All public logs

Combined display of all available logs of greek.doctor. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).

22:19, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A11. The routes of spread of malignant tumors (Created page with "{{:Malignant tumour spread}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:18, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Malignant tumour spread (Created page with "There are five routes of '''spread of malignant neoplasms''': * Direct extension * Lymphatic spread * Haematogenous spread * Spread through serous cavities (intracavital) * Intraluminal spread == Direct extension == Direct extension occurs when the cancer spreads directly into nearby organs. == Lymphatic spread == Lymphatic spread is most typical for carcinomas and is evidenced by spread to the sentinel lymph node. == Haematogenous spread == Haemato...") Tag: Visual edit
22:13, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A10. Blood transfusion (Created page with "{{:Blood transfusion}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:10, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transfusion reaction (Created page with "'''Transfusion reactions''' may occur during blood transfusion. Most commonly caused by clerical errors, like giving the blood to the wrong patient, drawing the wrong blood specimen, failing proper patient identification, wrong labelling, performing the ABO test wrong, etc. Some are mild, some are life-threatening. == Classification of reactions == According to pathomechanism: * Immune-related complications ** Antigen-antibody-mediated reactions *** Acute haemolyt...") Tag: Visual edit
21:59, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Blood transfusion (Created page with "A '''blood transfusion''' is a medical procedure in which a patient is administered a blood product. The most common indication of blood transfusion is blood loss. However, this article will cover transfusion of other blood products as well, like fresh frozen plasma. See also transfusion reactions. == Transfusion compatibility == For transfusion of RBC products, the antigens on the RBCs of the donor blood product are important. The recipient can...") Tag: Visual edit
21:24, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A9. General principles of oncological surgery (Created page with "= Surgical oncology = {{:Surgical oncology}} = Palliative surgery = {{:Palliative surgery}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:22, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Surgical oncology (Created page with "'''Surgical oncology''' refers to the use of surgery in cancer management. Surgery is a major modality in cancer, as it can be used for multiple purposes: * Surgical resection of the entire tumour with curative intent * Debulking (removing as much as possible of) a tumour with curative or palliative intent * Easing symptoms caused by the cancer with palliative intent * Diagnosing cancer by allowing for histology * Staging cancers * Prevention, in cases where the risk of...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:21, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Palliative surgery (Created page with "'''Palliative surgery''' is important in cancer management and is related to surgical oncology. It is performed when it has been decided that the cancer is incurable and the cancer is giving the patient symptoms which can be treated by surgery. Typical indications include pain, bowel obstruction, bleeding, and dysphagia. Gastrointestinal tumours and other tumours which compress other structures are the most frequent cancers requiring palliative surger...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:08, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A8. Indications and contraindications of laparoscopic surgery. About laparoscopic techniques in general (Created page with "{{:Laparoscopic surgery}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Laparoscopic surgery (Created page with "'''Laparoscopic surgery''' is a minimally invasive technique used to perform surgery within the abdominal cavity. It’s a less invasive alternative to open surgery (laparotomy), as only smaller “keyhole” incisions are made on the abdomen. It involves inserting a laparoscope into the abdominal cavity, which projects images onto external screens, allowing the surgeon to visualise the abdominal organs. The laparoscope has a light source to illuminate the otherwise...") Tag: Visual edit
21:03, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A7. Investigation of patients with peripheral occlusive vascular disease in the outpatient ambulance. (Created page with "See also the topic B30 or peripheral artery disease. == Ankle-brachial index == {{:Ankle-brachial index}} == Toe-brachial index == {{:Toe-brachial index}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:00, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Toe-brachial index (Created page with "The '''toe-brachial index''' is an examination used in the evaluation of peripheral artery disease. It's related to the ankle-brachial index. In cases of arterial sclerosis which gives falsely elevated ABI, a toe-brachial index (TBI) should be measured. Digital arteries are frequently spared from diabetes and ESRD-induced arterial sclerosis. Measuring the toe-brachial index requires special equipment, including a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Vascular surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ankle-brachial index (Created page with "The '''ankle-brachial index''' (ABI) is essential in the evaluation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). It’s the ratio of systolic ankle blood pressure to systolic brachial blood pressure. This shows the relative blood pressure in the feet compared to the arms, which is a good estimation of blood flow. Normally, the ABI = 1 (BP in feet and hands is the same), but in case of ABI < 1, the blood flow to the feet is decreased, which is a consequence of PAD. The ABI...") Tag: Visual edit
14:59, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A6. Asepsis and antisepsis, nosocomial infections (Created page with "== Asepsis and antisepsis == {{:Asepsis and antisepsis}} == Nosocomial infection == {{:Nosocomial infection}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nosocomial infection (Created page with "A '''nosocomial infection''', also called '''health-care-associated''' or '''hospital-acquired infections''', refers to an infection which was not present during the time of admission, that the patient has acquired in an institution like a hospital. A '''nosocomial epidemic''' is a nosocomial infection that affects two or more patients, and there is a connection between the cases. Problems with nosocomial infections: *Many people in small area *Hospitalized people ofte...") Tag: Visual edit
14:55, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Commensal bacteria (Created page with "'''Commensal bacteria''' are bacteria which are normally present on the skin or mucous membranes which usually don't cause disease, but can cause disease in compromised humans. They're often implicated in nosocomial infections. These bacteria are usually part of the '''normal microflora''', and they contribute to the body's defence against intruders. These bacteria co-evolved with humans and are usually beneficial, but can, under certain con...") Tag: Visual edit
14:41, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Asepsis and antisepsis (Created page with "'''Asepsis''' refers to a state where there are no microorganisms. Aseptic techniques are those aimed at minimising infection, which is very important in surgery. This includes the use of a sterile room, gloves, gowns, caps, proper hand washing and hygiene beforehand, and the use of sterile instruments. '''Antisepsis''' refers to the procedure or application of antiseptic solution to disinfect an area, most commonly a skin. This is also very important in surgery and inv...") Tag: Visual edit
12:15, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. General symptoms of tumors (Created page with "{{:Symptoms and signs of cancer (B symptoms)}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:14, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Symptoms and signs of cancer (B symptoms) (Created page with "Malignancies can present with many different signs and symptoms, most of which are unspecific. == Cancer's "seven warning signs" == According to a surgery lecture, these are “cancer’s seven warning signals”: * Change in bowel or bladder habits * A sore that does not heal * Unusual bleeding or discharge * Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere * Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing * Obvious change in wart or mole * Nagging cough or hoarseness == Constituti...") Tag: Visual edit
12:03, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Types of wounds, primary wound management. (Created page with "{{:Wound}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:02, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wound (Created page with "A '''wound''' is a damage to a biological tissue, like skin, mucous membrane, or organ. This article deals with skin wounds. == Types of wounds == * Mechanical wounds ** Vulnus abrasum (abraded wound, scratch) – Due to rough rubbing of the skin. Affects superficial part of the epidermal layer. Heals well. ** Vulnus scissum (cut wound) – Due to a sharp object which is dragged along the skin, like a knife or sword. Heals well. ** Vulnus caesum (cut wound) – Due to...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. The operative risk (Created page with "{{:Operative risk}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Operative risk (Created page with "In all of medicine, a procedure is generally only undertaken if the potential benefits outweigh the risks. '''Operative risk''' is the risk of death or complication during or after a surgery. If the operative risk is unacceptably high, the patient is considered ''inoperable''. Shared decision-making with the patient is important, as it’s up to the patient whether they want to take the risk or not. A high operative risk may be acceptable in cases where the surgery...") Tag: Visual edit
11:28, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. What is the difference between embolism and thrombosis (Created page with "This question is pretty obvious so I won’t go into detail here. You can read about it in pathology as well. Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Postoperative disturbances of wound healing (Created page with "== Postoperative wound infection == Category:Surgery final (POTE course) {{:Postoperative wound infection}} == Wound dehiscence == {{:Wound dehiscence}} == Incisional hernia == {{:Incisional hernia}}") Tag: Visual edit
11:23, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Surgery final (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:6th year") Tag: Visual edit
11:23, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Incisional hernia (Created page with "'''Incisional hernia''', hernia through an incompletely healed abdominal surgical incision, occurs in 10 – 15% of patients. It occurs most commonly in obese and those with poor abdominal muscle tone. It presents as an abdominal bulge at the site of the incision. In some cases, the separated edges can be palpated. These hernias may be closed surgically if necessary or managed expectantly. Category:General surgery") Tag: Visual edit
11:22, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wound dehiscence (Created page with "'''Wound dehiscence''' refers to when a wound which has been closed, reopens. This may cause bleeding, pain, and inflammation, and predisposes to infection. It mostly occurs secondarily to a wound infection. It may also occur due to improper wound closing which puts too much tension on the wound, or if the patient does not follow instructions to avoid heavy lifting. The wound must be cleaned and debrided before it can be surgically close...") Tag: Visual edit
11:21, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Postoperative wound infection (Created page with "'''Infection of postoperative wound''', also called a '''surgical site infection''', is one of the most common complications of postoperative wounds. They account for high morbidity and mortality. The majority of cases occur due to endogenous bacterial flora which is present on the mucous membranes or skin. By definition, postoperative wounds must be infected within 30 days post-surgery. However, most cases occur after 3 – 7 days. == Etiology == The most common offen...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:General surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
14:18, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aflatoxin (Created page with "'''Aflatoxin''' is a toxin produced by ''aspergillus'' fungi that can contaminate food when exposed to certain environments, mostly warm and humid ones. Exposure can cause hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis. Aflatoxin is mostly present in developing countries.") Tag: Visual edit
14:04, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (Created page with "'''Metabolic associated fatty liver disease''' (MAFLD), previously known as '''non-alcoholic fatty liver disease''' (NAFLD), refers to liver disease which develops due to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathology and progression is similar as with alcoholic liver disease, but there is no alcohol abuse involved. It progresses similarly as ALD, from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis. In 2020, it was proprosed that NAF...") Tag: Visual edit
12:29, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Functional bowel diseases (content was: "Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like de...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
12:29, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Functional bowel disorder (Created page with "'''Functional bowel disorders''' (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiet...") Tag: Visual edit
12:20, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Created page with "'''Zollinger-Ellison syndrome''' is a rare cause of peptic ulcer disease. It is characterized by multiple peptic ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum and even jejunum. It is caused by neuroendocrine tumors that produce gastrin, called gastrinomas, and they are often located in the pancreas, duodenum or the lymph nodes of the abdomen. Increased gastrin means increased stomach acid. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Endocrinology") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperparathyroidism (Created page with "'''Hyperparathyroidism''' refers to the increased activity of the parathyroid glands, causing elevated levels of PTH. We distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by local parathyroid pathology, which is the most important cause. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a response to hypocalcaemia, causing the parathyroid glands to overproduce PTH. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to long-standi...") Tag: Visual edit
11:25, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypoparathyroidism (Created page with "'''Hypoparathyroidism''' is characterised by low levels of PTH. It is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or permanent. Transient hypoparathyroidism occurs in up to 20% of c...") Tag: Visual edit
11:19, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyrotoxic crisis (Created page with "'''Thyrotoxic crisis''', also called '''thyroid storm''', is a life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism, most commonly due to Graves disease. Even with treatment the mortality is 30%. It can be triggered by: * Surgery * Trauma * Radioiodine treatment * Iodine-containing drugs and contrast materials * Infections * Delivery == Clinical features == The symptoms are those of severe thyrotoxicosis, with severe tachycardia o...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute infectious thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Acute infectious thyroiditis''' is a bacterial infection of the thyroid, most commonly in immunodeficient persons. The prognosis is very good with treatment. It's very rare. == Clinical features == The clinical features include severely painful goitre, fever, and overlying erythema. The onset is acute. Sometimes an abscess forms. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Diagnosis is based on: * Typical clinical features * Ultrasound findings * Leukoc...") Tag: Visual edit
11:16, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Postpartum thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Postpartum thyroidits''' is a form of autoimmune subacute thyroiditis which affects postpartum women. It’s likely that postpastum thyroiditis is an accelerated form of Hashimoto thyroiditis which is triggered by the pregnancy, as 50% of cases were anti-TPO positive ahead of pregnancy. It occurs in 5 – 10% of deliveries. == Clinical features == It develops within 6 months after delivery. The goitre is painless. As in other cases of thyroiditis, there is an in...") Tag: Visual edit
11:14, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page De Quervain thyroiditis (Created page with "'''De Quervain thyroiditis''', also called '''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis''' or '''giant cell thyroiditis''', is a transient, self-limiting viral infection of the thyroid that occurs some weeks after a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Granulomas are present in the thyroid, hence the name. It’s a moderately frequent disorder with seasonal fluctiations. It mostly affects middle-aged females. == Clinical features == The symptoms are usually preceded b...") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hashimoto thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Hashimoto thyroiditis''', also called chronic autoimmune hypothyroidism is an autoimmune condition characterised by <abbr>CD8</abbr>-mediated destruction of the thyroid parenchyme. It’s the most common cause of chronic hypothyroidism in western countries, affecting 3 – 5 per 10 000. It mostly affects middle-aged females. It’s associated with other autoimmune diseases and with HLA-DR5. == Clinical features == In the early phase Hyperthyroidism and thyroto...") Tag: Visual edit
11:09, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyroid cancer (Created page with "'''Thyroid cancer''' is rare and generally has a good prognosis. The incidence has increased markedly in the recent decades, but the mortality remains low. Thyroid cancer is rarely hyperfunctional, meaning that it rarely causes hyperthyroidism. The differentiated types are the most common, and these types rarely metastasize and have a good prognosis. If they do metastasise, it’s frequently to the cervical lymph nodes. The treatme...") Tag: Visual edit
11:06, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyroid nodule (Created page with "Discovery of a '''thyroid nodule''', a nodule in the thyroid gland, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of thyroid nodule: * Benign thyroid nodule...") Tag: Visual edit
10:57, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Graves disease (Created page with "'''Graves disease,''' sometimes called '''Basedow disease,''' is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in Western countries. It's an autoimmune condition. It’s caused by the immune system forming autoantibodies against the ligand-binding site on the TSH receptor on the follicular cells, which activates the receptor, stimulating thyroid function and growth. It most commonly affects younger adult women. == Pathology == Goiter r...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypothyroidism (Created page with "(Overt) '''hypothyroidism''' refers to decreased production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland. It’s a common condition. Chronic hypothyroidism is almost always due to Hashimoto thyroiditis. Subclinical hypothyroidism is very common, but despite being subclinical it may be associated with adverse outcomes on cardiovascular disease. Also, most patients with subclinical hypothyroidism progress into overt hypothyroidism. == Etiology == * Primary hypothyroidism ** Th...") Tag: Visual edit
13:55, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis (Created page with "'''Thyrotoxicosis''' or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by '''hyperthyroidism''', which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms are often used interchangeably. == Etiology == Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by many conditions: * Primary hyperthyroidis...") Tag: Visual edit
13:51, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pulmonary embolism (Created page with "'''Pulmonary embolism''' (PE) is a form of venous thromboembolism and is a serious complication of deep vein thrombosis which can lead to death in 30 – 60% of cases, and is more common in case of proximal DVT. PE is classified into three different types: * Nonmassive PE * Submassive PE * Massive PE ''Massive'' pulmonary embolism refers to PE which causes obstructive shock and haemodynamic instability, usually because of a saddle-thrombus (thrombus at the pul...") Tag: Visual edit
13:28, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Deep vein thrombosis (Created page with "'''Deep vein thrombosis''' (DVT) is a form of venous thromboembolism which occurs in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affects the distal deep veins, but may affect the larger, proximal veins as well, including the iliac, femoral, or popliteal veins. PE is a serious complication which can lead to death in 3...") Tag: Visual edit