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12:28, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hallux valgus (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Genetics ** Shoe wear ** Anatomical variations * Pathology ** Valgus deformity of big toe ** Flexor tendons are dislocated laterally ** Extensor tendon slips down * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Hallux valgus angle (HVA) > 15 degrees *** Angle between the long axis of the first metatarsal and the long axis of the first phalanx ** Intermetatarsal angle (IMA) > 9 degrees *** Angle between first and second metatarsal ** Distal metatarsa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:26, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Paediatrics (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
12:26, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Flat foot (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Flat foot = pes planus = pes planovalgus * Flat foot occurs due to flattening of one or more of the arches of the foot ** Due to muscle insufficiency or failing capsules and ligaments * Flat foot can occur in children and in adults * The arches of the feet develop a while after birth – flatfoot in newborns is normal * Etiology ** Increased bodyweight ** Being forced to stand early as a baby (too early walking age) ** Standing all day a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:23, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10 – Complications of joint replacement and revision arthroplasty (Created page with "== 57. Complications of joint replacements == {{#lst:Joint replacement|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:22, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Joint replacement (Created page with "For more details, see total hip replacement, the prototypical joint replacement. <section begin="orthopaedics" /> * Complications of joint replacements are relatively rare ** THR has an expected survival of more than 15 years ** Complications rate is < 3% ** Satisfaction rate > 90% * Intraoperative complications ** Fracture ** Nerve damage ** Vessel damage ** Bleeding ** Complications related to anaesthesia * Early postoperative complications ** Infection *** Patient...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:19, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9 – Joint arthroplasty + hip osteoarthritis + bone substitution (Created page with "== 16. Hip osteoarthritis, clinical features, conservative management of == {{#lst:Hip osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == 35. Surgical options for degenerative joint diseases == See topics on hip osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis == 58. Joint prothesis types and fixation methods == {{#lst:Total hip replacement|orthopaedics}} == 61. Bone substitution, bone transplantation == {{#lst:Bone grafting|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:16, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bone grafting (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone grafting/substitution/transplantation = replacing bone with something (called a bone graft) * As the native bone grows it will generally replace the graft material with normal bone * Needed in ** Alignment correction *** A wedge of bone graft may be inserted into a gap made by an osteotomy to correct alignment ** Tumour surgery *** Significant amounts of bone are removed and should be replaced *** Tumour in diaphysis -> part of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:04, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Orthopaedics (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
12:04, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Total hip replacement (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Joint prosthesis ** They are used to replace damaged joints * Total hip replacement (THR) ** Surgical technique *** The acetabulum is opened and ''reamed'' (hollowed out) **** This removes any residual cartilage and leaves only the bony surface *** The neck of the femur is cut with a saw *** The medullary cavity is reamed to make space for the femoral stem *** If bone cement is used, bone cement is applied to the medullary cavity of the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:02, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Knee osteoarthritis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the knee * Clinical features ** Same as for hip osteoarthritis ** Morning stiffness ** Pain ** Limping ** Restricted range of motion (Flexion contracture) ** Crepitation ** Alignment deformities (Varus, valgus) * Diagnosis ** Same as for hip OA ** X-ray ** Joint space narrowing ** Subchondral sclerosis ** Osteophytes ** Subchondral cysts * Treatment ** Conservative *** Weight loss *** Regular moderate exercise *** O...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:55, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hip osteoarthritis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoarthritis of the hip * Clinical features ** Morning stiffness ** Inguinal pain or pain above greater trochanter *** Can refer to the thigh and knee ** Contractures (reduced ROM) *** First movement affected: internal rotation ** Limp ** Muscle atrophy around hip and thigh ** Limb length difference * Diagnosis ** By conventional x-ray ** AP view and Lauenstein (frog-leg) view x-ray *** Narrow joint line *** Subchondral sclerosis *...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:53, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8 – Prearthritic conditions, osteoarthritis (Created page with "== Osteoarthritis == {{#lst:Osteoarthritis|orthopaedics}} == Prearthritis conditions == {{#lst:Prearthritic conditions|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:52, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Prearthritic conditions (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Prearthritis conditions are mechanical problems which leads to earlier osteoarthritis than normal ** Any abnormal alignment, function, usage of joint * Prearthritic conditions of all joints ** Abnormal joint alignment – causes abnormal weight loading on the joints *** Varus deformity *** Valgus deformity ** Excessive weight loading – obesity, joint overuse ** Trauma involving intraarticular fractures ** Inflammatory prearthritic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:38, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7 – Shoulder disorders + upper extremity (Created page with "== Basics == * From an orthopaedic point of view the upper extremity starts from the neck and the heart ** This is because upper extremity symptoms may come from the neck (nerves) or heart (vessels) ** Nerve roots of the brachial plexus innervates the dermatomes of the upper extremity * Upper extremity consists of three joints – shoulder, elbow, and hand ** Only full function of all three joints allow normal movement of upper extremity * Pain can radiate up or down th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:35, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteoarthritis of the fingers (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* May occur in physical workers * Treatment: ** Conservative ** Surgical: joint replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:34, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Dupuytren contracture (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Idiopathic * Pathology ** Hypertrophy/metaplasia of palmar aponeurosis -> shrinkage of palmar aponeurosis -> the affected finger gets pulled -> flexion contracture * Clinical features ** Painless *** The patient does not complain of pain but rather of the deformity ** Most commonly affects the 4th finger, but can affect any finger ** Flexion contracture of MCP and PIP joint * Treatment ** Surgical removal of the aponeurosis <section end=...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:32, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wrist osteoarthritis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Usually affects people in working age, unlike other OA * Etiology ** Vibration work *** Miners, roadworkers, etc. ** Fracture of distal radius ** Scaphoid fracture *** In that case: fix the scaphoid fracture with a screw * Clinical symptoms ** Pain ** Restricted ROM * Treatment ** Wrist arthrodesis with plate and screws *** Unlike arthrodesis for knee and hip joint (which is never performed anymore), wrist arthrodesis is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:31, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rotator cuff tear (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = tear in the tendon of one or more muscles of the rotator cuff ** Most commonly affects supraspinatus tendon * Rotator cuff ** = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis ** These muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus ** Function is to stabilize the shoulder and allow for normal shoulder motion * Clinical features ** Painful/weak/impossible elevation of shoulder * Imaging ** US or MRI * Differential di...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:29, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thoracic outlet syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Symptoms occurring due to compression of structures like ** Brachial plexus (95% of cases) ** Subclavian vein (4% of cases) ** Subclavian artery (1% of cases) * Caused by narrowing of the anatomical opening called “thoracic inlet”, “thoracic outlet” or “superior thoracic aperture”, which is a hole surrounded by ** Clavicula ** The first rib ** Scalenus anterior ** Scalenus medius * If the thoracic outlet becomes narrower some...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:24, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Frozen shoulder (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Frozen shoulder = adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (= periarthritis of the shoulder) ** = inflammation of the joint capsule which shrinks it and makes movement painful ** Can be idiopathic (primary) or secondary to diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. ** Pathomechanism *** Inflammation of the joint capsule makes movement of the shoulder painful *** Pain causes the shoulder to be less frequently used *** Lack of use and inflammation causes...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:22, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Recurrent shoulder dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Chronic/recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, also called chronic shoulder instability * Etiology ** Untreated or poorly treated previous trauma *** Most common cause *** After one traumatic dislocation the joint capsule is torn, which predisposes to recurrent dislocation *** After a dislocated shoulder has been reduced, further dislocations must be prevented by immobilizing the shoulder *** Immobilizing allows the joint capsule to heal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Medial epicondylitis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Golf elbow = medial humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of flexor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The flexors originate from the medial epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Golfing *** Excessive computer use ** Clinical features *** Pain over medial epicondyle and the flexors ** Treatment *** Same as for tennis elbow <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Ort...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lateral epicondylitis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tennis elbow = lateral humerus epicondylitis ** Overuse of extensor muscles causes chronic periostitis *** The extensors originate from the lateral epicondyle ** Very common cause of elbow pain ** Etiology *** Many small repeating movements without rest *** Excessive computer use *** Racquet sports ** Clinical features *** Pain over lateral epicondyle and the extensors ** Treatment *** Conservative **** The primary treatment is conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:16, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6 – Paediatric hip diseases (Perthes, epiphyseolysis) (Created page with "''13. Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis'' {{#lst:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis|orthopaedics}} ''26. Perthes’s Disease'' {{#lst:Legg-Calve-Perthes disease|orthopaedics}} ''54. Transitory coxitis, coxa saltans'' {{#lst:Transitory synovitis of the hip|orthopaedics}} {{#lst:Snapping hip syndrome|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:13, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Snapping hip syndrome (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Snapping hip syndrome = coxa saltans * A condition characterised by a snapping sensation felt in the hip * May or may not be audible, may or may not cause pain * Three types ** External snapping hip *** Caused by iliotibial tract sliding over greater trochanter *** Often visible ** Internal snapping hip *** Caused by iliopsoas tendon sliding over femoral head or other structures *** Often not visible, but is audible ** Intra-articular sn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:12, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transitory synovitis of the hip (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Transitory coxitis = transitory synovitis of the hip = irritable hip ** Epidemiology *** Most common cause of acute hip pain in children 3 – 8 years *** Boys > girls ** Etiology *** Occurs without precipitating cause in most cases *** May follow upper respiratory tract infections or trauma ** Pathology *** Synovitis of the hip ** Clinical features *** Almost always unilateral *** After upper respiratory tract infections **** This may g...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:10, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Legg-Calve-Perthes disease = Perthes disease = idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head * Epidemiology ** 3 – 16 years ** Boys > girls * Etiology: Idiopathic by definition * Pathomechanism ** The femoral epiphysis grows quickly and is therefore highly dependent on adequate blood supply ** Inadequate blood supply can be due to compression of the arteries (for example from transient coxitis) * Clinical features ** Usually unilat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:09, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* = Juvenile slipped upper femoral epiphysis * Epidemiology ** Most common hip disorder in adolescents ** Males > females ** 6 – 16 years * Etiology ** Unknown cause ** GH and sex hormone imbalance may be involved ** Obesity and family history are risk factors * Pathology ** The femoral head (epiphysis) slips off the neck (metaphysis) in the line of the growth plate ** Can be acute or chronic * Clinical features ** Often bilateral ** Acu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:07, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5 – Cerebral palsy (Created page with "''17. Infantile cerebral palsy'' {{#lst:Chemotherapy|orthopaedics}} Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:06, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cerebral palsy (Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Risk factors ** Preterm birth ** TORCH ** Brain damage ** Alcohol * Types of CP ** Spastic CP *** Most common *** Spastic paralysis occurs ** Ataxic CP ** Athetoid CP * Clinical features ** Hyperlordosis ** Knee joint *** Flexion contracture ** Hip joint *** Hip dislocation *** Flexion contracture *** Adduction contracture ** Equinovarus and planovalgus deformity of feet ** Scissor gait (legs cross while walking) * Treatment ** Conservat...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:03, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4 – Spine deformities (Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Curvatures ** Lordosis – concave (inward) ** Kyphosis – convex (outward) ** Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) *** Lateral curvature in the coronal plane *** Lordotic deviation in the sagittal plane *** Vertebral rotation in the horizontal plane ** Normal: *** Cervical lordosis *** Thoracic kyphosis *** Lumbar lordosis == Basics of scoliosis == * Scoliosis – deformity in all 3 planes (not just sideways) ** Lateral...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3 – Congenital foot deformities (Created page with "== Basics of foot == * DDH is the most common congenital problem of the musculoskeletal system * Congenital foot deformities are the second * Foot = everything distal to tibiotalar joint * Arches of the foot ** Soft tissues like muscles, tendons and ligaments are important in maintaining the arches of the foot ** The three arches form a triangle under the foot ** Transverse arch ** Lateral longitudinal arch ** Medial longitudinal arch * Characteristics of healthy foot *...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2 – Congenital dislocation of the hip (Created page with " ==== 7. DDH (developmental dysplasia of the hip), etiology and pathology of ==== * DDH is the most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity ** Affects approx. 2 out of 100 000 newborns in Europe * Left hip is slightly more often affected than the right ** Bilateral DDH is rare * Etiology ** Girls > boys ** Breech position during delivery *** Causes abnormal flexion of the hip ** Firstborn children > later-born children ** Family history ** Oligohydramnios * Patholog...") Tag: Visual edit
10:59, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1 – Introduction, gait cycle, symptoms in orthopaedic disorders (Created page with "== 11. Gait and limping == * Gait ** Has two phases ** Stance phase – lasts from the moment the heel touches the ground until the foot lifts off the ground *** Heel strike *** Rolling *** Lift-off ** Swing phase – lasts from the moment of lift-off until the heel touches the ground *** Acceleration *** Swing-through *** Deceleration ** What to assess in a patient’s gait *** The character *** The step length *** The width *** Whether there is limping *** Whether the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:53, 27 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Orthopaedics (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute decompensated heart failure (Created page with "'''Acute decompensated heart failure''' (ADHF), also called '''acute-on-chronic heart failure''', '''heart failure exacerbation''' or simply '''acute heart failure''', refers to the heart failure which develops or worsens acutely. They may occur in a patient with chronic heart failure who has decompensated for any reason, or it may occur de novo (without preexisting chronic heart failure, rare). It's a severe condition, usually requiring hospitalisation. Many conditi...") Tag: Visual edit
13:56, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiogenic shock (Redirected page to Acute decompensated heart failure) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:09, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Troponin (Redirected page to Acute coronary syndrome#Troponins) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:58, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary hypertension (Redirected page to Hypertension) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:57, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Primary hypertension (content was: " Category:Cardiology", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
09:23, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (Redirected page to Heart failure) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:22, 22 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page STEMI (Redirected page to ST-elevation myocardial infarction) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:43, 20 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Urologic and male genital cancers (Created page with "= Prostate cancer = {{#lst:Prostate cancer|oncology}} = Bladder cancer = {{#lst:Bladder cancer|oncology}} = Renal cancer = {{#lst:Renal cancer|oncology}} = Testicular cancer = {{#lst:Testicular cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")
09:41, 20 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Testicular cancer (Created page with "'''Testicular cancer''' is most frequent in young males. It is the most common tumor in men in the 15 – 35 age group. There are three age peaks where testicular cancer is most common: * 15 – 35 years (the most common age group) * 0 – 10 years * > 60 years 96% of all testicular tumors are malignant. Most present with metastases already present, but despite this the prognosis is excellent. Even advanced and metastatic testicular cancers are often curable. Most (95%)...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:59, 19 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Prostate cancer (Created page with "<section begin="pathology" /><section begin="oncology" />'''Prostate cancer''' is the most common form of cancer in men, accounting for around 25% of cases. However, it causes only 9% of all cancer deaths, which shows that it has a low mortality. This is owed mostly to regular screening of PSA levels and digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer is mostly a disease of elderly. About 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point of their lives, but aut...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
19:43, 18 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Gynaecologic tumors (Created page with "= Overian cancer = {{#lst:Ovarian cancer|oncology}} = Cervical cancer = {{#lst:Cervical cancer|oncology}} = Endometrial cancer= {{#lst:Endometrial cancer|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)")
19:41, 18 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Endometrial cancer (Created page with "<section begin="gynaecology1" />'''Endometrial cancer''' is the cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterine corpus. There are multiple histological types, but the most common is the endometroid carcinoma. It’s mostly a disease of postmenopausal women. It’s the most common form of gynaecological cancer (but not the most deadly, ovarian cancer is). It causes symptoms early, enabling diagnosis at a stage where there is a high likelihood of cure. The mortality i...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:32, 14 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cervical cancer (Created page with "<section begin="CIN" />'''Cervical cancer''' is the cancer of the uterine cervix. It's the 4th most common cancer in females, but the 6th most common cause of cancer death. It mostly affects women 35 - 50 years old. It progresses from '''cervical intraepithelial neoplasia''' (CIN), which is the precancerous lesion of cervical cancer. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the cause in virtually all cases. Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:58, 14 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ovarian cancer (Created page with "<section begin="oncology" />'''Ovarian cancer''' is the second most common gynaecological cancer (after endometrial), but the most common cause of gynaecological cancer death due to its poor prognosis. It has no early symptoms, it has potential to grow very large, and it has aggressive behaviour. There is no effective screening for it in the general population. The most common type is the epithelial type (90% of cases), which has the worst prognosis. It is mostly a disea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:30, 14 August 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Nervous system tumors (Created page with "{{#lst:Central nervous system tumour|oncology}} Category:Oncology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit