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2 September 2024

  • 19:3819:38, 2 September 2024 diff hist +637‎ N Congenital muscular torticollis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Congenital muscular torticollis, also called wry neck, is a deformity causing the neck of the newborn to be stiff and the head to be turned or tilted to one side due to fibrotic and/or hypertrophic sternocleidomastoid * 3rd most common congenital musculoskeletal disorder (after DDH and clubfoot) * Clinical features ** Tilted and rotated head ** Limited range of motion ** Prominent and tense sternocleidomastoid * Treatment ** Conservative..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:3519:35, 2 September 2024 diff hist +1,290‎ Osteomyelitis ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:1319:13, 2 September 2024 diff hist +28‎ N Baker cyst ‎ Redirected page to Popliteal cyst current Tags: New redirect Visual edit
  • 19:1219:12, 2 September 2024 diff hist +730‎ N Popliteal cyst ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Popliteal cyst, also called a Baker cyst, is a cyst in the popliteal fossa, between the semimembranosus and gastrocnemius ** The cyst consists of a gel-like material ** The cyst communicates with the synovium of the knee, so it’s not a true cyst * Etiology ** It forms on the basis of a chronic inflammation of the knee ** Osteoarthritis ** Meniscus injury ** Rheumatoid arthritis * Clinical features ** Often asymptomatic ** Pain ** Locki..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:1219:12, 2 September 2024 diff hist +790‎ N Knee effusion ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />A knee effusion is a fluid accumulation in the intra-articular space of the knee * May be serous, bloody, or purulent * Etiology ** Osteoarthritis ** Trauma ** Crystal arthritis (gout) ** Rheumatoid arthritis ** Septic arthritis (infection) ** Ligament injuries ** Meniscus injuries * Clinical features ** Swelling around and above patella ** Decreased ROM ** Patellar ballottement * Diagnosis ** Swift diagnosis of septic arthritis is importa..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:1019:10, 2 September 2024 diff hist +937‎ N Tenosynovitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Tenosynovitis = tendovaginitis = inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath * Females > males * Etiology ** Repetitive use of tendon ** Rheumatological diseases ** Bacterial infection * Tendons of the fingers and wrist are most commonly affected * Clinical features ** Pain on passive extension of affected tendon ** Finger slightly flexed at rest * Special types ** Stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger finger) *** Thickening of one of th..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:0819:08, 2 September 2024 diff hist +469‎ N Acetabular Protrusion ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Acetabular protrusion refers to when the acetabular socket is so deep that the femoral head may protrude into the pelvis * This is a prearthritic condition * Epidemiology ** In adolescents and in elderly ** Women > men * Clinical features ** Hip pain ** Limited ROM * Diagnosis: x-ray * Treatment ** Arthroscopic or open joint surgery ** Total hip replacement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:0619:06, 2 September 2024 diff hist +1,267‎ N Neonatal brachial plexus palsy ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Neonatal brachial plexus palsy, also called obstetrical brachial plexus injuries, refers to injuries to the brachial plexus acquired during delivery * During birth the brachial plexus or its roots may be damaged ** Especially if lateral traction (pulling) is applied to the foetus’ head (shoulder dystocia) ** The condition is uncommon * The result is paralysis * Three types exist ** Erb’s type – the upper arm is paralyzed *** This i..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 19:0019:00, 2 September 2024 diff hist +503‎ N Osteosarcoma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteogenic sarcoma = osteosarcoma * Epidemiology ** Children + teenagers ** Boys > girls ** Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumour * Clinical features ** Occurs in metaphysis of long bones *** Especially distal femur and proximal tibia ** Night pain ** B symptoms * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Codman triangle ** Sunburst appearance * Treatment ** Neoadjuvant chemo + limb-sparing surgery + adjuvant chemo <section end="orthopaedics"..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5918:59, 2 September 2024 diff hist +479‎ N Giant cell tumour of bone ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** 20 – 40 years * Clinical features ** Locally aggressive tumour (borderline between benign and malignant) ** Most commonly in distal femur or proximal tibia, close to the knee ** High recurrence rate ** Deep persistent pain ** Pathological fractures * Diagnosis ** X-ray: Multi-cystic osteolytic lesions * Treatment ** Curettage and filling of the tumour with bone cement <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedi..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5818:58, 2 September 2024 diff hist +39‎ N Osteoclastoma ‎ Redirected page to Giant cell tumour of bone current Tags: New redirect Visual edit
  • 18:5618:56, 2 September 2024 diff hist +518‎ N Ewing sarcoma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Epidemiology ** Children, adolescents ** Boys > girls * Clinical features ** Can occur in any bone *** Most often in diaphysis of long bones ** Highly malignant ** Night pain ** B symptoms * Diagnosis ** Resembles osteomyelitis on x-ray, MRI and histology ** Immunohistological staining or PCR helps to differentiate * Treatment ** Neoadjuvant polychemo + limb-sparing surgery + adjuvant polychemo ** Radiation may also be used <section end=..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5218:52, 2 September 2024 diff hist +680‎ N Bone cysts and cyst-like conditions ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Bone cysts and cyst-like conditions are not true tumours ** MRI is best for diagnosis ** Simple bone cyst *** = serous fluid-filled lesion *** Usually found in young people ** Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) *** Shows multiple fluid lines (niveau) on MRI or CT *** Because it contains multiple liquids of different density ** Non-ossifying fibroma *** Due to dysfunctional ossification *** Located in metaphysis of long bones of the lower extremi..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5218:52, 2 September 2024 diff hist +465‎ N Osteochondroma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteochondroma, previously called cartilaginous exostosis is an exostosis covered with cartilage ** Most commonly solitary *** Can be multiple in ''multiple hereditary osteochondromas'' ** 10 – 20 years ** Usually not painful, but causes bump ** Have a mushroom-look on x-ray ** Occurs on the metaphysis of long bones ** Typical places: *** Distal femur *** Proximal tibia <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5018:50, 2 September 2024 diff hist +331‎ N Osteoid osteoma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteoid osteoma is a small tumour in cortical bone * Contains a radiolucent nidus with a sclerotic margin * 10 – 30 years * Causes intense pain, especially at night ** Pain is responsive to NSAIDs * Treatment ** Surgical en-bloc resection <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 18:5018:50, 2 September 2024 diff hist +2,686‎ N Bone tumours ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Most common bone tumours according to age group ** Childhood *** Osteosarcoma *** Ewing sarcoma *** Benign cysts *** Fibrous dysplasia ** Young and middle age *** Chondrosarcoma *** Malignant fibrotic histiocytoma *** Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumour) ** Elderly *** Metastasis *** Myelomas * If it’s unclear whether the patient has a bone tumour or not – treat as is they have one! * When to think of bone tumours ** Night pain ** “Gr..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched

28 August 2024

27 August 2024

  • 14:0514:05, 27 August 2024 diff hist +194‎ 13 – Low back pain ‎No edit summary current
  • 14:0314:03, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,374‎ N 13 – Low back pain ‎ Created page with "== Basics of spine == * Intervertebral discs ** They lie between the vertebral bodies ** They consist of the outer annulus fibrosus and the inner nucleus pulposus ** The discs have no blood supply, they’re instead supplied by diffusion *** Moving of the spine causes changes in compression of the discs, which creates a “pumping” effect which facilitates diffusion of nutrients ** Annulus fibrosus *** = concentric collagen fibres *** Protects against distraction ** N..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 14:0014:00, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,716‎ N Spinal disc herniation ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Spinal disc herniation''', also called '''disc extrusion''', refers to when the nucleus pulposus extrudes out of the disc through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, which compresses spinal nerves or spinal cord. '''Spinal disc protrusion''', also called '''disc prolapse''', refers to a similar situation where the intervertebral disc protrudes onto spinal nerves or the spinal cord but the nucleus has not broken through the annulus. The pr..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:5913:59, 27 August 2024 diff hist −1,198‎ 13A. Ischias syndrome and cervicobrachialgia (symptoms, warning signs) ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:5813:58, 27 August 2024 diff hist +56‎ Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome ‎No edit summary current
  • 13:5813:58, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,450‎ N Cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Cauda equina syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the cauda equina, the nerve fibres of L3 – S5. '''Conus medullaris syndrome''' is a consequence of compression of the conus medullaris, the spinal cord segments T12 – L2. Both are neurological emergencies as they may cause permanent neurological injury if untreated. They are usually caused by spinal disc herniation. These syndromes are medical emergencies and so any pa..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:3813:38, 27 August 2024 diff hist +672‎ N Sciatica ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />'''Sciatica''', also called '''ischias syndrome''' or '''lumboischialgia''' (the latter usually in Hungarian literature), refers to a type of low back pain which is neurological in nature and radiates to the legs below the knees. It occurs due to compression of spinal roots, most frequently due to spinal disc herniation. Clinical features * Low back pain * Decreased lumbar lordosis * Antalgic gait * Paravertebral muscle spasm * Restr..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:3413:34, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,074‎ N Low back pain ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Low back pain is very common * LBP can generally take on one of two major forms ** Lumbago (mechanical low back pain) ** Sciatica (neurological low back pain) * LBP can occur in a healthy spine, often due to stretching or microscopic tears of muscles or ligaments * Lumbago ** = mechanical low back pain ** (Some sources, like this year’s lecture, reserve the term “lumbago” for idiopathic LBP) ** Can have many causes *** Mechani..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:3313:33, 27 August 2024 diff hist +300‎ N Spondylosis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Spondylosis is an age-related degenerative change in spinal vertebrae. It's most commonly due to spinal osteoarthritis. It may cause compression of the spinal cord, causing low back pain or sciatica. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:1313:13, 27 August 2024 diff hist +769‎ N Ankylosing spondylitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disorder of the back. It's also called Bektherev disease * Epidemiology ** Males > females ** 15 – 40 * Etiology ** HLA-B27 positivity ** Inflammatory bowel disease * Pathology ** Ankylosis = fusion of articular surfaces ** Spondylitis = inflammation of the vertebrae * Clinical features ** Back pain ** Neck pain ** Morning stiffness ** Limited spinal mobility ** Anterior uveitis * Diagnosis **..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:1213:12, 27 August 2024 diff hist +369‎ N Sacralisation and lumbarisation ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Sacralisation = fusion of L5 to S1 * Lumbarisation = non-fusion of S1 and S2, which causes the S1 to appear as a sixth lumbar vertebra * These are congenital abnormalities * Due to abnormal weight bearing -> problems with the rest of the spine * May cause lumbago in adult years <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:1113:11, 27 August 2024 diff hist +578‎ N Spondylolisthesis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolisthesis refers to anterior slipping of a vertebra compared to the one below it * Etiology ** Spondylolysis ** Fracture ** Congenital malformation ** Tumour * Clinical features ** Many cases are asymptomatic ** Low back pain ** Palpable “step off” at the area of slippage ** Pain may radiate * Severe (grave V) spondylolisthesis is called ''spondyloptosis'' ** The vertebra has slipped so far with respect to the vertebra below..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:1013:10, 27 August 2024 diff hist +30‎ Spondylolysis ‎No edit summary current Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:1013:10, 27 August 2024 diff hist +332‎ N Spondylolysis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Spondylolysis is a defect of the neural arch (pars interarticularis) of the vertebrae which allows the vertebra lying superiorly to slip anteriorly * More common in certain territories * Diagnosis: oblique x-ray * Most commonly between L5-S1 <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:0413:04, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,366‎ N 12 – Acute injuries and degenerative diseases of the knee joint ‎ Created page with "== Basics of knee == * Anatomy ** 1 lateral and 1 medial meniscus *** The meniscus is cartilage ** 3 bones (femur, tibia, patella) ** 4 ligaments *** ACL – anterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** PCL – posterior cruciate ligament **** Intraarticular **** Connects the femur to the tibia *** LCL – lateral collateral ligament **** Connects the femur to the fibula **** Does not merge with the joint capsule of the knee **..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:0213:02, 27 August 2024 diff hist +445‎ N Knee deformities ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Etiology ** Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) ** Post-traumatic ** Disease of growth plate * Types ** Genu varum ** Genu valgum ** Recurvate knee (hyperextended knee) * Complications ** All knee deformities are prearthritic conditions * Treatment ** Vitamin D – in case of rickets ** Surgical *** Wedge osteotomy *** Blocking the growth plate in childhood <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 13:0013:00, 27 August 2024 diff hist +813‎ N Arthroscopy ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Small tube with a light and camera is pushed into the joint through a hole ** A cannula is pushed through a second hole to provide irrigation fluid ** A third hole is opened for entry of tools, like forceps, shavers, scalpel, etc. * Was developed to diagnose intraarticular knee injuries without opening the joint * Was originally used for diagnostic purposes – nowadays not used for diagnosis ** We use MRI instead * Widely used today for..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:5912:59, 27 August 2024 diff hist +939‎ N Meniscus tears ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* The menisci equalise the weight load on the joints, and stabilizes the joint * Medial meniscus is more commonly injured than the lateral * Etiology ** Trauma (in young people) *** Axial loading of the knee + rotation ** Degenerative disease * Location of tear ** White zone *** The inner third *** Avascular part of meniscus ** Red-white zone *** Middle third *** Poorly vascularized ** Red zone *** Outer third *** Well vascularized * Types..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:5612:56, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,811‎ N Knee ligament injuries ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Anterior cruciate ligament injury ** Typical sport injury ** Etiology *** Sudden twisting of the leg *** Osteoarthritis of knee (osteophytes can damage ligament) ** Clinical features *** Swollen leg (haemarthrosis) **** Due to bleeding from the ACL *** Acute pain *** Knee instability ** Diagnosis *** Positive Lachman test *** Positive anterior drawer test *** MRI **** Gold standard *** Not visible on x-ray ** Treatment *** Conservative *..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:5212:52, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2‎ 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎No edit summary
  • 12:5012:50, 27 August 2024 diff hist +2‎ 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎No edit summary Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:5012:50, 27 August 2024 diff hist +948‎ N 11 – Adult foot deformities + static disorders of the foot ‎ Created page with "== Basics of adult foot deformities == * Most common foot conditions ** Forefoot *** Hallux valgus *** Hallux rigidus *** Metatarsalgia *** Morton neuroma *** Tailors bunion ** Flatfoot ** Hindfoot *** Ankle joint osteoarthritis *** Subtalar joint osteoarthritis *** Heel spur *** Plantar fasciitis *** Haglund’s heel *** Achilles tendon problems == 3. Flat foot (pes planovalgus) == {{#lst:Flat foot|orthopaedics}} == 9. Hallux valgus, mallet finger, digitus V. varus, b..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:4612:46, 27 August 2024 diff hist +1,251‎ N Osteonecrosis of the foot ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Osteonecrosis of the food = avascular necrosis of the foot * Most commonly affects talus, navicular and the first and second metatarsal bones * Köhler disease ** = osteonecrosis of the navicular bone ** Rare ** In young children (5 – 10) ** Boys > girls ** Presents with pain on dorsal and medial surface of foot ** It’s self-limiting, so conservative treatment with NSAIDs and immobilization is the only treatment *** No role for s..." Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:4412:44, 27 August 2024 diff hist +278‎ N Haglund deformity ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Haglund deformity, also called Haglund heel, is pain due to a bony protrusion on the back of the calcaneus. It causes pain when wearing shoes. Not everyone with the protrusion develops pain.<section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:4212:42, 27 August 2024 diff hist +579‎ N Plantar fasciitis ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />* Plantar fasciitis is a very common cause of heel pain and is due to degenerative irritation of the plantar fascia of the calcaneus * Most frequent in women and obese patients * Related to overuse stress * Common with other foot deformities (flat foot, cavus deformity) * Symptoms ** Morning pain ** Typical pain localization * Diagnosis ** Pain point pressure ** X-ray ** MRI * Treatment ** Conservative *** First choice *** Insoles *** RICE..." current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
  • 12:4012:40, 27 August 2024 diff hist +186‎ N Morton’s neuroma ‎ Created page with "<section begin="orthopaedics" />Morton’s neuroma is a benign growth of perineural tissue which causes pain under the toe-ball. <section end="orthopaedics" /> Category:Orthopaedics" current Tag: Visual edit: Switched
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