New pages

13:06, 12 October 2024 ‎A2. Syndromes with acute chest pain (aortic dissection, acute myocardial infarction, pneumothorax) (hist | edit) ‎[237 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Aortic dissection = {{#lst:Aortic dissection|A&IC}} = STEMI = {{#lst:STEMI|A&IC}} = NSTEMI = {{#lst:NSTEMI|A&IC}} = Pneumothorax = {{#lst:Pneumothorax|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
12:39, 12 October 2024 ‎A1. Definition and emergency treatment of shock (hist | edit) ‎[115 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Circulatory shock|anaesthesia and intensive care}} Category:Anaesthesia and intensive care (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:04, 11 October 2024 ‎C40. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Medical and surgical treatment (hist | edit) ‎[80 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Benign prostatic hyperplasia|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:03, 11 October 2024 ‎C45. Tumors of the penis, scrotum, and urethra. (hist | edit) ‎[187 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Penile cancer = {{#lst:Penile cancer|urology}} = Scrotal cancer = {{#lst:Scrotal cancer|urology}} = Urethral cancer = {{#lst:Urethral cancer|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
14:02, 11 October 2024 ‎Urethral cancer (hist | edit) ‎[577 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urethral cancer''' is rare. It's more common in females. 70% of cases are squamous cell carcinoma and the remaining are urothelial carcinoma. It usually presents as an obstruction of urine or haematuria. Diagnosis is by biopsy. * Treatment of proximal urethral cancer ** Radical cystourethrectomy + inguinal lymph node removal + urine deviation * Treatment of distal urethral cancer ** Women – surgical resection + radiation ** Me...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:00, 11 October 2024 ‎Scrotal cancer (hist | edit) ‎[362 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Scrotal cancer''' is a rare cancer. In most cases it's a squamous cell carcinoma. It's related to topical carcinogens: soot, tar, etc. and poor hygiene. It usually presents as a painless, slow growing mass or ulceration. Diagnosis is made by biopsy. The treatment is surgical excision. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:58, 11 October 2024 ‎Penile cancer (hist | edit) ‎[1,121 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Penile cancer''' (cancer of the penis) is relatively rare. It's more common in elderly and in developing countries. In almost all cases penile cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. == Etiology == * <abbr>HPV</abbr> * Poor hygiene * Phimosis * Chronic balanitis == Precancerous lesions == * Bowen disease * Erythroplasia of Queyrat == Clinical features == * Most commonly in the glans * Painless lump or ulcerative lesion on penis * Swoll...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:55, 11 October 2024 ‎C44. Complex treatment of testis tumors (hist | edit) ‎[79 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Testicular cancer|urology treatment}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:54, 11 October 2024 ‎C43. Tumors of the testis: Risk factors, classification, diagnosis, and staging (hist | edit) ‎[69 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Testicular cancer|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:47, 11 October 2024 ‎C42. Carcinoma of the prostate: Treatment modalities (hist | edit) ‎[77 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Prostate cancer|urology treatment}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:47, 11 October 2024 ‎C41. Carcinoma of the prostate gland: Incidence, diagnosis, grading, and staging (hist | edit) ‎[67 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Prostate cancer|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:41, 11 October 2024 ‎C39. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Clinical features and diagnosis (hist | edit) ‎[80 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Benign prostatic hyperplasia|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
09:58, 11 October 2024 ‎Benign prostatic hyperplasia (hist | edit) ‎[3,660 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Benign prostatic hyperplasia''' (BPH) is an idiopathic but common benign condition which affects older men. The prevalence increases with age and it affects 70% of males > 60 years. It is characterised by a slowly growing prostate which compresses the urethra and causes chronic lower urinary tract obstruction, causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It can be managed with medicines or surgical removal. == Etiology == * Multifactorial * Sensitization of...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 11 October 2024 ‎C38. Urothelial carcinoma: Treatment modalities (hist | edit) ‎[76 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Bladder cancer|urology treatment}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
09:49, 11 October 2024 ‎C37. Urothelial carcinoma: Location, clinical features, diagnosis, and staging (hist | edit) ‎[66 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Bladder cancer|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
16:41, 5 October 2024 ‎C36. Renal parenchymal neoplasms: Types, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment (hist | edit) ‎[283 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Renal cell carcinoma = {{#lst:Renal cell carcinoma|urology}} = Angiomyolipoma = {{#lst:Angiomyolipoma|urology}} = Oncocytoma = {{#lst:Oncocytoma|urology}} = Kidney cyst = {{#lst:Kidney cyst|urology}} = Wilms tumour = {{#lst:Wilms tumour|urology}}")
16:36, 5 October 2024 ‎Kidney cyst (hist | edit) ‎[1,143 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Kidney cysts''' are frequent incidental findings when CT or ultrasonography is performed. We distinguish simple cysts from complex cysts based on their radiological features according to the Bosniak classification. Most kidney cysts are simple. == Simple kidney cysts == Simple kidney cysts are benign thin-walled and fluid filled structures. There are no septa, calcifications, or solid components. These are Bosniak I cysts. More tha...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:26, 5 October 2024 ‎Oncocytoma (hist | edit) ‎[587 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Oncocytoma''' is the most important benign renal tumor. It originates from intercalated cells of the tubules. The name comes from the tumor cells are ''oncocytes'', cells with large eosinophilic cytoplasm due to high content of mitochondria. The tumor is brownish on macroscopy. It can be hard to distinguish from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, for which we must use cytogenetics. In most cases, oncocytoma is suspected to be RCC and is t...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:24, 5 October 2024 ‎Renal angiomyolipoma (hist | edit) ‎[632 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Renal angiomyolipoma''' is a benign hamartoma of the kidney. It’s comprised of blood vessels, smooth muscle and adipose tissue, as the name suggests. It’s more frequent in patients with tuberous sclerosis. * 4x more common in females * Associated with tuberous sclerosis * Mostly asymptomatic == Diagnosis == * Images show tumour with high fat content * US or CT == Treatment == * Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy * Indications...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:16, 5 October 2024 ‎B35. Male sexual dysfunction, male infertility (hist | edit) ‎[280 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Premature ejaculation = {{#lst:Premature ejaculation|urology}} = Delayed ejaculation = {{#lst:Delayed ejaculation|urology}} = Erectile dysfunction = {{#lst:Erectile dysfunction|urology}} = Male infertility = {{#lst:Infertility (male)|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
16:15, 5 October 2024 ‎Infertility (male) (hist | edit) ‎[1,767 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Male infertility''' refers to the inability to conceive despite 1 year of unprotected intercourse. == Etiology == * Idiopathic in 30% of cases * Diabetes mellitus * Hypertension * Obesity * Chronic STD * Alcohol * Anabolic steroids * Varicocele * Testicular trauma == Diagnosis == * Anamnesis * Hormone tests * Semen analysis == Semen analysis == * Used to evaluate male fertility and confirm sterility after vasectomy * Procedure ** No ej...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:12, 5 October 2024 ‎Delayed ejaculation (hist | edit) ‎[242 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Delayed ejaculation''' refers to later-than-wanted ejaculation during intercourse. It's usually caused by psychological stress and can be treated with psychotherapy. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:11, 5 October 2024 ‎Premature ejaculation (hist | edit) ‎[269 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Premature ejaculation''' refers to earlier-than-wanted ejaculation during intercourse. It's usually idiopathic and can be treated with psychotherapy, local anaesthetics, or SSRIs. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:09, 5 October 2024 ‎Erectile dysfunction (hist | edit) ‎[2,219 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Erectile dysfunction''' (ED) is the persistent inability to achieve and/or maintain a sufficient erection. It usually causes significant psychosexual morbidity, decreased self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, which might worsen the ED, causing an evil cycle. == Epidemiology == * Affects 50% of men aged 40 – 70 * Prevalence increases with age == Physiological erection == * Flaccid penis ** Sympathetic nervous system predominates ** Cav...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:02, 5 October 2024 ‎B34. Urinary incontinence and urodynamic studies (hist | edit) ‎[156 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Urinary incontinence = {{#lst:Urinary incontinence|urology}} = Urodynamic studies = {{#lst:Urodynamic studies|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
16:02, 5 October 2024 ‎Urodynamic studies (hist | edit) ‎[1,114 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urodynamic studies''' are tests which assess the function of the urinary tract. There are many different types, including uroflowmetry, pressure flow study, and leak point pressure. They're used to evaluate symptoms of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence. == Uroflowmetry == * Only non-invasive urodynamic study * Measures the volume of urine voided over time * Should be done with ~150 mL in the bladder to prevent f...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:55, 5 October 2024 ‎Urinary incontinence (hist | edit) ‎[4,079 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="obgyn" /><section begin="urology" />'''Urinary incontinence''' is the involuntary leakage of urine. There are multiple types: * Stress urinary incontinence * Urge urinary incontinence * Overflow incontinence – the bladder fills, causing urine to overflow out * Functional incontinence – due to mental or physical problems * Mixed incontinence – features of more than one of the above Stress and urge, as well as a mix of the two, account for 97% of ca...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:48, 5 October 2024 ‎B33. Non-tumorous diseases of the penis and urethra (hist | edit) ‎[314 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Paraphimosis = {{#lst:Paraphimosis|urology}} = Phimosis = {{#lst:Phimosis|urology}} = Priapism = {{#lst:Priapism|urology}} = Balanitis = {{#lst:Balanitis|urology}} = Peyronie disease = {{#lst:Peyronie disease|urology}} = Urethral stricture = {{#lst:Urethral stricture|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:47, 5 October 2024 ‎Urethral stricture (hist | edit) ‎[773 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urethral stricture''' is a fibrotic narrowing of urethra. == Etiology == * Trauma * Iatrogenic ** Catheterization ** Instrumentation ** Inappropriate removal of Foley catheter * Congenital * Idiopathic * Post-infectious == Clinical features == * Causes partial or complete lower urinary tract obstruction * Slow urinary stream * Incomplete bladder emptying * Dribbling == Diagnosis == * Uroflowmetry ** Shows a plateau * Retrograde and voi...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:46, 5 October 2024 ‎Peyronie disease (hist | edit) ‎[539 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Peyronie disease''' is characterised by idiopathic fibroproliferative disorder causing formation of fibrous plaque in the tunica albuginea, causing painful erection and abnormal curving of the erect penis. It affects middle-aged and older men. == Clinical features == * Painful erection * Abnormal curving of the erect penis * Indurations of the penis * Erectile dysfunction == Treatment == * Pentoxifylline * Intralesional injection of coll...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:45, 5 October 2024 ‎Phimosis (hist | edit) ‎[520 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Phimosis''' refers to when the foreskin cannot be completely retracted over the glans penis. This is physiological in early years, affects almost all newborn, but only 1% of seventh grade boys. In some, it does not spontaneously resolve. == Etiology == * Congenital * Complication of balanitis * Scarring after trauma == Treatment == * Topical glucocorticoids and stretching * Surgical incision of the constricting parts * Circumcision <...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:43, 5 October 2024 ‎Balanitis (hist | edit) ‎[700 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Balanitis''' refers to inflammation of the glans penis. Technically, the foreskin is usually inflamed as well, called '''balanoposthitis,''' but it's usually just called balanitis. == Etiology == * Poor genital hygiene * Phimosis * STD * Yeast infection * Drug reaction * Local irritants == Clinical features == * Pruritus * Pain * Oedema * Erythematous, ulcerated lesions == Diagnosis == * Clinical * Bacterial culture * KOH test for fung...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:42, 5 October 2024 ‎Priapism (hist | edit) ‎[667 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Priapism''' refers to an erection which lasts for more than 4 hours and which is not due to sexual excitation. It is not relieved by ejaculation. * Low-flow priapism ** Due to inadequate venous drainage *** Sildenafil, sickle cell disease, other drugs, thrombosis, etc. ** Treatment *** Cavernosal aspiration and irrigation *** Phenylephrine *** Surgery * High-flow priapism ** Not as urgent as low-flow, not painful ** Due to excessive...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:41, 5 October 2024 ‎Paraphimosis (hist | edit) ‎[455 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Paraphimosis''' refers to the situation where the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned to original position. This causes oedema of the glans, which worsens the problem, potentially leading to ischaemia and necrosis. It therefore requires urgent management. == Management == * Manual reduction after anaesthesia ** Local or regional anaesthesia * Surgery * Circumcision <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit
15:37, 5 October 2024 ‎B32. Non-malignant intrascrotal disorders: Differential diagnosis, and treatment (hist | edit) ‎[371 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Hydrocoele = {{#lst:Hydrocoele|urology}} = Varicoele = {{#lst:Varicocoele|urology}} = Spermatocoele = {{#lst:Spermatocoele|urology}} = Inguinal hernia = ''(Inguinal hernia does not belong to urology, but rather to general surgery. I think it’s important to differentiate hydrocele from it, though.)''{{#lst:Inguinal hernia|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
15:32, 5 October 2024 ‎Spermatocoele (hist | edit) ‎[210 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Spermatocele''' is a swelling located at the upper pole of the epididymis. It's asymptomatic, harmless. It rarely requires treatment. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:29, 5 October 2024 ‎Varicocoele (hist | edit) ‎[892 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Varicocoele''' is an enlarged and tortuous pampiniform plexus in scrotum due to obstruction of the spermatic vein. It's very common (15% of men). == Etiology == * Idiopathic * Secondary to diseases which obstruct spermatic vein ** Retroperitoneal mass ** Thrombosis == Clinical features == * Typically affects left side * Dull pain * “Bag of worms” appearance * Symptoms improve when lying down ** Only in primary cases == Diagnosis ==...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:28, 5 October 2024 ‎Hydrocoele (hist | edit) ‎[1,705 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Hydrocoele''' is an accumulation of fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis leading to a swelling of the scrotum. It can occur in any age but is most common in infants. == Etiology == * Idiopathic ** Maybe due to impaired reabsorption of fluid by the tunica vaginalis * Lymphatic filariasis * Trauma * Tumour * Torsion * Congenital == Communicating hydrocele == * = the hydrocele communicates with the peritoneal cavity * Due to...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:24, 5 October 2024 ‎B31. Foreign bodies in the urinary tract (hist | edit) ‎[87 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Foreign bodies in the urinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:23, 5 October 2024 ‎Foreign bodies in the urinary tract (hist | edit) ‎[762 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Most foreign bodies find their way into the urethra or bladder * Etiology ** Sexual curiosity ** Iatrogenic * Clinical features ** Obstruction ** Local pain ** UTI * Diagnosis ** Anamnesis ** KUB x-ray – if the object is radiopaque ** CT – if object is radiolucent * Treatment ** Endoscopic extraction through urethra *** First choice ** Extraction through suprapubic cystotomy *** Objects in posterior urethra can be relocated to the bladder...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:22, 5 October 2024 ‎B30. Injuries of the bladder, urethra, penis, and scrotum (hist | edit) ‎[84 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Lower genitourinary tract injury|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:21, 5 October 2024 ‎Lower genitourinary tract injury (hist | edit) ‎[2,089 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Bladder injury == * Etiology ** Pelvic fracture ** Iatrogenic * Diagnosis ** CT cystography * Types ** Intraperitoneal -> injury communicates with peritoneum *** Damage of bladder dome, which is intraperitoneal ** Extraperitoneal -> injury is confined to extraperitoneal space *** The rest of the bladder is extraperitoneal * Clinical features ** Gross haematuria ** Suprapubic pain ** Inability to urinate ** Intraperitoneal -> peritoneal irri...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:19, 5 October 2024 ‎B29. Injuries of the kidney and ureter: Etiology, evaluation, classification, and management (hist | edit) ‎[76 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Kidney and ureter trauma|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:18, 5 October 2024 ‎Kidney and ureter trauma (hist | edit) ‎[1,687 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /> == Kidney trauma == * Epidemiology ** Kidney injury occurs in 1 – 5% of all trauma ** Kidney injury is the most common genitourinary injury * Etiology ** Blunt trauma to abdomen ** Penetrating wounds of abdomen ** Motor vehicle accidents * Suspicious features ** Haematuria ** Pain ** Bruising ** Haematoma ** Fracture of lower ribs * Evaluation ** Contrast...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:13, 5 October 2024 ‎B28. Ptosis of the kidney: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments (hist | edit) ‎[64 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Nephroptosis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:13, 5 October 2024 ‎Nephroptosis (hist | edit) ‎[1,457 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Nephroptosis''' is a condition when the kidney which is not fixed to the retroperitoneum and therefore “floats”. The kidney will drop > 5 cm or > 2 vertebral columns when switching from supine to upright position. It's more common in thin females. In the upright position, the renal artery or pelvis may be compressed, causing renal ischaemia or upper urinary tract obstruction. == Clinical features == * Often asymptomatic * Feeling of he...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
15:02, 5 October 2024 ‎B27. Urinary obstruction and stasis: Differential diagnosis and management (hist | edit) ‎[77 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Urinary tract obstruction|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
15:02, 5 October 2024 ‎Urinary tract obstruction (hist | edit) ‎[3,410 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urinary tract obstruction''' (UTO) is when there is blockage of urine anywhere in the urinary tract. It may be acute or chronic, and it may be unilateral or bilateral. We can also distinguish upper UTO from lower based on whether it occurs at the level above or below the bladder, respectively. The obstruction may be complete (no urine can pass) or incomplete. UTO may cause (postrenal) acute kidney injury and, if left untreated, chronic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
16:44, 27 September 2024 ‎B26. Non-medical treatment of urolithiasis: Therapeutic modalities, indications, and contraindications (hist | edit) ‎[129 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology intro}} {{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology management 2}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
16:43, 27 September 2024 ‎B25. Management and medical treatment of patients with urinary stones (hist | edit) ‎[127 bytes] ‎Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology intro}} {{#lst:Kidney stone disease|urology management}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")