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- 13:16, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Proton excretion in the distal tubule.png
- 13:15, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.png
- 13:15, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.png
- 13:13, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation normal pH.png
- 13:13, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation normal pH.png
- 13:12, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pCO2.png
- 13:12, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pCO2.png
- 13:12, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.png
- 13:12, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.png
- 13:11, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Carbonic acid buffer 2.png
- 13:11, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Carbonic acid buffer 2.png
- 13:11, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Carbonic acid buffer 1.png
- 13:11, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Carbonic acid buffer 1.png
- 13:09, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 75. Acute diffuse glomerulonephritis (Created page with "Acute (diffuse) glomerulonephritis (acute <abbr>GN</abbr>) is a term for many disorders that can cause acute inflammation of the glomeruli. It comprises 10% of the cases of parenchymal acute renal failure. There can be many causes for acute glomerulonephritis. Most of them have immunological background. Common for all of them is that the glomeruli are damaged. == Etiology == Common causes include: * Immunological ** Post-streptococcal (most frequent) ** Autoimmune (es...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:09, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 74. Acute tubular nephropathy (Created page with "Acute tubular nephropathy, or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) as it’s been known as in the last 40 years, is responsible for 80% of all renal parenchymal causes of acute renal failure. It’s mortal in 5- 10% of cases, where permanent damage is sustained, but in the majority of cases will the kidney functions be normalized. We have two types of ATN: Ischaemic type and toxic type. == Ischaemic acute tubular necrosis == Ischaemic ATN involves such a severe hypoperfusion t...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:50, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 73. Renal circulation. Cardiorenal syndrome (Created page with "== Renal circulation == The kidneys receive a lot of blood: 20 – 25% of resting CO. The oxygen extraction is very low, because the abundant circulation isn’t meant to serve oxygen but to be filtered. The tubules are what need the most oxygen in the kidneys. In normal cases does the cortex receive much more blood than the medulla. However, when the RBF is decreased will the ratio be reduced – the cortex will still receive most blood of the two, but the difference...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:49, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 72. Acute renal failure. Occurrence, general features – extrarenal uremia. Prerenal azotemia. Postrenal failure (Created page with "Acute kidney injury (<abbr>AKI</abbr>), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a clinical syndrome which is characterised by an acute decrease in <abbr>GFR</abbr> (over hours or days), as evidenced by elevated creatinine. This means that the kidney filters less of the plasma than normal, causing waste products usually excreted by the kidney to accumulate. ''Because there isn’t always a renal “failure” in this condition, it has been renamed from acute rena...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:46, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 71. Uremic coma (Created page with "In uraemia is central nervous system involvement frequent, especially when <abbr>GFR</abbr> is below 15 mL/min, as it is in end-stage renal failure. This condition is called uraemic encephalopathy. Important symptoms include: * Fatigue * Seizures * Confusion * Decreased cognitive function * Coma (in severe untreated cases) ''As you can see is coma only a small part of uraemic encephalopathy. It therefore doesn’t make sense to use the phrase “uraemic coma”. Almost...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:45, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 70. Metabolic disorders and organ dysfunctions in uraemia (Created page with "Azotaemia is defined as an elevation of waste products like urea and creatinine in the blood. This is not always symptomatic. On the other hand, uraemia refers to the clinical symptoms which occur in response to the toxic effects of urea, creatinine and other waste products. Uraemia classically occurs in the setting of end stage renal disease (ESRD), the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uraemia and end stage renal disease are sometimes used interchangeably....") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:42, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 69. Chronic renal failure. Causes, characteristics and progression (Created page with "This condition was previously called chronic renal failure, but it’s nowadays called chronic kidney disease (CKD), as the definition no longer only includes those with “failing” kidneys. Chronic kidney disease is defined as any kidney abnormality which lasts for more than 3 months. This abnormality can be any of the following: * Abnormal <abbr>GFR (high or low)</abbr> * Abnormal albuminuria * Abnormal urine analysis * Abnormal electrolyte balance * Abnormal histol...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:40, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 68. Non-excretory kidney functions and their abnormalities (Created page with "== Blood pressure regulation == The kidney has two ways to influence the blood pressure – it has one system to increase it (the pressor system, RAAS) and one system to decrease it (the depressor system) The kidney pressor system is activated by low intrarenal blood pressure, which occurs when the RBF is decreased or when the systemic blood pressure is low. This enhances renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells. Renin will cleave angiotensinogen (produced by the liver)...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:38, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 67. Oliguria, polyuria. Renal functions in the elderly (Created page with "This topic mostly discusses the mechanisms and causes of polyuria and oliguria, and the function of diuretics. == Oliguria == Oliguria is defined as a urine production of less than 400 – 500 mL per day. At this point is the urine maximally concentrated (1200 – 1300 mOsm/kg), meaning that this is the least amount of urine a healthy kidney in a not-dehydrated body can produce. Oliguria can occur due to: * Low <abbr>GFR</abbr> ** Very few functional nephrons, so that...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:36, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 66. Hyposthenuria, asthenuria, osmotic diuresis (This figure shows ADH’s effect on the osmolarity (and therefore the specific gravity) of the urine. The solid line shows the situation when the osmotic gradient is normal and the stapled line shows the situation in hyposthenuria. Note that ADH has a much larger capacity to regulate the osmolarity of the urine when there is no hyposthenuria) Tag: Visual edit
- 10:34, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:ADH and hyposthenuria.png
- 10:34, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:ADH and hyposthenuria.png
- 10:31, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron in diabetes insipidus.png
- 10:31, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron in diabetes insipidus.png
- 10:31, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron without cortico-medullary gradient.png
- 10:31, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron without cortico-medullary gradient.png
- 10:30, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron osmolarity.png
- 10:30, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron osmolarity.png
- 10:27, 21 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 65. Proteinuria (Created page with "Proteins aren’t usually filtered out, because most normal plasma proteins are too large for the glomerular pores and they are negative, just like the filter surface. The small amount of protein that is filtered are small in size (below 65 kD) and are reabsorbed by proximal tubular cells where they are metabolized. Normally is only 1-2 g protein filtered per day, but only 40 – 50 mg is excreted. Anything higher than that is proteinuria, which is often a sign of kidne...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:53, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 64. Disorders of tubular functions (Created page with "== The tubules work hard == thumb|334x334px|Functions of the tubule Despite there being 180 L of ultrafiltrate produced each day is the urine output only 1 – 1.5 L/day, indicating that the tubules must do a lot of reabsorption. The urine also has a very different composition from the ultrafiltrate. When the tubules dysfunction will both the quantity and the quality of the urine be different. This is a good time to introduce some ne...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:53, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Plasma concentration of substances related to GFR.png
- 18:53, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Plasma concentration of substances related to GFR.png
- 18:51, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Specific gravity formula.png
- 18:51, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Specific gravity formula.png
- 18:50, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Functions of the tubule.png
- 18:50, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Functions of the tubule.png
- 18:41, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 63. Pathophysiology of glomerular filtration (Created page with "== Renal blood flow == thumb|264x264px|Functions and anatomy of the nephron The kidney receives enormous amounts of blood flow. The renal blood flow (RBF) is around 1200 mL or 20 – 25% of the cardiac output in rest. However, this large blood flow isn’t because the kidneys need a lot of oxygen (they don’t, as we’ll see later), but rather because the glomerular filtration rate depends on the RBF. Renal arteries enter the nephron as af...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:38, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Kidney oxygen utilisation.png
- 18:38, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Kidney oxygen utilisation.png
- 18:37, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron function.png
- 18:37, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron function.png
- 18:36, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 62. Granulocytes in inflammatory processes (Created page with "== Functions of granulocytes == Neutrophil granulocytes have 2 important immune functions: Phagocytosis and releasing contents of its granules. Neutrophils have 2 types of granules, which contain different compounds: * Primary granules ** Hydrolase ** Elastase ** Collagenase ** Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) ** Bactericids * Secondary granules ** Lactoferrin ** NADPH oxidase elements ** Others Neutrophils in the body reside in the following locations: * 90% in bone...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:34, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 61. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (Created page with "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is what occurs when something causes an uncontrolled activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It’s characterised by the presence of both thrombosis and haemorrhage simultaneously, and it may cause organ failures or even death. It does not occur by itself, but is rather a result of another severe disorder. Following the uncontrolled activation of coagulation that leads to the formation of microthrombi everywhere in the bo...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 60. Thrombosis. Causes and consequences (Created page with "Thrombosis, formation of blood clots where they're not physiologically necessary, is an important component of various common disorders. Thrombi can cause problems locally or they can loosen and travel to other vessels, a process called embolisation. Thrombi can form in veins or arteries. == Etiology == Virchow’s triad described the major risk factors for thrombosis: * Impaired blood flow (stasis) ** Immobilization (bed-ridden people, long flights) ** Varicose veins...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:26, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 59. Congenital and acquired coagulopathies (Created page with "Disorders where problems with the clotting factors in the blood are called coagulopathies. The goal of the clotting cascade is to form fibrin from fibrinogen. While problems with the vessels or platelets cause small bleedings will coagulopathies cause large bleedings, like haematomas. The bleeding time is normal (except in von Willebrand disease), but the clotting time is prolonged. The classification goes like this: * Hereditary ** Haemophilia A – factor VIII defici...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:23, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 58. Bleeding abnormalities due to platelet or vascular factors (Created page with "Haemostasis is the process that causes bleeding to stop. It’s basically the opposite of haemorrhage. Coagulation is obviously an important part. Haemostasis has three parts: * Vasoconstriction of the affected vessel ** Happens within seconds ** Via neural and humoral pathways * Platelet adhesion and aggregation forms a platelet plug ** Takes 3-7 minutes (the bleeding time) * Coagulation occurs ** Fibrin is deposited ** Takes 5-10 minutes (the clotting time) Fibrinoly...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:19, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 57. Polycythemias, polyglobulias (Created page with "The condition where the number of RBCs in the blood is ''increased'' has two names, depending on whether it’s primary or secondary. It’s called ''polycythaemia'' if it’s primary and ''polyglobulia'' if it’s secondary. At least according to POTE. In the international literature, the term polyglobulia is a seldom-used synonym for polycythaemia. == Polycythaemia vera == Polycythaemia vera is a benign myeloproliferative neoplasm in the bone marrow which causes the...") Tag: Visual edit