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21:13, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peripheral regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Peripheral regional anaesthesia''' is also known as a '''nerve block''' or '''conduction anaesthesia''', a form of regional anaesthesia. With this modality local anaesthetic is administered around the nerve supplying the area to be anaesthetised. This may take place some distance from the surgical site, like for example a brachial plexus block for hand surgery. The result is anaesthesia of the area supplied by the nerve distal to the area of injection. == Ner...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:10, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Central regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Central regional anaesthesia''', also called '''neuraxial block''', refers to either epidural or subarachnoid anaesthesia, forms of regional anaesthesia. Both types may cause haemodynamic changes, especially hypotension, due to blockade of the sympathetic fibres. == Epidural anaesthesia == Epidural anaesthesia involves injection of local anaesthetic with or without opioids into the epidural space to act on spinal nerve roots. Nerve roots around the site o...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:07, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Regional anaesthesia''' refers to using local anaesthetics to render a specific area of the body anesthetised. It is used for operative anaesthesia but also for post-operative analgesia. They don’t cause loss of consciousness, but they may be combined with general anaesthetics to achieve this. Many adult surgeries can be performed with regional anaesthesia alone, without general anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia is beco...") Tag: Visual edit
21:02, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A18. Shock syndrome. Clinical manifestations of shock and its management (Created page with "{{:Circulatory shock}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:02, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Shock (Redirected page to Circulatory shock) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:01, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Circulatory shock (Created page with "'''Circulatory shock''', often called just '''shock''' is a hemodynamic disturbance which leads to inadequate oxygen supply to organs and tissues of the body. The ensuing tissue hypoxia causes metabolic disorder in the tissues leading to temporary or permanent disturbance of function, and in severe cases to necrosis. It’s a life-threatening condition which can develop as a complication of disease, procedure, or trauma. The most common form is septic shock, followe...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:45, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A17. Blunt injuries of the abdominal wall. Penetrating trauma to the abdomen (Created page with "== Blunt abdominal trauma == {{:Blunt abdominal trauma}} == Penetrating abdominal trauma == {{:Penetrating abdominal trauma}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:44, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Traumatology (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
20:43, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Penetrating abdominal trauma (Created page with "'''Penetrating injury to the abdomen''' is most commonly a result of stabbing or gunshot. The mortality of penetrating injury is slightly lower than that of blunt injury. The most commonly affected organs are the liver and small intestine. == Diagnosis, evaluation, and management == As with all trauma patients, the initial trauma primary survey (ABCDE) and stabilisation is essential. In the physical examination of a penetrating injury victim, it’s important to co...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:40, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Blunt abdominal trauma (Created page with "'''Blunt trauma to the abdomen''' occur in most cases due to motor vehicle accidents, crime, or falls. This form of trauma may cause organ contusion, rupture, and/or crushing. Any abdominal or pelvic organ may be affected, but injuries to the spleen and liver are most common. Patients may be haemodynamically unstable due to large intraabdominal bleeding, requiring urgent stabilisation. Accidents, especially motor vehicle accidents, is the number one killer of teenagers...") Tag: Visual edit
20:35, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A16. Classifications of malignant tumors. TNM-grading. (Created page with "{{:Grading and staging of cancer (TNM staging)}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:34, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Grading and staging of cancer to Grading and staging of cancer (TNM staging)
20:34, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Grading and staging of cancer (Created page with "It’s important for physicians to be able to communicate information about tumors in a standard, unambiguous way. By creating criteria, we can more easily determine the clinical behaviour of the tumor. To do this, we created two description protocols for cancers: '''''grading''''' and '''''staging'''.'' Grading of a cancer describes its ''degree of differentiation'', i.e. how similar the cancer cells are to the corresponding healthy types of cell. A cancer is said to b...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:29, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A15. X-ray signs in the abdomen (Created page with "{{:Abdominal x-ray}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:28, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Abdominal x-ray (Created page with "'''Abdominal x-ray''' is the x-ray of the abdomen a seldom used examination in the evaluation of abdominal disorders. It may be performed with oral contrast (a sort of contrast porridge one eats) or without. == Signs without contrast == {| class="wikitable" !Sign !Description !Condition |- |Pneumoperitoneum |Air under the diaphragm |Air inside the abdominal cavity, usually due to bowel or ulcer perforation |- |Air-fluid levels |Horiz...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:23, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Gangrenes (Created page with "{{:Gangrene}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:22, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gangrene (Created page with "'''Gangrene''' is the term for infarction of the extremities (although gangrene is also used to describe haemorrhagic infarct of the GI tract). There are two types, dry and wet gangrene. == Dry gangrene == Dry gangrene occurs when the extremities (mainly the toes and feet) receive inadequate blood flow. This occurs mostly due to atherosclerosis (called peripheral artery disease) or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or a combination of both. The aff...") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A13. Treatment modalities of tumor patients in general (Created page with "{{:Cancer therapy}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cancer therapy (Created page with "Modern '''cancer therapy''' is in general multidisciplinary, involving coordination between surgeons, oncologists, radiation oncologists, reconstructive surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and primary care physicians. When considering if and how to treat a cancer, it’s important to take these things into consideration: * Histopathological diagnosis (typing, grading) * Tumour localisation * Staging (TNM) * Risk analysis The decision to treat and how to treat a canc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:45, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A12. Abdominal ischemia (Created page with " {{:Intestinal ischaemia}} == Acute mesenteric ischaemia == {{:Acute mesenteric ischaemia}} == Chronic mesenteric ischaemia == {{:Chronic mesenteric ischaemia}} == Acute colonic ischaemia == {{:Acute colonic ischaemia}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:43, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute colonic ischaemia (Created page with "'''Acute colonic ischaemia''', also called '''ischaemic colitis''', is the most frequent form of intestinal ischaemia, although also a disorder of elderly. Although it is more frequent than small intestinal ischaemia, it is less deadly, as the colon handles ischaemia better than the small intestine. In 80% of cases it is mild, the so-called ''nongangrenous'' form. In the remaining cases however, it is severe and causes colonic gangrene. Colonic ischaemia mostly occu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:39, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic mesenteric ischaemia (Created page with "'''Chronic mesenteric ischaemia''' is a form of intestinal ischaemia and is, like acute mesenteric ischaemia, also a disorder of the elderly. Like acute ischaemia, chronic ischaemia is also relatively rare. The condition occurs due to slowly progressive atherosclerotic stenosis of two or more of the mesenteric arteries. People with chronic mesenteric ischaemia are at higher risk for acute-on-chronic ischaemia, leading to infarction. == Clini...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:36, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute mesenteric ischaemia (Created page with "'''Acute mesenteric ischaemia''' is a form of intestinal ischaemia and is mostly a disease of elderly. It’s relatively rare but has a mortality rate of > 60%. It is most often due to embolism, but may also be due to thrombosis or decreased CO. The superior mesenteric artery is most commonly affected. The ischaemic tolerance time is approximately 40 minutes. Ischaemia causes infarction, leading to disruption of the mucosal barrier, causing bacteria and toxins from...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:31, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Intestinal ischaemia (Created page with "'''Intestinal''' or '''abdominal ischaemia''' occurs when the blood flow to the large or small bowels is reduced. We can distinguish three types: * Acute mesenteric ischaemia * Chronic mesenteric ischaemia * Acute colonic ischaemia The small intestine is supplied by the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The large intestine is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery as well as a few branches from the superior mesenteric artery. Category:Vasc...") Tag: Visual edit
22:19, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A11. The routes of spread of malignant tumors (Created page with "{{:Malignant tumour spread}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:18, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Malignant tumour spread (Created page with "There are five routes of '''spread of malignant neoplasms''': * Direct extension * Lymphatic spread * Haematogenous spread * Spread through serous cavities (intracavital) * Intraluminal spread == Direct extension == Direct extension occurs when the cancer spreads directly into nearby organs. == Lymphatic spread == Lymphatic spread is most typical for carcinomas and is evidenced by spread to the sentinel lymph node. == Haematogenous spread == Haemato...") Tag: Visual edit
22:13, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A10. Blood transfusion (Created page with "{{:Blood transfusion}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:10, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transfusion reaction (Created page with "'''Transfusion reactions''' may occur during blood transfusion. Most commonly caused by clerical errors, like giving the blood to the wrong patient, drawing the wrong blood specimen, failing proper patient identification, wrong labelling, performing the ABO test wrong, etc. Some are mild, some are life-threatening. == Classification of reactions == According to pathomechanism: * Immune-related complications ** Antigen-antibody-mediated reactions *** Acute haemolyt...") Tag: Visual edit
21:59, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Blood transfusion (Created page with "A '''blood transfusion''' is a medical procedure in which a patient is administered a blood product. The most common indication of blood transfusion is blood loss. However, this article will cover transfusion of other blood products as well, like fresh frozen plasma. See also transfusion reactions. == Transfusion compatibility == For transfusion of RBC products, the antigens on the RBCs of the donor blood product are important. The recipient can...") Tag: Visual edit
21:24, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A9. General principles of oncological surgery (Created page with "= Surgical oncology = {{:Surgical oncology}} = Palliative surgery = {{:Palliative surgery}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:22, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Surgical oncology (Created page with "'''Surgical oncology''' refers to the use of surgery in cancer management. Surgery is a major modality in cancer, as it can be used for multiple purposes: * Surgical resection of the entire tumour with curative intent * Debulking (removing as much as possible of) a tumour with curative or palliative intent * Easing symptoms caused by the cancer with palliative intent * Diagnosing cancer by allowing for histology * Staging cancers * Prevention, in cases where the risk of...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:21, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Palliative surgery (Created page with "'''Palliative surgery''' is important in cancer management and is related to surgical oncology. It is performed when it has been decided that the cancer is incurable and the cancer is giving the patient symptoms which can be treated by surgery. Typical indications include pain, bowel obstruction, bleeding, and dysphagia. Gastrointestinal tumours and other tumours which compress other structures are the most frequent cancers requiring palliative surger...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:08, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A8. Indications and contraindications of laparoscopic surgery. About laparoscopic techniques in general (Created page with "{{:Laparoscopic surgery}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Laparoscopic surgery (Created page with "'''Laparoscopic surgery''' is a minimally invasive technique used to perform surgery within the abdominal cavity. It’s a less invasive alternative to open surgery (laparotomy), as only smaller “keyhole” incisions are made on the abdomen. It involves inserting a laparoscope into the abdominal cavity, which projects images onto external screens, allowing the surgeon to visualise the abdominal organs. The laparoscope has a light source to illuminate the otherwise...") Tag: Visual edit
21:03, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A7. Investigation of patients with peripheral occlusive vascular disease in the outpatient ambulance. (Created page with "See also the topic B30 or peripheral artery disease. == Ankle-brachial index == {{:Ankle-brachial index}} == Toe-brachial index == {{:Toe-brachial index}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:00, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Toe-brachial index (Created page with "The '''toe-brachial index''' is an examination used in the evaluation of peripheral artery disease. It's related to the ankle-brachial index. In cases of arterial sclerosis which gives falsely elevated ABI, a toe-brachial index (TBI) should be measured. Digital arteries are frequently spared from diabetes and ESRD-induced arterial sclerosis. Measuring the toe-brachial index requires special equipment, including a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Vascular surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ankle-brachial index (Created page with "The '''ankle-brachial index''' (ABI) is essential in the evaluation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). It’s the ratio of systolic ankle blood pressure to systolic brachial blood pressure. This shows the relative blood pressure in the feet compared to the arms, which is a good estimation of blood flow. Normally, the ABI = 1 (BP in feet and hands is the same), but in case of ABI < 1, the blood flow to the feet is decreased, which is a consequence of PAD. The ABI...") Tag: Visual edit
14:59, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A6. Asepsis and antisepsis, nosocomial infections (Created page with "== Asepsis and antisepsis == {{:Asepsis and antisepsis}} == Nosocomial infection == {{:Nosocomial infection}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nosocomial infection (Created page with "A '''nosocomial infection''', also called '''health-care-associated''' or '''hospital-acquired infections''', refers to an infection which was not present during the time of admission, that the patient has acquired in an institution like a hospital. A '''nosocomial epidemic''' is a nosocomial infection that affects two or more patients, and there is a connection between the cases. Problems with nosocomial infections: *Many people in small area *Hospitalized people ofte...") Tag: Visual edit
14:55, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Commensal bacteria (Created page with "'''Commensal bacteria''' are bacteria which are normally present on the skin or mucous membranes which usually don't cause disease, but can cause disease in compromised humans. They're often implicated in nosocomial infections. These bacteria are usually part of the '''normal microflora''', and they contribute to the body's defence against intruders. These bacteria co-evolved with humans and are usually beneficial, but can, under certain con...") Tag: Visual edit
14:41, 3 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Asepsis and antisepsis (Created page with "'''Asepsis''' refers to a state where there are no microorganisms. Aseptic techniques are those aimed at minimising infection, which is very important in surgery. This includes the use of a sterile room, gloves, gowns, caps, proper hand washing and hygiene beforehand, and the use of sterile instruments. '''Antisepsis''' refers to the procedure or application of antiseptic solution to disinfect an area, most commonly a skin. This is also very important in surgery and inv...") Tag: Visual edit
12:15, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. General symptoms of tumors (Created page with "{{:Symptoms and signs of cancer (B symptoms)}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:14, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Symptoms and signs of cancer (B symptoms) (Created page with "Malignancies can present with many different signs and symptoms, most of which are unspecific. == Cancer's "seven warning signs" == According to a surgery lecture, these are “cancer’s seven warning signals”: * Change in bowel or bladder habits * A sore that does not heal * Unusual bleeding or discharge * Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere * Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing * Obvious change in wart or mole * Nagging cough or hoarseness == Constituti...") Tag: Visual edit
12:03, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Types of wounds, primary wound management. (Created page with "{{:Wound}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:02, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wound (Created page with "A '''wound''' is a damage to a biological tissue, like skin, mucous membrane, or organ. This article deals with skin wounds. == Types of wounds == * Mechanical wounds ** Vulnus abrasum (abraded wound, scratch) – Due to rough rubbing of the skin. Affects superficial part of the epidermal layer. Heals well. ** Vulnus scissum (cut wound) – Due to a sharp object which is dragged along the skin, like a knife or sword. Heals well. ** Vulnus caesum (cut wound) – Due to...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. The operative risk (Created page with "{{:Operative risk}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Operative risk (Created page with "In all of medicine, a procedure is generally only undertaken if the potential benefits outweigh the risks. '''Operative risk''' is the risk of death or complication during or after a surgery. If the operative risk is unacceptably high, the patient is considered ''inoperable''. Shared decision-making with the patient is important, as it’s up to the patient whether they want to take the risk or not. A high operative risk may be acceptable in cases where the surgery...") Tag: Visual edit
11:28, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. What is the difference between embolism and thrombosis (Created page with "This question is pretty obvious so I won’t go into detail here. You can read about it in pathology as well. Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 2 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Postoperative disturbances of wound healing (Created page with "== Postoperative wound infection == Category:Surgery final (POTE course) {{:Postoperative wound infection}} == Wound dehiscence == {{:Wound dehiscence}} == Incisional hernia == {{:Incisional hernia}}") Tag: Visual edit