34. Demographic indicators: measures of birth and fertility
- Crude birth rate – annual number of live births per 1000 people
- 18 live births per 1000 people (2017)
- Fertility rate – annual number of live births per woman of childbearing age (15 – 49)
- Around 5 live births per woman in Africa
- Around 1,5 live births per woman in Europe
- Age-specific fertility rates – annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups
- 15 – 19
- 20 – 24
- etc.
- Natural balance = difference between births and deaths per 1000 people
- In some European countries the natural balance is negative = natural decrease
- -3,0 in Greece
- -4,0 in Hungary
- In most countries the natural balance is positive = natural increase
- 4,1 in Norway
- In some European countries the natural balance is negative = natural decrease
- Gross reproduction rate – annual number of daughters per 1000 women of childbearing age
- Net reproduction rate – annual number of daughters per 1000 newborn women
- The net reproduction rate is always lower than the gross reproduction rate, because some women die before entering their childbearing years