27 August 2024 ‎Hammer toe (hist | edit) ‎[337 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Toe deformity with PIP flexion + DIP extension + neutral MTP * Most commonly affects 2nd and the other lesser toes * Etiology ** Poorly fitting shoes ** Polyneuropathy ** Rheumatoid arthritis ** Trauma * Treatment: remove head of proximal phalanx <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:28, 27 August 2024 ‎Hallux valgus (hist | edit) ‎[1,613 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Genetics ** Shoe wear ** Anatomical variations * Pathology ** Valgus deformity of big toe ** Flexor tendons are dislocated laterally ** Extensor tendon slips down * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Hallux valgus angle (HVA) > 15 degrees *** Angle between the long axis of the first metatarsal and the long axis of the first phalanx ** Intermetatarsal angle (IMA) > 9 degrees *** Angle between first and second metatarsal ** Distal metatarsa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:26, 27 August 2024 ‎Flat foot (hist | edit) ‎[2,086 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Flat foot = pes planus = pes planovalgus * Flat foot occurs due to flattening of one or more of the arches of the foot ** Due to muscle insufficiency or failing capsules and ligaments * Flat foot can occur in children and in adults * The arches of the feet develop a while after birth – flatfoot in newborns is normal * Etiology ** Increased bodyweight ** Being forced to stand early as a baby (too early walking age) ** Standing all day a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:23, 27 August 2024 ‎10 – Complications of joint replacement and revision arthroplasty (hist | edit) ‎[125 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 57. Complications of joint replacements == {{#lst:Joint replacement|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:22, 27 August 2024 ‎Joint replacement (hist | edit) ‎[1,556 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "For more details, see total hip replacement, the prototypical joint replacement. <section begin="orthopaedics" /> * Complications of joint replacements are relatively rare ** THR has an expected survival of more than 15 years ** Complications rate is < 3% ** Satisfaction rate > 90% * Intraoperative complications ** Fracture ** Nerve damage ** Vessel damage ** Bleeding ** Complications related to anaesthesia * Early postoperative complications ** Infection *** Patient...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:19, 27 August 2024 ‎9 – Joint arthroplasty + hip osteoarthritis + bone substitution (hist | edit) ‎[455 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 16. Hip osteoarthritis, clinical features, conservative management of == {{#lst:Hip osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == 35. Surgical options for degenerative joint diseases == See topics on hip osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis == 58. Joint prothesis types and fixation methods == {{#lst:Total hip replacement|orthopaedics}} == 61. Bone substitution, bone transplantation == {{#lst:Bone grafting|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:16, 27 August 2024 ‎Bone grafting (hist | edit) ‎[2,538 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone grafting/substitution/transplantation = replacing bone with something (called a bone graft) * As the native bone grows it will generally replace the graft material with normal bone * Needed in ** Alignment correction *** A wedge of bone graft may be inserted into a gap made by an osteotomy to correct alignment ** Tumour surgery *** Significant amounts of bone are removed and should be replaced *** Tumour in diaphysis -> part of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:04, 27 August 2024 ‎Total hip replacement (hist | edit) ‎[2,426 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Joint prosthesis ** They are used to replace damaged joints * Total hip replacement (THR) ** Surgical technique *** The acetabulum is opened and ''reamed'' (hollowed out) **** This removes any residual cartilage and leaves only the bony surface *** The neck of the femur is cut with a saw *** The medullary cavity is reamed to make space for the femoral stem *** If bone cement is used, bone cement is applied to the medullary cavity of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:02, 27 August 2024 ‎Knee osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[1,268 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the knee * Clinical features ** Same as for hip osteoarthritis ** Morning stiffness ** Pain ** Limping ** Restricted range of motion (Flexion contracture) ** Crepitation ** Alignment deformities (Varus, valgus) * Diagnosis ** Same as for hip OA ** X-ray ** Joint space narrowing ** Subchondral sclerosis ** Osteophytes ** Subchondral cysts * Treatment ** Conservative *** Weight loss *** Regular moderate exercise *** O...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:55, 27 August 2024 ‎Hip osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[1,698 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the hip * Clinical features ** Morning stiffness ** Inguinal pain or pain above greater trochanter *** Can refer to the thigh and knee ** Contractures (reduced ROM) *** First movement affected: internal rotation ** Limp ** Muscle atrophy around hip and thigh ** Limb length difference * Diagnosis ** By conventional x-ray ** AP view and Lauenstein (frog-leg) view x-ray *** Narrow joint line *** Subchondral sclerosis *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:53, 27 August 2024 ‎8 – Prearthritic conditions, osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[173 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Osteoarthritis == {{#lst:Osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == Prearthritis conditions == {{#lst:Prearthritic conditions|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:52, 27 August 2024 ‎Prearthritic conditions (hist | edit) ‎[1,359 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Prearthritis conditions are mechanical problems which leads to earlier osteoarthritis than normal ** Any abnormal alignment, function, usage of joint * Prearthritic conditions of all joints ** Abnormal joint alignment – causes abnormal weight loading on the joints *** Varus deformity *** Valgus deformity ** Excessive weight loading – obesity, joint overuse ** Trauma involving intraarticular fractures ** Inflammatory prearthritic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:38, 27 August 2024 ‎7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity (hist | edit) ‎[2,028 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics == * From an orthopaedic point of view the upper extremity starts from the neck and the heart ** This is because upper extremity symptoms may come from the neck (nerves) or heart (vessels) ** Nerve roots of the brachial plexus innervates the dermatomes of the upper extremity * Upper extremity consists of three joints – shoulder, elbow, and hand ** Only full function of all three joints allow normal movement of upper extremity * Pain can radiate up or down th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:35, 27 August 2024 ‎Osteoarthritis of the fingers (hist | edit) ‎[180 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* May occur in physical workers * Treatment: ** Conservative ** Surgical: joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:34, 27 August 2024 ‎Dupuytren contracture (hist | edit) ‎[518 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Idiopathic * Pathology ** Hypertrophy/metaplasia of palmar aponeurosis -> shrinkage of palmar aponeurosis -> the affected finger gets pulled -> flexion contracture * Clinical features ** Painless *** The patient does not complain of pain but rather of the deformity ** Most commonly affects the 4th finger, but can affect any finger ** Flexion contracture of MCP and PIP joint * Treatment ** Surgical removal of the aponeurosis <section end=...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:32, 27 August 2024 ‎Wrist osteoarthritis (hist | edit) ‎[790 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Usually affects people in working age, unlike other OA * Etiology ** Vibration work *** Miners, roadworkers, etc. ** Fracture of distal radius ** Scaphoid fracture *** In that case: fix the scaphoid fracture with a screw * Clinical symptoms ** Pain ** Restricted ROM * Treatment ** Wrist arthrodesis with plate and screws *** Unlike arthrodesis for knee and hip joint (which is never performed anymore), wrist arthrodesis is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:31, 27 August 2024 ‎Rotator cuff tear (hist | edit) ‎[667 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = tear in the tendon of one or more muscles of the rotator cuff ** Most commonly affects supraspinatus tendon * Rotator cuff ** = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis ** These muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus ** Function is to stabilize the shoulder and allow for normal shoulder motion * Clinical features ** Painful/weak/impossible elevation of shoulder * Imaging ** US or MRI * Differential di...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:29, 27 August 2024 ‎Thoracic outlet syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[1,740 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Symptoms occurring due to compression of structures like ** Brachial plexus (95% of cases) ** Subclavian vein (4% of cases) ** Subclavian artery (1% of cases) * Caused by narrowing of the anatomical opening called “thoracic inlet”, “thoracic outlet” or “superior thoracic aperture”, which is a hole surrounded by ** Clavicula ** The first rib ** Scalenus anterior ** Scalenus medius * If the thoracic outlet becomes narrower some...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:24, 27 August 2024 ‎Frozen shoulder (hist | edit) ‎[1,377 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Frozen shoulder = adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (= periarthritis of the shoulder) ** = inflammation of the joint capsule which shrinks it and makes movement painful ** Can be idiopathic (primary) or secondary to diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. ** Pathomechanism *** Inflammation of the joint capsule makes movement of the shoulder painful *** Pain causes the shoulder to be less frequently used *** Lack of use and inflammation causes...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:22, 27 August 2024 ‎Recurrent shoulder dislocation (hist | edit) ‎[1,000 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chronic/recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, also called chronic shoulder instability * Etiology ** Untreated or poorly treated previous trauma *** Most common cause *** After one traumatic dislocation the joint capsule is torn, which predisposes to recurrent dislocation *** After a dislocated shoulder has been reduced, further dislocations must be prevented by immobilizing the shoulder *** Immobilizing allows the joint capsule to heal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 27 August 2024 ‎Medial epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[486 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Golf elbow = medial humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of flexor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The flexors originate from the medial epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Golfing *** Excessive computer use ** Clinical features *** Pain over medial epicondyle and the flexors ** Treatment *** Same as for tennis elbow <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Ort...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 27 August 2024 ‎Lateral epicondylitis (hist | edit) ‎[843 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tennis elbow = lateral humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of extensor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The extensors originate from the lateral epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Excessive computer use *** Racquet sports ** Clinical features *** Pain over lateral epicondyle and the extensors ** Treatment *** Conservative **** The primary treatment is conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:16, 27 August 2024 ‎6 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis) (hist | edit) ‎[368 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''13. Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis'' {{#lst:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis|orthopaedics}} ''26. Perthes’s Disease'' {{#lst:Legg-Calve-Perthes disease|orthopaedics}} ''54. Transitory coxitis, coxa saltans'' {{#lst:Transitory synovitis of the hip|orthopaedics}} {{#lst:Snapping hip syndrome|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:13, 27 August 2024 ‎Snapping hip syndrome (hist | edit) ‎[802 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Snapping hip syndrome = coxa saltans * A condition characterised by a snapping sensation felt in the hip * May or may not be audible, may or may not cause pain * Three types ** External snapping hip *** Caused by iliotibial tract sliding over greater trochanter *** Often visible ** Internal snapping hip *** Caused by iliopsoas tendon sliding over femoral head or other structures *** Often not visible, but is audible ** Intra-articular sn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:12, 27 August 2024 ‎Transitory synovitis of the hip (hist | edit) ‎[1,151 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Transitory coxitis = transitory synovitis of the hip = irritable hip ** Epidemiology *** Most common cause of acute hip pain in children 3 – 8 years *** Boys > girls ** Etiology *** Occurs without precipitating cause in most cases *** May follow upper respiratory tract infections or trauma ** Pathology *** Synovitis of the hip ** Clinical features *** Almost always unilateral *** After upper respiratory tract infections **** This may g...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:10, 27 August 2024 ‎Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (hist | edit) ‎[1,494 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Legg-Calve-Perthes disease = Perthes disease = idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head * Epidemiology ** 3 – 16 years ** Boys > girls * Etiology: Idiopathic by definition * Pathomechanism ** The femoral epiphysis grows quickly and is therefore highly dependent on adequate blood supply ** Inadequate blood supply can be due to compression of the arteries (for example from transient coxitis) * Clinical features ** Usually unilat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:09, 27 August 2024 ‎Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (hist | edit) ‎[1,087 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis * Epidemiology ** Most common hip disorder in adolescents ** Males > females ** 6 – 16 years * Etiology ** Unknown cause ** GH and sex hormone imbalance may be involved ** Obesity and family history are risk factors * Pathology ** The femoral head (epiphysis) slips off the neck (metaphysis) in the line of the growth plate ** Can be acute or chronic * Clinical features ** Often bilateral ** Acu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:07, 27 August 2024 ‎5 – Cerebral palsy (hist | edit) ‎[111 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''17. Infantile cerebral palsy'' {{#lst:Chemotherapy|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:06, 27 August 2024 ‎Cerebral palsy (hist | edit) ‎[758 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Risk factors ** Preterm birth ** TORCH ** Brain damage ** Alcohol * Types of CP ** Spastic CP *** Most common *** Spastic paralysis occurs ** Ataxic CP ** Athetoid CP * Clinical features ** Hyperlordosis ** Knee joint *** Flexion contracture ** Hip joint *** Hip dislocation *** Flexion contracture *** Adduction contracture ** Equinovarus and planovalgus deformity of feet ** Scissor gait (legs cross while walking) * Treatment ** Conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:03, 27 August 2024 ‎4 – Spine deformities (hist | edit) ‎[8,805 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Curvatures ** Lordosis – concave (inward) ** Kyphosis – convex (outward) ** Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) *** Lateral curvature in the coronal plane *** Lordotic deviation in the sagittal plane *** Vertebral rotation in the horizontal plane ** Normal: *** Cervical lordosis *** Thoracic kyphosis *** Lumbar lordosis == Basics of scoliosis == * Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) ** Lateral...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 27 August 2024 ‎3 – Congenital foot deformities (hist | edit) ‎[5,361 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Basics of foot == * DDH is the most common congenital problem of the musculoskeletal system * Congenital foot deformities are the second * Foot = everything distal to tibiotalar joint * Arches of the foot ** Soft tissues like muscles, tendons and ligaments are important in maintaining the arches of the foot ** The three arches form a triangle under the foot ** Transverse arch ** Lateral longitudinal arch ** Medial longitudinal arch * Characteristics of healthy foot *...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 27 August 2024 ‎2 – Congenital dislocation of the hip (hist | edit) ‎[4,191 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ==== 7. DDH (developmental dysplasia of the hip), etiology and pathology of ==== * DDH is the most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity ** Affects approx. 2 out of 100 000 newborns in Europe * Left hip is slightly more often affected than the right ** Bilateral DDH is rare * Etiology ** Girls > boys ** Breech position during delivery *** Causes abnormal flexion of the hip ** Firstborn children > later-born children ** Family history ** Oligohydramnios * Patholog...") Tag: Visual edit
10:59, 27 August 2024 ‎1 – Introduction, gait cycle, symptoms in orthopaedic disorders (hist | edit) ‎[6,061 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== 11. Gait and limping == * Gait ** Has two phases ** Stance phase – lasts from the moment the heel touches the ground until the foot lifts off the ground *** Heel strike *** Rolling *** Lift-off ** Swing phase – lasts from the moment of lift-off until the heel touches the ground *** Acceleration *** Swing-through *** Deceleration ** What to assess in a patient’s gait *** The character *** The step length *** The width *** Whether there is limping *** Whether the...") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 22 August 2024 ‎Acute decompensated heart failure (hist | edit) ‎[8,798 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Acute decompensated heart failure''' (ADHF), also called '''acute-on-chronic heart failure''', '''heart failure exacerbation''' or simply '''acute heart failure''', refers to the heart failure which develops or worsens acutely. They may occur in a patient with chronic heart failure who has decompensated for any reason, or it may occur de novo (without preexisting chronic heart failure, rare). It's a severe condition, usually requiring hospitalisation. Many conditi...") Tag: Visual edit
11:43, 20 August 2024 ‎24. Urologic and male genital cancers (hist | edit) ‎[247 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Prostate cancer = {{#lst:Prostate cancer|oncology}} = Bladder cancer = {{#lst:Bladder cancer|oncology}} = Renal cancer = {{#lst:Renal cancer|oncology}} = Testicular cancer = {{#lst:Testicular cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")
09:41, 20 August 2024 ‎Testicular cancer (hist | edit) ‎[12,570 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Testicular cancer''' is most frequent in young males. It is the most common tumor in men in the 15 – 35 age group. There are three age peaks where testicular cancer is most common: * 15 – 35 years (the most common age group) * 0 – 10 years * > 60 years 96% of all testicular tumors are malignant. Most present with metastases already present, but despite this the prognosis is excellent. Even advanced and metastatic testicular cancers are often curable. Most (95%)...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:59, 19 August 2024 ‎Prostate cancer (hist | edit) ‎[11,905 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="pathology" /><section begin="oncology" />'''Prostate cancer''' is the most common form of cancer in men, accounting for around 25% of cases. However, it causes only 9% of all cancer deaths, which shows that it has a low mortality. This is owed mostly to regular screening of PSA levels and digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer is mostly a disease of elderly. About 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point of their lives, but aut...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
19:43, 18 August 2024 ‎23. Gynaecologic tumors (hist | edit) ‎[200 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Overian cancer = {{#lst:Ovarian cancer|oncology}} = Cervical cancer = {{#lst:Cervical cancer|oncology}} = Endometrial cancer= {{#lst:Endometrial cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")