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11:23, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Surgery final (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:6th year") Tag: Visual edit
11:23, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Incisional hernia (Created page with "'''Incisional hernia''', hernia through an incompletely healed abdominal surgical incision, occurs in 10 – 15% of patients. It occurs most commonly in obese and those with poor abdominal muscle tone. It presents as an abdominal bulge at the site of the incision. In some cases, the separated edges can be palpated. These hernias may be closed surgically if necessary or managed expectantly. Category:General surgery") Tag: Visual edit
11:22, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wound dehiscence (Created page with "'''Wound dehiscence''' refers to when a wound which has been closed, reopens. This may cause bleeding, pain, and inflammation, and predisposes to infection. It mostly occurs secondarily to a wound infection. It may also occur due to improper wound closing which puts too much tension on the wound, or if the patient does not follow instructions to avoid heavy lifting. The wound must be cleaned and debrided before it can be surgically close...") Tag: Visual edit
11:21, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Postoperative wound infection (Created page with "'''Infection of postoperative wound''', also called a '''surgical site infection''', is one of the most common complications of postoperative wounds. They account for high morbidity and mortality. The majority of cases occur due to endogenous bacterial flora which is present on the mucous membranes or skin. By definition, postoperative wounds must be infected within 30 days post-surgery. However, most cases occur after 3 – 7 days. == Etiology == The most common offen...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:General surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
14:18, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aflatoxin (Created page with "'''Aflatoxin''' is a toxin produced by ''aspergillus'' fungi that can contaminate food when exposed to certain environments, mostly warm and humid ones. Exposure can cause hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis. Aflatoxin is mostly present in developing countries.") Tag: Visual edit
14:04, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (Created page with "'''Metabolic associated fatty liver disease''' (MAFLD), previously known as '''non-alcoholic fatty liver disease''' (NAFLD), refers to liver disease which develops due to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathology and progression is similar as with alcoholic liver disease, but there is no alcohol abuse involved. It progresses similarly as ALD, from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis. In 2020, it was proprosed that NAF...") Tag: Visual edit
12:29, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Functional bowel diseases (content was: "Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like de...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
12:29, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Functional bowel disorder (Created page with "'''Functional bowel disorders''' (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiet...") Tag: Visual edit
12:20, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Created page with "'''Zollinger-Ellison syndrome''' is a rare cause of peptic ulcer disease. It is characterized by multiple peptic ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum and even jejunum. It is caused by neuroendocrine tumors that produce gastrin, called gastrinomas, and they are often located in the pancreas, duodenum or the lymph nodes of the abdomen. Increased gastrin means increased stomach acid. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Endocrinology") Tag: Visual edit
11:38, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperparathyroidism (Created page with "'''Hyperparathyroidism''' refers to the increased activity of the parathyroid glands, causing elevated levels of PTH. We distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by local parathyroid pathology, which is the most important cause. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a response to hypocalcaemia, causing the parathyroid glands to overproduce PTH. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to long-standi...") Tag: Visual edit
11:25, 27 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypoparathyroidism (Created page with "'''Hypoparathyroidism''' is characterised by low levels of PTH. It is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or permanent. Transient hypoparathyroidism occurs in up to 20% of c...") Tag: Visual edit
11:19, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyrotoxic crisis (Created page with "'''Thyrotoxic crisis''', also called '''thyroid storm''', is a life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism, most commonly due to Graves disease. Even with treatment the mortality is 30%. It can be triggered by: * Surgery * Trauma * Radioiodine treatment * Iodine-containing drugs and contrast materials * Infections * Delivery == Clinical features == The symptoms are those of severe thyrotoxicosis, with severe tachycardia o...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute infectious thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Acute infectious thyroiditis''' is a bacterial infection of the thyroid, most commonly in immunodeficient persons. The prognosis is very good with treatment. It's very rare. == Clinical features == The clinical features include severely painful goitre, fever, and overlying erythema. The onset is acute. Sometimes an abscess forms. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Diagnosis is based on: * Typical clinical features * Ultrasound findings * Leukoc...") Tag: Visual edit
11:16, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Postpartum thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Postpartum thyroidits''' is a form of autoimmune subacute thyroiditis which affects postpartum women. It’s likely that postpastum thyroiditis is an accelerated form of Hashimoto thyroiditis which is triggered by the pregnancy, as 50% of cases were anti-TPO positive ahead of pregnancy. It occurs in 5 – 10% of deliveries. == Clinical features == It develops within 6 months after delivery. The goitre is painless. As in other cases of thyroiditis, there is an in...") Tag: Visual edit
11:14, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page De Quervain thyroiditis (Created page with "'''De Quervain thyroiditis''', also called '''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis''' or '''giant cell thyroiditis''', is a transient, self-limiting viral infection of the thyroid that occurs some weeks after a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Granulomas are present in the thyroid, hence the name. It’s a moderately frequent disorder with seasonal fluctiations. It mostly affects middle-aged females. == Clinical features == The symptoms are usually preceded b...") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hashimoto thyroiditis (Created page with "'''Hashimoto thyroiditis''', also called chronic autoimmune hypothyroidism is an autoimmune condition characterised by <abbr>CD8</abbr>-mediated destruction of the thyroid parenchyme. It’s the most common cause of chronic hypothyroidism in western countries, affecting 3 – 5 per 10 000. It mostly affects middle-aged females. It’s associated with other autoimmune diseases and with HLA-DR5. == Clinical features == In the early phase Hyperthyroidism and thyroto...") Tag: Visual edit
11:09, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyroid cancer (Created page with "'''Thyroid cancer''' is rare and generally has a good prognosis. The incidence has increased markedly in the recent decades, but the mortality remains low. Thyroid cancer is rarely hyperfunctional, meaning that it rarely causes hyperthyroidism. The differentiated types are the most common, and these types rarely metastasize and have a good prognosis. If they do metastasise, it’s frequently to the cervical lymph nodes. The treatme...") Tag: Visual edit
11:06, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyroid nodule (Created page with "Discovery of a '''thyroid nodule''', a nodule in the thyroid gland, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of thyroid nodule: * Benign thyroid nodule...") Tag: Visual edit
10:57, 25 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Graves disease (Created page with "'''Graves disease,''' sometimes called '''Basedow disease,''' is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in Western countries. It's an autoimmune condition. It’s caused by the immune system forming autoantibodies against the ligand-binding site on the TSH receptor on the follicular cells, which activates the receptor, stimulating thyroid function and growth. It most commonly affects younger adult women. == Pathology == Goiter r...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypothyroidism (Created page with "(Overt) '''hypothyroidism''' refers to decreased production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland. It’s a common condition. Chronic hypothyroidism is almost always due to Hashimoto thyroiditis. Subclinical hypothyroidism is very common, but despite being subclinical it may be associated with adverse outcomes on cardiovascular disease. Also, most patients with subclinical hypothyroidism progress into overt hypothyroidism. == Etiology == * Primary hypothyroidism ** Th...") Tag: Visual edit
13:55, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis (Created page with "'''Thyrotoxicosis''' or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by '''hyperthyroidism''', which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms are often used interchangeably. == Etiology == Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by many conditions: * Primary hyperthyroidis...") Tag: Visual edit
13:51, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pulmonary embolism (Created page with "'''Pulmonary embolism''' (PE) is a form of venous thromboembolism and is a serious complication of deep vein thrombosis which can lead to death in 30 – 60% of cases, and is more common in case of proximal DVT. PE is classified into three different types: * Nonmassive PE * Submassive PE * Massive PE ''Massive'' pulmonary embolism refers to PE which causes obstructive shock and haemodynamic instability, usually because of a saddle-thrombus (thrombus at the pul...") Tag: Visual edit
13:28, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Deep vein thrombosis (Created page with "'''Deep vein thrombosis''' (DVT) is a form of venous thromboembolism which occurs in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affects the distal deep veins, but may affect the larger, proximal veins as well, including the iliac, femoral, or popliteal veins. PE is a serious complication which can lead to death in 3...") Tag: Visual edit
13:23, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Venous thromboembolism (Created page with "'''Venous thromboembolism''' (VTE) refers to a thrombus which originates in a vein. The most important types are deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. VTE is a major source of mortality and morbidity, and its incidence is increasing. In the US alone it causes > 200 000 deaths annually, more than HIV, motor vehicle accidents, and breast cancer combined. VTE is preventable, and a major cause of preventable death. Many patients with VTE develop recurrent VTE...") Tag: Visual edit
11:07, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Multiple myeloma (Created page with "'''Multiple myeloma''' (MM), sometimes called '''plasma cell myeloma''', is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most common haematological malignancy. It mostly affects elderly. Its prognosis used to...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Burkitt lymphoma (Created page with "'''Burkitt lymphoma''' (BL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It's infamous for being one of the most rapidly growing tumours, with a doubling time less than 24 hours. It’s characterised by deregulation of c-Myc. Three forms of Burkitt lymphoma can be distinguished: * Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma * Endemic Burkitt lymphoma * HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma Endemic BL is endemic to equat...") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Created page with "'''Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma''' (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the most common NHL overall. It may develop de novo or secondary to transformation from an indolent B-cell NHL, often CLL/SLL (in which case it’s called Richter transformation) or follicular lymphoma. The de novo type has better prognosis than the secondary. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:47, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Marginal zone lymphoma (Created page with "'''Marginal zone lymphoma''' (MZL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be extranodal, nodal, or splenic, where the former is most common. Extranodal MZL originates from <abbr>MALT</abbr> and is associated with chronic inflammation or infection, for example in case of: * H. pylori infection – gastric MALT lymphoma * Chlamydia psittaci infection in the eye – ocular adnexal lymphoma * Sjögren syndrome – MALT lymphoma in the sa...") Tag: Visual edit
09:46, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Mantle cell lymphoma (Created page with "'''Mantle cell lymphoma''' (MCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by a t(11;14) translocation which causes upregulation of cyclin D1. It can occasionally present as GI polyposis. It has a poor prognosis despite being indolent. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:45, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Follicular lymphoma (Created page with "'''Follicular lymphoma''' (FL) is the most common indolent NHL, and the second most common NHL overall. It’s caused by a t(14;18) translocation which causes upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Approximately 15% of cases undergo histologic transformation (HT) to DLBCL. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:44, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Created page with "'''Non-Hodgkin lymphomas''' (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They remain asymptomatic for many years and are therefore often diagnosed incidentally on a laboratory test rat...") Tag: Visual edit
09:41, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hodgkin lymphoma (Created page with "'''Hodgkin lymphoma''' (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For this reason, HL has sometimes been called Hodgkin ''disease'' rather than lymphoma. There’s a bimodal incidence peak, aff...") Tag: Visual edit
09:39, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lymphoma (Created page with "The '''lymphoid neoplasms''', also called '''lymphomas''', are classified according to multiple properties: * Whether they are Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma * Whether they originate from T or NK cells or from B cells * Whether they are aggressive, indolent (not so aggressive) or in-between (“other”) * Whether they originate from precursor cells (which don’t express CD20) or mature cells (which express CD20) File:Lymphoid neoplasm classificati...") Tag: Visual edit
09:37, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lymphoid neoplasm classification.png
09:37, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lymphoid neoplasm classification.png
11:10, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) (Created page with "'''Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia''' (CLL) and '''small lymphocytic lymphoma''' (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes), it’s SLL. CLL is the most common adult leuka...") Tag: Visual edit
11:04, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic myeloid leukaemia (Created page with "'''Chronic myeloid leukaemia''' (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of BCR-ABL1 inhibitor drugs. == Clinical features == Untreated, the natural history...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary myelofibrosis (Created page with "'''Primary myelofibrosis''' (PMF), previously known as '''osteomyelofibrosis''', is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of granulocyte and megakaryocyte lineages, as well as eventual deposition of fibrous connective tissue in the bone marrow. PMF has two phases. In the prefibrotic phase, the bone marrow is hypercellular, while in the fibrotic phase, the bone marrow undergoes fibrosis. 50% of PMF cases are associated with JAK2 mutation. The...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Essential thrombocythaemia (Created page with "'''Essential thrombocythaemia''' (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the megakaryocyte lineage only. 50% of ET cases are associated with JAK2 mutation. The remaining cases are caused by CALR or MPL mutations. == Clinical features == Most are asymptomatic. Symptoms are related to thrombotic or haemorrhagic episodes. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Labs show: * Normal Hct * Normal RBC * Normal WBC * Elevated thrombocytes Blood sm...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Polycythaemia vera (Created page with "'''Polycythaemia vera''' (PV) is an MPN characterised by ''trilinear proliferation,'' i.e. growth of erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cell lines, causing elevation of all three types of blood cells in the blood. It’s caused by an acquired gain-of-function mutation in the JAK2 gene which makes myeloid cells proliferate independently of the hormone EPO. == Clinical features == Despite an increased blood cell mass, most people a...") Tag: Visual edit
10:59, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Myeloproliferative neoplasm (Created page with "The '''myeloproliferative neoplasms''' (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The classic MPNs are: * Chronic myeloid leukaemia * Polycythaemia vera * Essential throm...") Tag: Visual edit
10:57, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia''' (ALL) is a malignant disease of the lymphoid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. There is also extramedullary infiltration to CNS, liver, testes, and skin. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of lymphoid origin. It occurs mostly in children betwe...") Tag: Visual edit
10:51, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute promyelocytic leukaemia''' (APML) is a subtype of AML that differs from AML in prognosis. If discovered and treated in time, the prognosis is excellent, but it is very deadly if not due to the high risk of bleeding. Treatment should be started immediately if APL is suspected before diagnosis. The genotype is t(15;17) PML-RARA. == Diagnosis == Leukopenia and promyelocytes in the peripheral blood. T(15;17) and PML-RARA fusion transcrip...") Tag: Visual edit
10:50, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute myeloid leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute myeloid leukaemia''' (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of myeloid origin. Peak incidence is 65...") Tag: Visual edit
10:45, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aplastic anaemia (Created page with "'''Aplastic anaemia''' (AA) refers to pancytopenia caused by bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It’s a rare disorder, affecting 2 per million. It’s distinct from bone marrow failure, in which pancytopaenia can be caused by bone marrow replacement (by tumour, fibrosis, or myelodysplastic syndromes). It might be anywhere from mild to severe. == Etiology == Mostly idiopathic (50%), but can also be due to known factors such as: # Direct injury ## Benzene ## NSA...") Tag: Visual edit
10:41, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (Created page with "'''Haemolytic uraemic syndrome''' (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis, and renal abnormalities. Levels of ADAMTS-13 is normal, unlike in TTP. HUS predominantly affects children <5 and is caused by bacterial toxins. The condition might result in acute kidney injury and must be treated immediately. It’s more common than TTP. == Etiology == Over 90 % of...") Tag: Visual edit
10:38, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Created page with "'''Thrombotic thrombocytic purpura''' (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis, neurological abnormalities, renal abnormalities, and low levels of a protein called ADAMTS-13. It is primarily seen in adults and is typically caused by acquired autoantibodies against the enzyme cleaving von Willebrand factor, vWF, known as ADAMTS13. Deficiency of ADAMTS13 leads to excess vWF which in turn leads to mic...") Tag: Visual edit
10:26, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thrombotic microangiopathy (Created page with "'''Thrombotic microangiopathies''' (TMA) are characterised by the presence of thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis (haemolysis in the small vessels), and microvascular thrombi. The main TMAs are haemolytic uremic syndrome (<abbr>HUS</abbr>) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (<abbr>TTP</abbr>). Microthrombi cause ischaemic organ dysfunction. In HUS this is mostly seen in the glomeruli and may lead to acute kidney injury, while TTP involves the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Immune thrombocytopaenia (Created page with "'''Immune thrombocytopaenia''' (ITP), also called '''immune thrombocytopaenic purpura''', is an immune-mediated cause of thrombocytopaenia. It is caused by the formation of autoantibodies against thrombocytes and is relatively common. Other cell lines are unaffected. It usually either affects children <5 or older adults >55 years, but the disorder is a bit different in the two populations. In children, it’s typically acute and self-limiting. In adults, it’s typi...") Tag: Visual edit