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13:23, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Venous thromboembolism (Created page with "'''Venous thromboembolism''' (VTE) refers to a thrombus which originates in a vein. The most important types are deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. VTE is a major source of mortality and morbidity, and its incidence is increasing. In the US alone it causes > 200 000 deaths annually, more than HIV, motor vehicle accidents, and breast cancer combined. VTE is preventable, and a major cause of preventable death. Many patients with VTE develop recurrent VTE...") Tag: Visual edit
11:07, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Multiple myeloma (Created page with "'''Multiple myeloma''' (MM), sometimes called '''plasma cell myeloma''', is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most common haematological malignancy. It mostly affects elderly. Its prognosis used to...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Burkitt lymphoma (Created page with "'''Burkitt lymphoma''' (BL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It's infamous for being one of the most rapidly growing tumours, with a doubling time less than 24 hours. It’s characterised by deregulation of c-Myc. Three forms of Burkitt lymphoma can be distinguished: * Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma * Endemic Burkitt lymphoma * HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma Endemic BL is endemic to equat...") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Created page with "'''Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma''' (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the most common NHL overall. It may develop de novo or secondary to transformation from an indolent B-cell NHL, often CLL/SLL (in which case it’s called Richter transformation) or follicular lymphoma. The de novo type has better prognosis than the secondary. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:47, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Marginal zone lymphoma (Created page with "'''Marginal zone lymphoma''' (MZL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be extranodal, nodal, or splenic, where the former is most common. Extranodal MZL originates from <abbr>MALT</abbr> and is associated with chronic inflammation or infection, for example in case of: * H. pylori infection – gastric MALT lymphoma * Chlamydia psittaci infection in the eye – ocular adnexal lymphoma * Sjögren syndrome – MALT lymphoma in the sa...") Tag: Visual edit
09:46, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Mantle cell lymphoma (Created page with "'''Mantle cell lymphoma''' (MCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by a t(11;14) translocation which causes upregulation of cyclin D1. It can occasionally present as GI polyposis. It has a poor prognosis despite being indolent. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:45, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Follicular lymphoma (Created page with "'''Follicular lymphoma''' (FL) is the most common indolent NHL, and the second most common NHL overall. It’s caused by a t(14;18) translocation which causes upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Approximately 15% of cases undergo histologic transformation (HT) to DLBCL. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
09:44, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Created page with "'''Non-Hodgkin lymphomas''' (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They remain asymptomatic for many years and are therefore often diagnosed incidentally on a laboratory test rat...") Tag: Visual edit
09:41, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hodgkin lymphoma (Created page with "'''Hodgkin lymphoma''' (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For this reason, HL has sometimes been called Hodgkin ''disease'' rather than lymphoma. There’s a bimodal incidence peak, aff...") Tag: Visual edit
09:39, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lymphoma (Created page with "The '''lymphoid neoplasms''', also called '''lymphomas''', are classified according to multiple properties: * Whether they are Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma * Whether they originate from T or NK cells or from B cells * Whether they are aggressive, indolent (not so aggressive) or in-between (“other”) * Whether they originate from precursor cells (which don’t express CD20) or mature cells (which express CD20) File:Lymphoid neoplasm classificati...") Tag: Visual edit
09:37, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lymphoid neoplasm classification.png
09:37, 23 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lymphoid neoplasm classification.png
11:10, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) (Created page with "'''Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia''' (CLL) and '''small lymphocytic lymphoma''' (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes), it’s SLL. CLL is the most common adult leuka...") Tag: Visual edit
11:04, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic myeloid leukaemia (Created page with "'''Chronic myeloid leukaemia''' (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of BCR-ABL1 inhibitor drugs. == Clinical features == Untreated, the natural history...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary myelofibrosis (Created page with "'''Primary myelofibrosis''' (PMF), previously known as '''osteomyelofibrosis''', is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of granulocyte and megakaryocyte lineages, as well as eventual deposition of fibrous connective tissue in the bone marrow. PMF has two phases. In the prefibrotic phase, the bone marrow is hypercellular, while in the fibrotic phase, the bone marrow undergoes fibrosis. 50% of PMF cases are associated with JAK2 mutation. The...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Essential thrombocythaemia (Created page with "'''Essential thrombocythaemia''' (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the megakaryocyte lineage only. 50% of ET cases are associated with JAK2 mutation. The remaining cases are caused by CALR or MPL mutations. == Clinical features == Most are asymptomatic. Symptoms are related to thrombotic or haemorrhagic episodes. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Labs show: * Normal Hct * Normal RBC * Normal WBC * Elevated thrombocytes Blood sm...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Polycythaemia vera (Created page with "'''Polycythaemia vera''' (PV) is an MPN characterised by ''trilinear proliferation,'' i.e. growth of erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cell lines, causing elevation of all three types of blood cells in the blood. It’s caused by an acquired gain-of-function mutation in the JAK2 gene which makes myeloid cells proliferate independently of the hormone EPO. == Clinical features == Despite an increased blood cell mass, most people a...") Tag: Visual edit
10:59, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Myeloproliferative neoplasm (Created page with "The '''myeloproliferative neoplasms''' (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The classic MPNs are: * Chronic myeloid leukaemia * Polycythaemia vera * Essential throm...") Tag: Visual edit
10:57, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia''' (ALL) is a malignant disease of the lymphoid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. There is also extramedullary infiltration to CNS, liver, testes, and skin. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of lymphoid origin. It occurs mostly in children betwe...") Tag: Visual edit
10:51, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute promyelocytic leukaemia''' (APML) is a subtype of AML that differs from AML in prognosis. If discovered and treated in time, the prognosis is excellent, but it is very deadly if not due to the high risk of bleeding. Treatment should be started immediately if APL is suspected before diagnosis. The genotype is t(15;17) PML-RARA. == Diagnosis == Leukopenia and promyelocytes in the peripheral blood. T(15;17) and PML-RARA fusion transcrip...") Tag: Visual edit
10:50, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute myeloid leukaemia (Created page with "'''Acute myeloid leukaemia''' (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of myeloid origin. Peak incidence is 65...") Tag: Visual edit
10:45, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aplastic anaemia (Created page with "'''Aplastic anaemia''' (AA) refers to pancytopenia caused by bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It’s a rare disorder, affecting 2 per million. It’s distinct from bone marrow failure, in which pancytopaenia can be caused by bone marrow replacement (by tumour, fibrosis, or myelodysplastic syndromes). It might be anywhere from mild to severe. == Etiology == Mostly idiopathic (50%), but can also be due to known factors such as: # Direct injury ## Benzene ## NSA...") Tag: Visual edit
10:41, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (Created page with "'''Haemolytic uraemic syndrome''' (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis, and renal abnormalities. Levels of ADAMTS-13 is normal, unlike in TTP. HUS predominantly affects children <5 and is caused by bacterial toxins. The condition might result in acute kidney injury and must be treated immediately. It’s more common than TTP. == Etiology == Over 90 % of...") Tag: Visual edit
10:38, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Created page with "'''Thrombotic thrombocytic purpura''' (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis, neurological abnormalities, renal abnormalities, and low levels of a protein called ADAMTS-13. It is primarily seen in adults and is typically caused by acquired autoantibodies against the enzyme cleaving von Willebrand factor, vWF, known as ADAMTS13. Deficiency of ADAMTS13 leads to excess vWF which in turn leads to mic...") Tag: Visual edit
10:26, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thrombotic microangiopathy (Created page with "'''Thrombotic microangiopathies''' (TMA) are characterised by the presence of thrombocytopaenia, microangiopathic haemolysis (haemolysis in the small vessels), and microvascular thrombi. The main TMAs are haemolytic uremic syndrome (<abbr>HUS</abbr>) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (<abbr>TTP</abbr>). Microthrombi cause ischaemic organ dysfunction. In HUS this is mostly seen in the glomeruli and may lead to acute kidney injury, while TTP involves the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Immune thrombocytopaenia (Created page with "'''Immune thrombocytopaenia''' (ITP), also called '''immune thrombocytopaenic purpura''', is an immune-mediated cause of thrombocytopaenia. It is caused by the formation of autoantibodies against thrombocytes and is relatively common. Other cell lines are unaffected. It usually either affects children <5 or older adults >55 years, but the disorder is a bit different in the two populations. In children, it’s typically acute and self-limiting. In adults, it’s typi...") Tag: Visual edit
10:22, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (Created page with "'''Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria''' (PNH) has an unfortunate name. Its name implies that the main clinical feature is the presence of haemoglobin in the urine in the night, but this symptom isn’t present in everyone with PNH. Also, the name doesn’t explain the most important clinical features of the disease: Haemolysis, venous thrombosis, and pancytopaenia. It’s a rare disease. == Pathophysiology == All cells of the blood have a so-called membra...") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Macroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Macroangiopathic haemolytic anaemias''' are characterised by the intravascular haemolysis of RBCs due to mechanical forces in the ''large'' blood vessels, hence the name. This may cause haemolytic anaemia. The most important causes are severe aortic stenosis and prosthetic heart valves. In severe aortic stenosis the lumen of the aortic valve is so narrow that the blood that flows through it reaches very high velocities. This rapid, turbulent transvalvular...") Tag: Visual edit
10:17, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' (AHIA) is a haemolytic anaemia that occurs due to the body producing autoantibodies against its own RBCs. We distinguish two types of AHIA based on which temperature the autoantibodies best bind to the RBCs. In '''warm AIHA''', also called '''warm agglutinin disease''', the autoantibodies bind more strongly to the RBCs at body temperature (37°C). In '''cold AIHA''', also called '''cold agglutinin disease''', the autoantibodies bin...") Tag: Visual edit
10:13, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pyruvate kinase deficiency (Created page with "RBCs only produce energy by glycolysis, which depends on '''pyruvate kinase''' (PK). When PK is '''deficient''', RBCs will be deficient in ATP, which can lead to haemolysis. In contrast with G6PD deficiency, PK deficiency causes chronic haemolytic anaemia. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
10:11, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Created page with "'''Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase''' (G6PD) '''deficiency''' is a deficiency of the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, which is essential for preventing oxidative damage to RBCs. Deficient RBCs are susceptible to haemolysis when exposed to oxidants. It’s an X-linked condition. Like the haemoglobinopathies it’s most common in Africa, Asia and the Mediterranean. The enzyme G6PD is important to regenerate [[glutathione]...") Tag: Visual edit
10:10, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thalassaemia (Created page with "'''Thalassaemia''' is a group of diseases characterised by one or more defective globin genes, causing haemolytic anaemia. Like sickle cell anaemia it is more common in Africa and the Mediterranean, but also south-east Asia. == Pathophysiology == We distinguish alpha and beta thalassaemia, based on whether the alpha or beta globin genes are defective. Alpha globin chain production is controlled by two genes, so there are four alleles that can...") Tag: Visual edit
10:08, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sickle cell disease (Created page with "'''Sickle cell disease''' is a group of inherited RBC disorders, and the most common intrinsic haemolytic anaemia, i.e. the most common cause of haemolytic anaemia due to intrinsic defects of the RBCs. It’s most common in African and Mediterranean populations. It’s caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene causes haemoglobin to precipitate into a sickle-shape when deoxygenized, which gives the name. This leads to microvascular occlusion and haemolysis....") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Haemolytic anaemias''' are a form of anaemia characterized by the pathologically increased breakdown of RBCs (haemolysis), reducing their to less than the normal 120 days. To compensate for increased turnover of RBCs the bone marrow can increase the output of RBCs 6 – 8-fold. Anaemia only manifests if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate. There exist many types of haemolytic anaemia, both congenital and acquired. == Types == Here...") Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Beta blockers (Redirected page to Beta blocker) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Endocarditis (Redirected page to Infective endocarditis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electrocardiogram (Redirected page to Electrocardiography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:18, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Direct oral anticoagulants (Redirected page to Direct oral anticoagulant) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Corticosteroids (Redirected page to Corticosteroid) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary bypass (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass surgery (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:16, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass graft (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:16, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic heart failure (Redirected page to Heart failure) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Calcium channel blockers (Redirected page to Calcium channel blocker) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page CT (Redirected page to Computer tomography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiomyopathies (Redirected page to Cardiomyopathy) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Macrocytic anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia (Created page with "'''Macrocytic anaemia''' is a form of anaemia characterised by macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fL). '''Megaloblastic anaemia''' is the most common subtype of macrocytic anaemia characterised by decreased DNA synthesis in haematopoietic stem cells, causing RBCs to be larger, oval, and blast-like, and neutrophils to be hypersegmented. The most common cause of megaloblastic anaemia is folate and B12 deficiency. == Etiology ==...") Tag: Visual edit
17:09, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pernicious anaemia (Created page with "'''Pernicious anaemia''' is an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies are produced against intrinsic factor or the parietal cells which produce IF. These antibodies will either destroy the parietal cells or block vitamin B12 from binding to IF, both of which result in B12 malabsorption, causing B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
16:58, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron deficiency anaemia (Created page with "'''Iron deficiency anaemia''' (IDA) is the most common form of anaemia worldwide. It’s most common in children, young women and pregnant women. >40% of women are iron deficient, of which 50% have iron deficiency anaemia! It’s easily diagnosable and treatable. However, it’s most often a symptom of an underlying disorder, possibly a malignancy, and so the underlying cause must be sought. == Etiology == The etiologies can be classified based on the underlying me...") Tag: Visual edit
16:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron metabolism (Created page with "Iron in foods can be in two forms. It can be in the form of a heme group or it can be in the form of a simple iron ion (Fe2+ or Fe3+). The two forms are absorbed by different mechanisms. Iron in meat is in the heme form while iron in non-meat foods is in the iron ion form. The heme form is easily absorbed; the absorption of the ion form can be decreased by many factors, like simultaneous intake of calcium (dairy products) or tea and can be increased by consumption of vit...") Tag: Visual edit