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13:30, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Created page with "'''Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis''' (RPGN) is a subtype of acute glomerulonephritis which is rapidly progressive. The kidney function is rapidly decreasing, that is, it would lead to end-stage renal disease in weeks if left untreated. The blood pressure is rapidly increasing as well. Histology is required for diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are required to limit irreversible kidney injury. RPGN is sometimes called '''crescentic glomerulonephritis''...") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Leukocytes (Created page with "'''Leukocytes''', also called '''white blod cells''', are a population of cells in the blood responsible for immune response, inflammation, and microbe defence. These are always present in the blood, with their numbers increasing in response to infection or inflammation. There are multiple subgroups of leukocytes, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. We distinguish three types of granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Granulocytes received...") Tag: Visual edit
13:13, 20 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Category:Laboratory medicine (content was: "Category:Pages by subject", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
13:13, 20 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Laboratory medicine (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
12:01, 18 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page C-reactive protein (Created page with "'''C-reactive protein''', often abbreviated '''CRP''', is an acute phase protein and a commonly measured laboratory parameter in the evaluation of inflammation. Its name comes from its ability to bind to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococci. == Biochemistry == CRP binds to phosphocholine which is found on the cell membrane of dead cells and some bacteria. This binding activates the ''complement system.'' CRP also enhances phagoc...") Tag: Visual edit
13:42, 15 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Urinary dipstick.png
13:42, 15 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Urinary dipstick.png
15:02, 14 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Urine dipstick test (Created page with "A '''urine dipstick test''', sometimes abbreviated as '''urinary stick''' or '''u-stix''' is a point-of-care test which is used to analyse certain parametres of the urine. It's quick and cheap, and can be read off manually or by automatic machines. They're used in the diagnosis and follow-up of many disorders, like urinary tract infection, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. A normal dipstick evaluates the following parametres in the urine: * Leuk...") Tag: Visual edit
14:21, 14 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Laboratory Medicine (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
22:06, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glomerulonephritis (Created page with "'''Glomerulonephritis''' refers to a disease affecting the glomeruli, even though inflammation itself (-itis) is not necessarily present. Glomerulonephritis is rare, and it can cause severe symptoms and chronic kidney disease. Glomerulonephritis causes acute glomerulonephritis syndrome, sometimes called just '''nephritic syndrome'''''.'' According to the definition of glomerulonephritis syndrome, the following clinical features are present: * Glomerular haematuria...") Tag: Visual edit
21:49, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Variceal bleeding (Created page with "'''Bleeding from oesophageal varices''' is a severe complication of portal hypertension. It’s a common complication of cirrhosis, affecting up to 60% of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. 1/3 of patients with cirrhosis develop variceal bleeding in the first 2 years. The mortality rate is very high, up to 40%. == Clinical features == Variceal bleeding presents as sudden severe upper GI bleeding in a patient with known liver di...") Tag: Visual edit
21:46, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastrointestinal bleeding (Created page with "'''Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding''' can range from occult (no symptoms, only found on occult blood test) to severe and life-threatening. It may manifest as haematemesis, haemodynamic instability, melena, or haematochezia. '''Haematemesis''' refers to vomiting of fresh blood, clotted blood, or coffee grounds-like material. '''Haematochezia''' refers to fresh or clotted blood per rectum and is typically a sign of lower GI tract bleeding, while '''melena''' refers to pass...") Tag: Visual edit
21:25, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wilson disease (Created page with "Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterised by the toxic accumulation of copper in the liver and central nervous system that may present with hepatic, neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms can begin any time in the age of 5 – 35 years. == Pathomechanism == A mutation in the ATP7B gene, a copper transporter causes decreased copper excretion and decreased incorporation of copper into apoceruloplasmin, thereby causing...") Tag: Visual edit
21:23, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemochromatosis (Created page with "Haemochromatosis is characterised by accumulation of iron in the body, causing toxic iron deposition in multiple organs. The most commonly affected organs are the liver, heart, and pancreas. Hereditary haemochromatosis is the most common genetic disease of people with white ethnicity, especially in Northern Europe. It more frequently affects males >40 years. When it affects females, it occurs later than in men, as females lose iron through menstruation. == Etiology ==...") Tag: Visual edit
21:19, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign pancreatic tumours (Created page with "Benign pancreatic tumours are rare and frankly not that important to know. == Serous cystadenomas == Serous cystadenomas are the most common cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. They occur most frequently in older and female patients. They are almost always benign. They’re associated with mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. == Mucinous cystadenomas == Mucinous cystadenomas are almost exclusively found in women are usually found in the body or tail of the...") Tag: Visual edit
21:17, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pancreatic endocrine tumours (Created page with "Pancreatic endocrine tumours are neuroendocrine tumours, which produce hormones. They originate from the Langerhans islets cells. They account for < 5% of pancreatic tumours and are therefore quite rare. These tumours are predominantly benign but may be malignant as well. However, their disruptive potential comes rather from their hormone-producing properties rather than their mass effect or invasion. A few percent of endocrine pancreatic tumours are associated with mu...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Created page with "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a malignancy with one of the highest mortality rates. It’s aggressive, causes no early symptoms, and is difficult to treat. It mostly affects elderly men. About 85% of cases are irresectable at the time of diagnosis due to being metastatic or locally advanced. == Etiology == * Smoking * Chronic pancreatitis * Alcoholism * Obesity == Pathology == Pancreatic adenocarcinoma accounts for almost all malignant exocrine pancreatic cancer (the...") Tag: Visual edit
21:08, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholangiocellular carcinoma (Created page with "Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a malignancy of the cholangiocytes that line the bile ducts. It can occur in the extrahepatic or intrahepatic bile ducts, with the former being more common. It can also occur in the gallbladder. If a CCC occurs at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts, it’s known as a Klatskin tumor. It's an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. == Clinical features == Extrahepatic cholangi...") Tag: Visual edit
21:05, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-HCC liver malignancies (Created page with "HCC is the most common liver malignancy, but other types exist too. == Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma == Intrahepatic CCC is a rare and aggressive liver cancer. It may also develop on the basis of cirrhosis. It spreads along the bile ducts. Treatment is surgical. == Angiosarcoma == Hepatic angiosarcoma is very rare and aggressive. It’s notably associated with exposure to certain toxins, vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide. Vinyl chloride...") Tag: Visual edit
21:03, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatocellular carcinoma (Created page with "Hepatocellular carcinoma (<abbr>HCC</abbr>) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. It’s mostly a disease of older men. In almost all cases it develops in an already cirrhotic liver, so the risk factors for HCC are the same as those for cirrhosis. The incidence of HCC is increasing. Due to the long asymptomatic period, most cases are irresectable at presentation. This gives it a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival of 30 – 50%. == Etiology == Com...") Tag: Visual edit
21:00, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Treatment of HCC.gif
21:00, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Treatment of HCC.gif
20:57, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Liver abscess (Created page with "Liver abscesses in Western countries are caused by bacteria, so-called pyogenic liver abscess. In developing countries, liver abscesses are mostly caused by parasites. Liver abscesses mostly affect the right lobe of the liver. == Etiology == In many cases, the source cannot be identified (cryptogenic abscess). In cases where the source is identified, the following sources are the most common: * Ascending cholangitis (due to biliary obstruction) * Bacteraemia * Intraabd...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Echinococcus cyst (Created page with "Echinococcus cysts, also called hydatid cysts, is a consequence of consuming something contaminated by ''echinococcal tapeworm’s eggs''. An example of contamination is drinking water which is infested by dog faeces, or not washing your hands after petting a dog or cat and then touching food. When the eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines and the adult tapeworms penetrate the intestinal wall. This gives them the ability to travel with the blood stream or the l...") Tag: Visual edit
20:53, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Simple liver cysts (Created page with "Simple cysts of the liver can occur in healthy individuals and are usually unproblematic. In rare cases they can cause upper right quadrant pain. Simple liver cysts are easily diagnosed as thin-walled fluid-filled lesions on imaging. The presence of > 20 liver cysts suggest polycystic liver. Simple asymptomatic liver cysts require no treatment. Symptomatic ones can be drained or removed surgically. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Gastrointestinal surgery") Tag: Visual edit
20:49, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign liver tumours and tumour-like lesions (Created page with "The most important benign liver tumours and tumour-like lesions are hepatic haemangioma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia. Benign liver tumours are mostly asymptomatic. The most common symptom is upper right quadrant pain but ruptured or haemorrhaging hepatic adenomas may cause haemodynamic instability. Asymptomatic liver tumours are usually discovered incidentally on ultrasound or CT imaging. == Focal nodular hyperplasia == Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH...") Tag: Visual edit
11:49, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholestasis (Created page with "'''Cholestasis''' refers to reduced or blocked flow of bile through the biliary tree, usually due to an obstruction. This causes bile components, including bile acids and bilirubin to be absorbed into the blood. It may cause jaundice if severe enough. Cholestasis may be '''intrahepatic''' or '''extrahepatic''', depending on the location of the problem. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and is indicated as cholestasis predisposes to secondary infection (ch...") Tag: Visual edit
11:10, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Choledocholithiasis (Created page with "'''Choledocholithiasis''' is a form of complicated gallstone disease characterised by a gallstone stuck in the common bile duct. It causes cholestasis, and may lead to cholangitis, a severe bacterial infection or acute biliary pancreatitis. == Clinical features == Patients presents with biliary colic-like pain, but choledocholithiasis pain usually lasts longer. Jaundice may be present. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Laborator...") Tag: Visual edit
10:55, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gallstone disease (Created page with "'''Cholelithiasis''' refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, while '''choledocholithiasis''' refers to gallstones in the common bile duct. '''Gallstone disease''' refers to various clinical manifestations of the presence of gallstones, including: * Uncomplicated gallstone disease ** Biliary colic * Complicated gallstone disease ** Acute calculous cholecystitis ** Cholangitis ** Biliary pancreatitis ** Gallstone ileus...") Tag: Visual edit
10:54, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholangitis (Created page with "'''Cholangitis''' is a severe bacterial infection and a form of complicated gallstone disease characterised by infection of the biliary tree secondary to stasis secondary to an obstruction of the common bile duct, usually a gallstone, called choledocholithiasis'''.''' It's characterised by Charcot's triad of fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Urgent treatment with source control and antibiotics is important. It may cause sepsis. Patients can present with chole...") Tag: Visual edit
10:29, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gallstone ileus (Created page with "'''Gallstone ileus''' is a rare but severe complication of gallstone disease where chronic inflammation of the gallbladder has formed a fistula between the gallbladder and duodenum, through which a gallstone can pass. This gallstone can obstruct the small bowel, causing ileus. These fistulae take a long time to form and are due to long-standing necrosis of the gallbladder wall due to pressure from a gallstone. Gas inside the biliary tract on imaging is diagnostic. Th...") Tag: Visual edit
10:26, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute calculous cholecystitis (Created page with "'''Acute calculous cholecystitis''' is one manifestation of complicated gallstone disease characterised by inflammation of the gallbladder secondary to cystic duct obstruction by a gallstone. It's not necessarily infected by bacteria, but it may be. Acute calculous cholecystitis may be complicated by gallbladder gangrene, perforation, or emphysema. == Clinical features == Cholecystitis usually presents with right upper quadrant pain which lasts longer than biliary...") Tag: Visual edit
09:46, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Biliary colic (Created page with "'''Biliary colic''' is the clinical manifestation of uncomplicated gallstone disease. It refers to recurrent attacks of severe pain of typical character. It is not dangerous, but it is bothersome. Treatment involves avoidance of fatty foods and analgesics during attacks. The only definitive treatment is cholecystectomy. == Clinical features == Uncomplicated gallstone disease presents with attacks of biliary colic. This pain is intense, dull, constant, and is usually...") Tag: Visual edit
21:37, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary sclerosing cholangitis (Created page with "'''Primary sclerosing cholangitis''' (PSC) is a disorder characterised by progressive chronic inflammation of the intra- and extrahepatic ducts, eventually leading to obliteration of the ducts. Almost all patients also have IBD, especially ulcerative colitis. It can progress to cirrhosis and there is a high risk of development of cholangiocellular carcinoma. If there is concomitant ulcerative colitis, the risk for colorectal cancer is also elevated. == Clinical features...") Tag: Visual edit
21:35, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary biliary cholangitis (Created page with "Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune chronic liver disease characterised by progressive destruction of intralobular bile ducts leading to intrahepatic cholestasis. Eventually, cirrhosis develops. It almost exclusively affects middle-aged women and is associated with other autoimmune disorders. == Clinical features == PBC may present asymptomatically (only abnormal laboratory parameters) as it remains asympto...") Tag: Visual edit
21:32, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Autoimmune hepatitis (Created page with "Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a cause of hepatitis which presents acutely but becomes chronic, possibly progressing to cirrhosis. AIH mostly affects females. It can present at any year but mostly begins in the teens or in elderly. As with most autoimmune diseases, there is associated with other autoimmune diseases. It has a good response to therapy and a good prognosis, but a 40% mortality rate if untreated. 70% of patients relapse at some point after having reached re...") Tag: Visual edit
21:29, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cirrhosis (Created page with "Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterised by replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue. It’s an irreversible end-stage of hepatitis which cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is continuous loss of functional liver tissue, which is initially compensated and asymptomatic as the remaining liver can compensate. However, acute insults precipitate decreases in liver function, causing hepatic decompensation and development of dramatic and life-thr...") Tag: Visual edit
21:25, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Alcoholic liver disease (Created page with "Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an umbrella term for liver conditions caused by significant and chronic alcohol abuse. It initially causes liver steatosis, which progresses to alcoholic hepatitis to cirrhosis unless alcohol consumption stops. Almost all who abuse alcohol develop liver steatosis, which is reversible, but only a few progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatitis C is often found in chronic alcoholics and leads to acceleration of alcoholic liver d...") Tag: Visual edit
21:18, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Miscellaneous hepatitis viruses (Created page with "Three hepatitis viruses, torque teno virus (TTV), SEN virus (named after the initials of patient zero), and hepatitis G virus (HGV, also called GB virus type C), can not cause hepatitis by themselves but they can (probably) cause co-infection with hepatitis A – E. These were discovered relatively recently and their significance is not well known yet. Category:Gastroenterology") Tag: Visual edit
21:15, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis E (Created page with "Hepatitis E virus is a herpevirus and an RNA virus. There are four genotypes. Types 1 and 2 are mostly found in the tropics and subtropics and cannot cause chronic hepatitis. They only infect humans. Types 3 and 4 are found in animal reservoirs and can cause chronic hepatitis. These types are mostly present in Western countries. == Etiology == Like hepatitis A, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission of types 1 and 2 usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or w...") Tag: Visual edit
21:14, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis D (Created page with "The hepatitis D virus is defective, as it lacks certain parts to function. Because of this, it can only cause infection when hepatitis B is also present, as the hepatitis D virus requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for it to function. Like hepatitis B and C, transmission is parenteral, sexual, or perinatal. == Clinical features == Coinfection with HBV causes more severe acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis, but no increased risk of chronic hepatitis. Su...") Tag: Visual edit
21:13, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Jaundice (Created page with "'''Jaundice''' or '''icterus''' refers to the yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes due to deposition of bilirubin. This occurs due to an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood, called '''hyperbilirubinaemia'''. Discoloration of the sclerae occurs at lower concentrations of bilirubin than the skin. The reference range of total bilirubin is 5 – 20 µmol/L. '''Scleral icterus''' (sometimes called '''subicterus''', but different de...") Tag: Visual edit
12:51, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Hepatitis c to Hepatitis C
12:49, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis c (Created page with "Hepatitis C virus a flavivirus and an RNA virus. It is a common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. Chronic hepatitis C is the most common cause for liver transplantation. Curative treatment exists. Before the introduction of modern antivirals, curing HCV was much less successful and involved the use of interferons, which have nasty side effects. Thanks to modern antivirals, curing HCV has become much easier. == Etiology == Like hepatitis B and D, transmission...") Tag: Visual edit
12:33, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis B (Created page with "Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus. It can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. It's usually prevented by a childhood vaccine. Treatment exists for chronic hepatitis B. == Etiology == HBV is very infective, 50 – 100 times more infective than HIV. Like hepatitis C and D, transmission usually occurs due to: * Parenteral ** IV drug users ** Health care personnel * Sexual (esp. men who have sex with men) * Perinatal == Clinical features == Hepatitis B can cause both ac...") Tag: Visual edit
12:32, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis A (Created page with "Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a picornavirus and an RNA virus. It usually causes mild, self-limiting acute hepatitis. There is no specific treatment. == Etiology == Like hepatitis E, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or water * Close personal contact * IV drug users * Blood exposure (rare) ''For hepatitis, bowels are vowels. Those hepatitides who are vowels have faecal-oral transmission.'' == Clinical features == HAV ca...") Tag: Visual edit
18:55, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute abdomen (Created page with "Acute abdomen refers to acute onset abdominal pain. There’s a large number of conditions which can cause acute abdomen, and so knowing the differential diagnosis and investigations to distinguish them is important. The presence of typical risk factors, gender, and age for a specific cause can also help the diagnosis, and so knowing these is important as well. It’s important to remember that atypical presentations exist, of course. == Life-threatening conditions == I...") Tag: Visual edit
18:44, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peritonitis (Created page with "'''Peritonitis''' is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, discussed separately) and secondary peritonitis, usually called just "peritonitis". Secondary peritonitis is peritonitis caused by bacterial infection from a surgically treatable intraabdominal source, like <abbr>GI</abbr> perforation, appendicitis, trauma, etc. Secondary peritoni...") Tag: Visual edit
18:39, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Created page with "Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and secondary peritonitis. '''Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis''' is usually a monomicrobial infection, while secondary peritonitis is usually a polymicrobial infection. Secondary peritonitis may be generalised or local, while primary peritonitis is always generalised. Peritonitis is a...") Tag: Visual edit
18:31, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ileus (Created page with "Ileus refers to the inability of intestinal contents to pass through the intestinal tract. We can distinguish multiple types according to the pathomechanism: * Mechanical ileus – due to a mechanical obstruction of the bowels ** Obstructive ileus ** Bowel strangulation * Dynamic ileus – due to functional impairment of peristalsis ** Paralytic ileus ** Spastic ileus Obstructive ileus may be further classified as small bowel obstruction (SBO), large bowel obstruction,...") Tag: Visual edit