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• 12:09, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension – age and blood pressure (Created page with "Systemic hypertension is defined as the state where the resting blood pressure is higher than 140/90 mmHg, although anything above 135/85 is a “high normal”. Hypertension is a very common disease and often presents without symptoms, which means many cases go undiagnosed for a long time. It is still a dangerous disease, which is why it’s often called ''“the silent killer”.'' A small increase in blood pressure gives a rapid increase in cardiovascular mortality....") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:08, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Pulmonary circulation, pulmonary hypertension (Created page with "Logically, all the blood that enters the systemic circulation must also enter the pulmonary circulation. However, at any point in time the volume of blood that is present in the pulmonary vessels is very low compared to the stored blood volume in the systemic circulation. In physiological cases 6-9% of the total blood volume is stored in the pulmonary circulation. In pulmonary congestion will the number go up, perhaps all the way to 20%! The pulmonary circulation doesn...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Characteristics and disorders of splanchnic blood flow (Created page with "The <abbr>GI</abbr>-tract, liver, pancreas and spleen all together receive about 1.3-1.4 L/min which is 27% of the blood flow. Of this value, 300-350 mL goes to the hepatic artery alone. The gastrointestinal motility and the secretion and absorption are all highly dependent on the organs involved receiving enough blood. In response to food intake will the blood supply of these organs be increased. This increase is mediated by the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), secreti...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Countercurrent blood flow of intestinal villi.jpg
• 12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Countercurrent blood flow of intestinal villi.jpg
• 15:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Cerebral hypoxia, ischaemia, stroke (Created page with "Stroke is an acute neurological condition due to a cerebrovascular event. We distinguish two types of stroke: ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. == Ischaemic stroke == Ischaemic stroke, or cerebral ischemia, occurs because of an occlusion of an artery. This is the most common type of stroke, and the extent of the damage depends on which artery was occluded and for how long. The artery occlusion causes ischaemic damage to the brain tissue. We distinguish two types of ce...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:28, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Regulation of cerebral circulation in health and disease (Created page with "The brain needs a very large amount of blood. It weighs only 1300g, approximately 2% of the body weight, but uses 15% of the cardiac output, consumes 25% of the oxygen and 70% of the glucose. There are no energy stores in the neurons, so a short (1-2s) circulatory arrest results in loss of consciousness. Cerebral blood flow can be measured in absolute terms (700-800 mL/min) or per 100g of brain tissue. On average it is 60 mL/100g/min. If this value decreases below 20 th...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:27, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cerebral autoregulation.png
• 15:27, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cerebral autoregulation.png
• 15:26, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Mechanisms and consequences of chronic ischemic heart disease (Created page with "Chronic IHD (or ischaemic cardiomyopathy) is a progressive heart failure that occurs due to ischaemic myocardial damage. The myocardial damage is often due to a previous myocardial infarct, but in some cases can severe coronary artery disease cause myocardial ischaemia and dysfunction without infarction or symptoms. ''Some consider the term “chronic ischaemic heart disease” to mean all non-acute ischaemic heart diseases (like the anginas), which appearently the path...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:24, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Pathomechanism and consequences of acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "== Coronary artery disease == Coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that is caused by a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand, which causes ischaemia of the myocardium. In almost all cases it’s caused by atherosclerosis in the coronaries. The following conditions are considered coronary artery diseases: * Stable angina * Silent myocardial ischaemia * Chronic ischaemic heart disease * Acute coronary...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:23, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Pathological changes following coronary artery occlusion.jpg
• 15:23, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Pathological changes following coronary artery occlusion.jpg
• 15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency. Risk factors (Created page with "The oxygen delivery to the myocardium can only be increased by increasing the coronary blood flow. If the coronary blood flow can’t be increased to meet the oxygen demand of the myocardium, ischaemia develops. == Coronary circulation == The myocardial metabolism is highly aerobic, meaning that the coronaries must supply a lot of oxygen to the heart muscle. The coronary circulation is 80 mL/100g/min, which is higher than the cerebral blood flow at 60 mL/100g/min. The o...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Coronary flow reserve.png
• 15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Coronary flow reserve.png
• 15:18, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Law of Laplace.png
• 15:18, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Law of Laplace.png
• 15:17, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Tissue hypoxia, ischemia, reperfusion and tissue metabolism (Created page with "Ischaemia reduces the oxygen supply to cells. This causes them to switch to anaerobic metabolism, which produces much less ATP. The Na+/K+ ATPase dysfunctions, causing Na+ to enter the cell. As a result Ca2+ also enters. Intracellular calcium damages the mitochondria and activates many destructive enzymes. Damaged mitochondria produce more reactive oxygen species, especially during reperfusion. == Ischaemia == One of the major consequences of shock is that the tissues d...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:16, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Organ manifestations of shock (Created page with "Different organs respond to shock differently. The organ damage depends mostly on the degree of vasoconstriction for the specific organ. == Brain == The brain isn’t really affected by shock, except in the very late phases. There are no morphological or functional changes in the brain during a shock. The body will always try to conserve the blood flow to the brain (and coronaries) in any condition. == Heart == As seen in topic 18 is the coronary circulation auto-regul...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Renal blood flow in rest and shock.png
• 15:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Renal blood flow in rest and shock.png
• 15:13, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Distributive shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "In distributive shock the distribution of the cardiac output is affected rather than the blood volume or cardiac function. CO will be high or normal in these cases. Some parts of the body will have accumulation of blood or fluid while other parts will suffer inefficient perfusion because of this. To mechanisms can lie in the background of distributive shock: * Capillary leakage – fluid is lost to the interstitium * Systemic vasodilation – the blood pools in the pe...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:12, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Cardiogenic shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "In cardiogenic shock the systolic BP is lower than 90 mmHg and the urine production is low. == Causes == * Acute myocardial infarction ** When more than 40% of myocardium is affected * Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy * Pericardial tamponade * End-stage of heart failure * Arrhythmias == Pathomechanism == End-diastolic volume and end-diastolic pressure will increase as the heart can’t pump out blood. The central venous pressure will also increase. {| class="wi...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:11, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Hypovolemic shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is loss of more than 20 % of intravascular fluid volume. It can be caused by hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic fluid loss. Here are the most common causes: * Haemorrhagic fluid loss ** Trauma ** Surgery ** Variceal bleeding ** Postpartum bleeding * Non-haemorrhagic ** Diarrhoea ** Vomiting ** Burns ** Dehydration ** Loss of fluid to “third spaces” *** Fluid moving to peritoneal, pleural or pericardial cavity *** Acute pancreatitis...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Definition and classification of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of development, phases and characteristics of microcirculation (Created page with "Circulatory shock is a circulatory disorder that’s caused by severely decreased tissue perfusion. It is a potentially life-threatening disorder because the tissue hypoperfusion results in defective supply of oxygen and nutrients and defective removal of waste-products, which damages the peripheral tissues, which releases dangerous substances, and can lead to death. The common clinical findings are: * Hypotension * Confusion * Tachycardia * Tachypnoea * Cool skin * Ol...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Capillary shunt formation.webp
• 15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Capillary shunt formation.webp
• 15:09, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Schematic figure of microcirculation.png
• 15:09, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Schematic figure of microcirculation.png
• 15:03, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Vasovagal syncope (Created page with "Syncope (or fainting) is a sudden, completely reversible loss of consciousness due to an acute reduction of cerebral perfusion. It may last from several seconds up to minutes. It occurs exclusively in orthostatic (standing or sitting where the head is up) posture. Along with the loss of consciousness is there also a loss in skeletal muscle tone, which causes the affected person to fall and assume a supine position where the circulation normalizes and consciousness is reg...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:02, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Mechanism of vasovagal syncope.jpg
• 15:02, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Mechanism of vasovagal syncope.jpg
• 15:01, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Pathophysiology of the lymphatic circulation (Created page with "We don’t normally read a lot about the lymphatic system, and there’s not a lot to say about its pathophysiology either. The book doesn’t write a lot about it either. However, oedema is a process which is related to the lymphatics, so we’ll start there. ''In retrospect I don’t think oedema is what’s important about this topic, but I don’t know what else is important here, so I’ll leave it like it is.'' Oedema can occur internally or peripherally, but whe...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:00, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Acute heart failure (Created page with "In acute cardiac failure there is a sudden decrease in cardiac output. It mostly occurs due to: * Acute inefficient ventricular filling ** Right heart: vena cava occlusion ** Left heart: pulmonary embolism * Acute inefficient ventricular contraction ** Asystole ** 3rd degree AV-block ** Ventricular fibrillation ** Acute valvular rupture ** Toxic or metabolic myocardial injury ** Myocardial infarction ** Aneurysm Acute heart failure can occur as the first presentation o...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:58, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Cardiomyopathies (Created page with "A cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium which is ''not'' caused by coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart diseases. In other words, myocardial diseases caused by hypertension, coronary artery disease, valvular disease or congenital heart diseases are not considered cardiomyopathies. ''Some definitions include the aforementioned diseases  as cardiomyopathies, but most definitions don’t.''<ref>https://www.uptodate.com/conten...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:56, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. High output cardiac failure (Created page with "In high-output cardiac failure, the problem isn’t that the heart has an abnormally low capacity to increase or manage its cardiac output. The problem is rather that some peripheral or systemic condition causes the body to have an extraordinarily high demand for cardiac output! The heart will initially try to satisfy the tissues’ higher demand but over time, the heart will take damage for it. The low-output variant is more frequent than the high-output variant. {| cl...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:55, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Backward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure (Created page with "== Backward failure symptoms of left-sided heart failure == The main backward failure symptoms of left-sided heart failure are: * Dyspnoea, especially on exertion * Paroxysmal (sudden) nocturnal dyspnoea * Orthopnoea * Cough * Cyanosis * Wet lung * Pulmonary oedema (when alongside acute left heart failure) Left-sided heart failure won’t just cause hypoperfusion of organs but also congestion of the pulmonary circulation. This happens because the amount of blood going...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:53, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Forward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure (Created page with "The consequences of heart failure are categorized into two group: signs of ''forward'' failure and signs of ''backward'' failure, where forward symptoms come from problems occurring ''after'' the heart while backward symptoms come from problems occurring ''before''. The backward failure symptoms come from the increased venous tone and the congestion. The forward failure symptoms depend on which area is hypoperfused because of the heart failure. The actual clinical sympt...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:48, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Causes and forms of heart failure (Created page with "== Forms of heart failure == There are multiple ways to classify heart failure. They are: * According to the pathomechanism ** Systolic dysfunction heart failure ** Diastolic dysfunction heart failure * According to affected side ** Left-sided heart failure ** Right-sided heart failure * According to the cardiac output ** Low-output heart failure ** High-output heart failure * According to the timeline ** Acute heart failure ** Chronic heart failure Most heart failures...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:31, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Distribution of cardiac output and its disorders in the young and the elderly (Created page with "== Summary == Heart failure is the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body. Most failing hearts can maintain a 5 L/min cardiac output during rest. However, their cardiac output can’t increase when the body requires more perfusion, such as during exercise. Only when the demand for CO increases will the failing heart cause symptoms, except in the very late stages of heart failure. People with heart failure utilize three com...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease2.png
• 10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease2.png
• 10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png (wrong. correctversion will be uploaded)
• 10:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png
• 10:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png
• 10:28, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Cardiovascular adaptation in health and disease (Created page with "== Physiology repetition == These notes assume you know most of the cardiac physiology from physiology. For repetition: Preload = the extent to which the myocardium is stretched at the end of diastole, right before systole. Preload depends on the end-diastolic volume (EDV), which mostly depends on venous return to the heart. Afterload = the force that the ventricles must eject blood against during systole. Afterload depends mostly on the pressure in the aorta, measured...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:20, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathophysiology 1 (Created page with "Link to flashcards (old): [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/cardiovascular-blood-pressure-shock-10235806 Topic 1 – 30], [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/respiration-10239565 topic 41 - 52], [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/g-10213064 ECG theory]. Category:3rd year") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Substance-or-Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder (Created page with "Psychosis induced by illegal substances is a common, and psychosis may develop after intoxication, withdrawal, or exposure to the substance. Prescription medications can also cause psychosis, but this is less common. Because illegal substance use is more common among people with psychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it can be difficult to determine whether the symptoms are secondary to the substance or the psychiatric disorder. Peopl...") Tag: Visual edit
• 09:49, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Schizophrenia-related disorders (Created page with "There are several psychotic psychiatric disorders which I consider to be similar to or related to schizophrenia. This article will cover those. == Schizoaffective disorder == Schizoaffective disorder is a condition characterised by the presence of both symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood (affective) disorder like bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. Both sets of symptoms must be prominent in the patient's course of illness for the di...") Tag: Visual edit