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| == Clinical aspects of neoplasia ==
| | = Clinical aspects of neoplasia = |
| Neoplasms, even benign ones, have clinical consequences, like: | | Neoplasms, even benign ones, have clinical consequences, like: |
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| ''Another name for TNF-α is cachexin.'' | | ''Another name for TNF-α is cachexin.'' |
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| == Paraneoplastic syndrome ==
| | = Paraneoplastic syndrome = |
| Any symptoms that are caused by a neoplasm but ''cannot'' be explained by the spread of the tumour, the local presence of the tumour or hormone production by the tumour (except for primary hormone-producing tumours) is called paraneoplastic syndrome. We have six common paraneoplastic syndromes:
| | {{#lst:Paraneoplastic syndrome|dermatology}} |
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| * Ectopic hormone production, where tumours produce hormones that are not characteristic for the tissue the tumour originates from. For example do many small-cell lung carcinomas produce ACTH, and some hepatocellular or pancreatic carcinomas produce serotonin and bradykinin, leading to carcinoid syndrome.
| | = Tumour markers = |
| * Hypercalcaemia. Normal tissues produce ''parathyroid hormone-related protein'' (PTHRP) in small amounts. Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung may produce large enough amounts to cause hypercalcaemia.
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| * Neuromyopathies'','' like peripheral neuropathy, cortical cerebellar degeneration, polymyopathy or myasthenic (muscle weakness) syndrome may develop. The pathomechanism is poorly understood, but may involve immune reaction with molecular mimicry.
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| * Acanthosis nigricans is normally a genetic disorder characterized by grey-black patches on the skin. In older patients can it appear as a paraneoplastic symptom, often earlier than the disease itself.
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| * Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a condition where there is new bone formation on the distal ends of long tube-like bones like the phalanges. Arthritis and digital clubbing are also common. It occurs in non-small cell lung cancers.
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| * Vascular/haematological manifestations
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| ** Migratory thrombophlebitis is a condition where blood clots move around in the body and cause symptoms. It occurs in carcinomas of pancreas and lung.
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| ** DIC occurs in acute promyelocytic leukaemia and prostatic adenocarcinoma
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| ** <abbr>DVT</abbr>
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| ** Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis occurs in mucin-secreting adenocarcinomas
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| == Tumour markers ==
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| {{#lst:Tumour marker|pathology}} | | {{#lst:Tumour marker|pathology}} |
| [[Category:Pathology 1 - Theoretical exam topics]] | | [[Category:Pathology 1 - Theoretical exam topics]] |
