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20:46, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastrointestinal bleeding (Created page with "'''Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding''' can range from occult (no symptoms, only found on occult blood test) to severe and life-threatening. It may manifest as haematemesis, haemodynamic instability, melena, or haematochezia. '''Haematemesis''' refers to vomiting of fresh blood, clotted blood, or coffee grounds-like material. '''Haematochezia''' refers to fresh or clotted blood per rectum and is typically a sign of lower GI tract bleeding, while '''melena''' refers to pass...") Tag: Visual edit
20:25, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wilson disease (Created page with "Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterised by the toxic accumulation of copper in the liver and central nervous system that may present with hepatic, neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms can begin any time in the age of 5 – 35 years. == Pathomechanism == A mutation in the ATP7B gene, a copper transporter causes decreased copper excretion and decreased incorporation of copper into apoceruloplasmin, thereby causing...") Tag: Visual edit
20:23, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemochromatosis (Created page with "Haemochromatosis is characterised by accumulation of iron in the body, causing toxic iron deposition in multiple organs. The most commonly affected organs are the liver, heart, and pancreas. Hereditary haemochromatosis is the most common genetic disease of people with white ethnicity, especially in Northern Europe. It more frequently affects males >40 years. When it affects females, it occurs later than in men, as females lose iron through menstruation. == Etiology ==...") Tag: Visual edit
20:19, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign pancreatic tumours (Created page with "Benign pancreatic tumours are rare and frankly not that important to know. == Serous cystadenomas == Serous cystadenomas are the most common cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. They occur most frequently in older and female patients. They are almost always benign. They’re associated with mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. == Mucinous cystadenomas == Mucinous cystadenomas are almost exclusively found in women are usually found in the body or tail of the...") Tag: Visual edit
20:17, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pancreatic endocrine tumours (Created page with "Pancreatic endocrine tumours are neuroendocrine tumours, which produce hormones. They originate from the Langerhans islets cells. They account for < 5% of pancreatic tumours and are therefore quite rare. These tumours are predominantly benign but may be malignant as well. However, their disruptive potential comes rather from their hormone-producing properties rather than their mass effect or invasion. A few percent of endocrine pancreatic tumours are associated with mu...") Tag: Visual edit
20:16, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Created page with "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a malignancy with one of the highest mortality rates. It’s aggressive, causes no early symptoms, and is difficult to treat. It mostly affects elderly men. About 85% of cases are irresectable at the time of diagnosis due to being metastatic or locally advanced. == Etiology == * Smoking * Chronic pancreatitis * Alcoholism * Obesity == Pathology == Pancreatic adenocarcinoma accounts for almost all malignant exocrine pancreatic cancer (the...") Tag: Visual edit
20:08, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholangiocellular carcinoma (Created page with "Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a malignancy of the cholangiocytes that line the bile ducts. It can occur in the extrahepatic or intrahepatic bile ducts, with the former being more common. It can also occur in the gallbladder. If a CCC occurs at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts, it’s known as a Klatskin tumor. It's an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. == Clinical features == Extrahepatic cholangi...") Tag: Visual edit
20:05, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-HCC liver malignancies (Created page with "HCC is the most common liver malignancy, but other types exist too. == Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma == Intrahepatic CCC is a rare and aggressive liver cancer. It may also develop on the basis of cirrhosis. It spreads along the bile ducts. Treatment is surgical. == Angiosarcoma == Hepatic angiosarcoma is very rare and aggressive. It’s notably associated with exposure to certain toxins, vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide. Vinyl chloride...") Tag: Visual edit
20:03, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatocellular carcinoma (Created page with "Hepatocellular carcinoma (<abbr>HCC</abbr>) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. It’s mostly a disease of older men. In almost all cases it develops in an already cirrhotic liver, so the risk factors for HCC are the same as those for cirrhosis. The incidence of HCC is increasing. Due to the long asymptomatic period, most cases are irresectable at presentation. This gives it a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival of 30 – 50%. == Etiology == Com...") Tag: Visual edit
20:00, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Treatment of HCC.gif
20:00, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Treatment of HCC.gif
19:57, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Liver abscess (Created page with "Liver abscesses in Western countries are caused by bacteria, so-called pyogenic liver abscess. In developing countries, liver abscesses are mostly caused by parasites. Liver abscesses mostly affect the right lobe of the liver. == Etiology == In many cases, the source cannot be identified (cryptogenic abscess). In cases where the source is identified, the following sources are the most common: * Ascending cholangitis (due to biliary obstruction) * Bacteraemia * Intraabd...") Tag: Visual edit
19:56, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Echinococcus cyst (Created page with "Echinococcus cysts, also called hydatid cysts, is a consequence of consuming something contaminated by ''echinococcal tapeworm’s eggs''. An example of contamination is drinking water which is infested by dog faeces, or not washing your hands after petting a dog or cat and then touching food. When the eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines and the adult tapeworms penetrate the intestinal wall. This gives them the ability to travel with the blood stream or the l...") Tag: Visual edit
19:53, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Simple liver cysts (Created page with "Simple cysts of the liver can occur in healthy individuals and are usually unproblematic. In rare cases they can cause upper right quadrant pain. Simple liver cysts are easily diagnosed as thin-walled fluid-filled lesions on imaging. The presence of > 20 liver cysts suggest polycystic liver. Simple asymptomatic liver cysts require no treatment. Symptomatic ones can be drained or removed surgically. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Gastrointestinal surgery") Tag: Visual edit
19:49, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign liver tumours and tumour-like lesions (Created page with "The most important benign liver tumours and tumour-like lesions are hepatic haemangioma, hepatic adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia. Benign liver tumours are mostly asymptomatic. The most common symptom is upper right quadrant pain but ruptured or haemorrhaging hepatic adenomas may cause haemodynamic instability. Asymptomatic liver tumours are usually discovered incidentally on ultrasound or CT imaging. == Focal nodular hyperplasia == Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH...") Tag: Visual edit
10:49, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholestasis (Created page with "'''Cholestasis''' refers to reduced or blocked flow of bile through the biliary tree, usually due to an obstruction. This causes bile components, including bile acids and bilirubin to be absorbed into the blood. It may cause jaundice if severe enough. Cholestasis may be '''intrahepatic''' or '''extrahepatic''', depending on the location of the problem. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and is indicated as cholestasis predisposes to secondary infection (ch...") Tag: Visual edit
10:10, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Choledocholithiasis (Created page with "'''Choledocholithiasis''' is a form of complicated gallstone disease characterised by a gallstone stuck in the common bile duct. It causes cholestasis, and may lead to cholangitis, a severe bacterial infection or acute biliary pancreatitis. == Clinical features == Patients presents with biliary colic-like pain, but choledocholithiasis pain usually lasts longer. Jaundice may be present. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Laborator...") Tag: Visual edit
09:55, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gallstone disease (Created page with "'''Cholelithiasis''' refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, while '''choledocholithiasis''' refers to gallstones in the common bile duct. '''Gallstone disease''' refers to various clinical manifestations of the presence of gallstones, including: * Uncomplicated gallstone disease ** Biliary colic * Complicated gallstone disease ** Acute calculous cholecystitis ** Cholangitis ** Biliary pancreatitis ** Gallstone ileus...") Tag: Visual edit
09:54, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cholangitis (Created page with "'''Cholangitis''' is a severe bacterial infection and a form of complicated gallstone disease characterised by infection of the biliary tree secondary to stasis secondary to an obstruction of the common bile duct, usually a gallstone, called choledocholithiasis'''.''' It's characterised by Charcot's triad of fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Urgent treatment with source control and antibiotics is important. It may cause sepsis. Patients can present with chole...") Tag: Visual edit
09:29, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gallstone ileus (Created page with "'''Gallstone ileus''' is a rare but severe complication of gallstone disease where chronic inflammation of the gallbladder has formed a fistula between the gallbladder and duodenum, through which a gallstone can pass. This gallstone can obstruct the small bowel, causing ileus. These fistulae take a long time to form and are due to long-standing necrosis of the gallbladder wall due to pressure from a gallstone. Gas inside the biliary tract on imaging is diagnostic. Th...") Tag: Visual edit
09:26, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute calculous cholecystitis (Created page with "'''Acute calculous cholecystitis''' is one manifestation of complicated gallstone disease characterised by inflammation of the gallbladder secondary to cystic duct obstruction by a gallstone. It's not necessarily infected by bacteria, but it may be. Acute calculous cholecystitis may be complicated by gallbladder gangrene, perforation, or emphysema. == Clinical features == Cholecystitis usually presents with right upper quadrant pain which lasts longer than biliary...") Tag: Visual edit
08:46, 19 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Biliary colic (Created page with "'''Biliary colic''' is the clinical manifestation of uncomplicated gallstone disease. It refers to recurrent attacks of severe pain of typical character. It is not dangerous, but it is bothersome. Treatment involves avoidance of fatty foods and analgesics during attacks. The only definitive treatment is cholecystectomy. == Clinical features == Uncomplicated gallstone disease presents with attacks of biliary colic. This pain is intense, dull, constant, and is usually...") Tag: Visual edit
20:37, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary sclerosing cholangitis (Created page with "'''Primary sclerosing cholangitis''' (PSC) is a disorder characterised by progressive chronic inflammation of the intra- and extrahepatic ducts, eventually leading to obliteration of the ducts. Almost all patients also have IBD, especially ulcerative colitis. It can progress to cirrhosis and there is a high risk of development of cholangiocellular carcinoma. If there is concomitant ulcerative colitis, the risk for colorectal cancer is also elevated. == Clinical features...") Tag: Visual edit
20:35, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary biliary cholangitis (Created page with "Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune chronic liver disease characterised by progressive destruction of intralobular bile ducts leading to intrahepatic cholestasis. Eventually, cirrhosis develops. It almost exclusively affects middle-aged women and is associated with other autoimmune disorders. == Clinical features == PBC may present asymptomatically (only abnormal laboratory parameters) as it remains asympto...") Tag: Visual edit
20:32, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Autoimmune hepatitis (Created page with "Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a cause of hepatitis which presents acutely but becomes chronic, possibly progressing to cirrhosis. AIH mostly affects females. It can present at any year but mostly begins in the teens or in elderly. As with most autoimmune diseases, there is associated with other autoimmune diseases. It has a good response to therapy and a good prognosis, but a 40% mortality rate if untreated. 70% of patients relapse at some point after having reached re...") Tag: Visual edit
20:29, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cirrhosis (Created page with "Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterised by replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue. It’s an irreversible end-stage of hepatitis which cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is continuous loss of functional liver tissue, which is initially compensated and asymptomatic as the remaining liver can compensate. However, acute insults precipitate decreases in liver function, causing hepatic decompensation and development of dramatic and life-thr...") Tag: Visual edit
20:25, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Alcoholic liver disease (Created page with "Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an umbrella term for liver conditions caused by significant and chronic alcohol abuse. It initially causes liver steatosis, which progresses to alcoholic hepatitis to cirrhosis unless alcohol consumption stops. Almost all who abuse alcohol develop liver steatosis, which is reversible, but only a few progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatitis C is often found in chronic alcoholics and leads to acceleration of alcoholic liver d...") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Miscellaneous hepatitis viruses (Created page with "Three hepatitis viruses, torque teno virus (TTV), SEN virus (named after the initials of patient zero), and hepatitis G virus (HGV, also called GB virus type C), can not cause hepatitis by themselves but they can (probably) cause co-infection with hepatitis A – E. These were discovered relatively recently and their significance is not well known yet. Category:Gastroenterology") Tag: Visual edit
20:15, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis E (Created page with "Hepatitis E virus is a herpevirus and an RNA virus. There are four genotypes. Types 1 and 2 are mostly found in the tropics and subtropics and cannot cause chronic hepatitis. They only infect humans. Types 3 and 4 are found in animal reservoirs and can cause chronic hepatitis. These types are mostly present in Western countries. == Etiology == Like hepatitis A, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission of types 1 and 2 usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or w...") Tag: Visual edit
20:14, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis D (Created page with "The hepatitis D virus is defective, as it lacks certain parts to function. Because of this, it can only cause infection when hepatitis B is also present, as the hepatitis D virus requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for it to function. Like hepatitis B and C, transmission is parenteral, sexual, or perinatal. == Clinical features == Coinfection with HBV causes more severe acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis, but no increased risk of chronic hepatitis. Su...") Tag: Visual edit
20:13, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Jaundice (Created page with "'''Jaundice''' or '''icterus''' refers to the yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes due to deposition of bilirubin. This occurs due to an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood, called '''hyperbilirubinaemia'''. Discoloration of the sclerae occurs at lower concentrations of bilirubin than the skin. The reference range of total bilirubin is 5 – 20 µmol/L. '''Scleral icterus''' (sometimes called '''subicterus''', but different de...") Tag: Visual edit
11:51, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Hepatitis c to Hepatitis C
11:49, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis c (Created page with "Hepatitis C virus a flavivirus and an RNA virus. It is a common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. Chronic hepatitis C is the most common cause for liver transplantation. Curative treatment exists. Before the introduction of modern antivirals, curing HCV was much less successful and involved the use of interferons, which have nasty side effects. Thanks to modern antivirals, curing HCV has become much easier. == Etiology == Like hepatitis B and D, transmission...") Tag: Visual edit
11:33, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis B (Created page with "Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus. It can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. It's usually prevented by a childhood vaccine. Treatment exists for chronic hepatitis B. == Etiology == HBV is very infective, 50 – 100 times more infective than HIV. Like hepatitis C and D, transmission usually occurs due to: * Parenteral ** IV drug users ** Health care personnel * Sexual (esp. men who have sex with men) * Perinatal == Clinical features == Hepatitis B can cause both ac...") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis A (Created page with "Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a picornavirus and an RNA virus. It usually causes mild, self-limiting acute hepatitis. There is no specific treatment. == Etiology == Like hepatitis E, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or water * Close personal contact * IV drug users * Blood exposure (rare) ''For hepatitis, bowels are vowels. Those hepatitides who are vowels have faecal-oral transmission.'' == Clinical features == HAV ca...") Tag: Visual edit
17:55, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute abdomen (Created page with "Acute abdomen refers to acute onset abdominal pain. There’s a large number of conditions which can cause acute abdomen, and so knowing the differential diagnosis and investigations to distinguish them is important. The presence of typical risk factors, gender, and age for a specific cause can also help the diagnosis, and so knowing these is important as well. It’s important to remember that atypical presentations exist, of course. == Life-threatening conditions == I...") Tag: Visual edit
17:44, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peritonitis (Created page with "'''Peritonitis''' is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, discussed separately) and secondary peritonitis, usually called just "peritonitis". Secondary peritonitis is peritonitis caused by bacterial infection from a surgically treatable intraabdominal source, like <abbr>GI</abbr> perforation, appendicitis, trauma, etc. Secondary peritoni...") Tag: Visual edit
17:39, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Created page with "Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and secondary peritonitis. '''Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis''' is usually a monomicrobial infection, while secondary peritonitis is usually a polymicrobial infection. Secondary peritonitis may be generalised or local, while primary peritonitis is always generalised. Peritonitis is a...") Tag: Visual edit
17:31, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ileus (Created page with "Ileus refers to the inability of intestinal contents to pass through the intestinal tract. We can distinguish multiple types according to the pathomechanism: * Mechanical ileus – due to a mechanical obstruction of the bowels ** Obstructive ileus ** Bowel strangulation * Dynamic ileus – due to functional impairment of peristalsis ** Paralytic ileus ** Spastic ileus Obstructive ileus may be further classified as small bowel obstruction (SBO), large bowel obstruction,...") Tag: Visual edit
17:17, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic pancreatitis (Created page with "Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by chronic inflammation of the pancreas with replacement of normal parenchyme by fibrotic scar tissue, which causes chronic abdominal pain and pancreatic insufficiency. It is an ongoing, progressive pathologic response to pancreatic injury. In most cases, chronic pancreatitis is caused by relapsing episodes of acute pancreatitis. The disease progresses gradually from a single episode of acute appendicitis to relapsing episodes of acu...") Tag: Visual edit
17:04, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute pancreatitis (Created page with "Acute pancreatitis is a reversible inflammatory condition of the pancreas that varies in intensity from just oedema and adiponecrosis to widespread parenchymal necrosis. It occurs when something causes the digestive enzymes to be activated in the pancreas itself, which self-digest the organ. The disease has a significant mortality, around 5%. In most patients the disease is mild and patients recover after a few days. However, 20% develop severe (necrotising) pancreatiti...") Tag: Visual edit
16:49, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute appendicitis (Created page with "Acute appendicitis refers to acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix and is a common cause of acute abdomen. Rapid management is important to prevent complications such as perforation of the appendix. The lifetime incidence of appendicitis is 9% for men and 7% for women. The peak incidence is in the second and third decades of life, but it may occur at any age. The incidence of acute appendicitis has been decreasing since the 1970s, for reasons not known. == Etiol...") Tag: Visual edit
16:25, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diverticular disease (diverticulosis and diverticulitis) (Created page with "A colonic diverticulum is a sac-like protrusion of the colonic wall. The presence of many diverticula is called '''diverticulosis'''. In some cases, the diverticula may become inflamed, in which case the condition is called '''diverticulitis''' and occurs in approx. 10% of people with diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is usually asymptomatic, but it may cause symptoms like abdominal pain or lower GI tract bleeding. '''Diverticular disease''' refers to symptomatic diverticu...") Tag: Visual edit
16:00, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Colorectal cancer (Created page with "Colorectal carcinoma (<abbr>CRC</abbr>) refers to all cancers that can affect the colon and rectum. Carcinomas in the colon are the most common malignancy in the <abbr>GI</abbr>-tract, accounting for 95% of all GI cancers. CRC is the third most common type of cancer, but it’s the second most common cause of cancer-related death. It accounts for 10% of the world’s cancers. It’s mostly a disease of elderly, affecting those in their 60s and 70s. >90% of colorectal ca...") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Colonic polyps (Created page with "Colonic polyps are elevated protruding lesions of the colon into the colon lumen. They may be hyperplastic, inflammatory, hamartomatous, or neoplastic. These polyps may cause symptoms or develop into cancer. >90% of colorectal cancers develop from an adenomatous polyp, but only 3 – 5% of adenomatous polyps progress to cancer. Colon polyps are very common, affecting 30% of adults >50 years. == Etiology == Colonic polyps are highly related to the Western, obesogenic li...") Tag: Visual edit
15:49, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Precancerous states of the GI tract (Created page with "There are multiple different precancerous states of the GI tract. Inflammatory bowel diseases also increase the risk for cancer but are not covered here. == Barrett oesophagus == Barrett oesophagus is a consequence of chronic GERD where the chronic acid exposure of the oesophageal mucosa causes intestinal metaplasia (Barrett metaplasia). On histology goblet cells can be seen in the mucosa. It occurs i...") Tag: Visual edit
15:40, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis) (Created page with "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for two idiopathic conditions; Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both are chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that involve some inappropriate immune activation of the mucosa. Luckily for us the two diseases have different features that can be used to differentiate them. We’ll give a summary of the differences at the end of this topic. IBD is a chronic disease, but it isn’t always active. T...") Tag: Visual edit
15:35, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Malabsorption syndromes (Created page with "Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which the small intestine can’t properly absorb one or more nutrients. This may be due to impaired absorption or impaired digestion. Fat malabsorption is the most common specific nutrient malabsorption. == Etiology == * Global/complex nutrient malabsorption ** Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, CF) ** Intestinal resection ** Inflammatory bowel disease ** Coel...") Tag: Visual edit
15:33, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coeliac disease (Created page with "Coeliac disease, also called coeliac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic immune-mediated systemic disorder triggered by consumption of gluten. It’s a relatively common condition, affecting 1 per 100 in Western Europe, but it’s also common in the Middle East. The prevalence has increased significantly in the recent 50 years. It’s likely underdiagnosed due to its heterogenous clinical presentation. == Etiology == Coeliac disease is highly related to...") Tag: Visual edit
15:31, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Functional bowel diseases (Created page with "Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and somatisation. Functional bowel disorders are common, but significantly u...") Tag: Visual edit