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09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Biosynthesis of acetylcholine.png
09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Biosynthesis of dopamine.png
09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Biosynthesis of dopamine.png
13:49, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Sensation (Created page with "== Vision == Rods, the cells that sense light, are unique in one way compared to other cells of the nervous system. While other cells are depolarized when they become activated, rods are hyperpolarized! When resting, the rods are depolarized. This happens because in most cells, a signal is propagated when the amount of a second messenger ''increases'', in rods this happens when [cGMP] ''decreases'', as we will see. The rod cell membrane contains multiple ion-channels th...") Tag: Visual edit
13:48, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Mechanism of hair cells.png
13:48, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Mechanism of hair cells.png
13:48, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Molecular mechanism of sweet taste.png
13:48, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Molecular mechanism of sweet taste.png
13:04, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Molecular mechanism of olfaction.png
13:04, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Molecular mechanism of olfaction.png
13:03, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Molecular mechanism of vision.png
13:03, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Molecular mechanism of vision.png
12:57, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular damages (Created page with "Many intracellular signalling pathways are sensitive to reactive oxygen species, or <abbr>ROS</abbr>. The main sources of ROS in cardiac muscle cells are ''NO synthases, NADPH oxidases'' and mitochondria. Low levels of ROS may not be pathological and is necessary for some pathways, but high levels result in significant pathology. Mostly, ROS disturb posttranslational modifications of proteins involved in signalling, which disturbs the signalling. == PARP pathway == The...") Tag: Visual edit
12:57, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:SIRT1 protection against ischaemia.png
12:57, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:SIRT1 protection against ischaemia.png
12:56, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Molecular mechanisms of blood pressure regulation (Created page with "== The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system == When juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney sense that arterial pressure is low, they convert prorenin into renin. Renin then converts angiotensinogen secreted by the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in lung capillaries and by endothelial cells by ''angiotensin converting enzyme.'' Angiotensin II, which is only 10 amino acids long, is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates ADH and ald...") Tag: Visual edit
12:56, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Angiotensin II cellular mechanism.png
12:56, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Angiotensin II cellular mechanism.png
12:55, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Proteins in blood and blood clotting (Created page with "There are multiple families of proteins in the blood. They are, in order from most to least abundant: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins, and lastly, clotting factors. The globulins can be divided into four groups: the α1-globulins, the α2-globulins, the β-globulins and the γ-globulins. The alpha and beta globulins are mainly (but not exclusively) used for transport purposes while the gamma globulins are the immunoglobulins (<abbr>IgG</abbr>, <abbr...") Tag: Visual edit
12:55, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Normal serum electrophoresis.png
12:55, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Normal serum electrophoresis.png
12:53, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Biochemistry of blood vessels (Created page with "== Summary == * The endothelium has many important roles, such as <abbr>ECM</abbr> production, oxidation of LDL, inflammation, and regulation of the vascular tone == This is a dry topic == Nitric oxide has many effects on vasculature and is produced by ''endothelial NO synthase''. The effects are smooth muscle relaxation (vasodilation), inhibits thrombosis formation, inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, and inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells. NO s...") Tag: Visual edit
12:53, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Genetic disorders of hemoglobin (Created page with "== Summary == * Hemoglobin is comprised of four chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta chains, and four heme units * Sickle cell disease occurs after a mutation in the gene for the beta chain * Problems with the gene for the α-chain causes α-thalassemia, while too little β chain cause β-thalassemia * HbA1c is hemoglobin glycated with glucose on the β-globin chain and its level shows the long term average blood glucose level * Every person has 4 genes coding for the alpha chain...") Tag: Visual edit
12:52, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Sickle red blood cell.png
12:52, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Sickle red blood cell.png
12:52, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Iron metabolism and related disorders (Created page with "== Summary == * Iron homeostasis is regulated at the level of absorption by hepcidin and IREs and IRPs * Iron is absorbed as Fe2+ through DMT1 and ferroportin 1 * Iron is stored in ferritin molecules in the body. It’s transported in the blood by transferrin. == Absorption == Iron is found in the body in two forms. Metabolically active iron is currently in use in molecules such as haemoglobin, cytochromes, metalloenzymes, myoglobin, or bound to a protein called transf...") Tag: Visual edit
12:51, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Iron absorption regulation.png
12:51, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Iron absorption regulation.png
12:51, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Iron absorption.png
12:51, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Iron absorption.png
12:46, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Trace elements (Created page with "== Summary == * Many minerals are needed by the body in small doses == Iron == Iron is essential for all living organisms. We require 1-3 mg of iron every day. Iron is absorbed as Fe2+ ions but is stored as Fe3+. Many proteins contain iron in humans. They can be divided into two groups: the ones that require iron as part of the heme group, and the ones that don’t contain heme. Most proteins belong to the first group, like haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, catalase...") Tag: Visual edit
12:46, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Alcohol (Created page with "== Summary == * High intake can be toxic to brain, <abbr>GI</abbr> tract, pancreas, liver * Alcohol is absorbed in the mouth, stomach and small intestine * It is processed by ''alcohol dehydrogenase/Cytochrome P450/catalase'' and then by ''aldehyde dehydrogenase'' == Not much to write about this == File:Ethanol oxidation.png|thumb|383x383px|This figure shows the three different enzymes that can oxidize ethanol. It’s important to know the location of the three enzym...") Tag: Visual edit
12:46, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Alcohol consumption worldwide.png
12:46, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Alcohol consumption worldwide.png
12:45, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ethanol oxidation.png
12:45, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ethanol oxidation.png
12:44, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Liver functions (Created page with "== Summary == * This topic focuses on the livers detoxification properties, as its metabolic functions should be known already * The liver stores minerals like iron and copper, and vitamins like A, D, E, K and B12. Some of these vitamins are stored in amounts enough to supply the body for years! * The liver ''biotransforms'' (processes) both exogens like drugs and food additives, and endogens, like steroid hormones and metabolites * Biotransformation takes place in two...") Tag: Visual edit
12:43, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Some phase II reactions in the liver.png
12:43, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Some phase II reactions in the liver.png
12:38, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Lipoproteins (Created page with "== Summary == * Lipoproteins are complex proteins that transport lipids around in the body, composed of apolipoproteins (polypeptides), cholesterol, triacylglycerols and phospholipids * The lipoproteins, where the first contains most lipids and the last contains the least, are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL * Chylomicrons transport dietary fat from the intestines into the body. This is the ''exogenous lipid transport'' pathway''.'' The apolipoprotein in chylomicrons is...") Tag: Visual edit
12:37, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lipoprotein composition.jpg
12:37, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lipoprotein composition.jpg
12:32, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lipoprotein properties.png
12:32, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lipoprotein properties.png
12:30, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Well-fed and fasting states (Created page with "== Summary == * In the well-fed state, the pancreas produces insulin, which puts the body into an ''anabolic'' state, which signals the body to start using glucose and ATP for maintenance processes * In the fasting state, the pancreas produces glucagon, which puts the body into a catabolic state, which activates processes that increase blood glucose that the brain and muscles can use. * Adipose tissue produces a hormone called ''leptin'', which inhibits hunger and activ...") Tag: Visual edit
12:30, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hunger and satiety regulation.jpg
12:30, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hunger and satiety regulation.jpg
12:29, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Molecular mechanism of thiazolidinedione.png
12:29, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Molecular mechanism of thiazolidinedione.png
12:29, 26 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Thiazolidinedione mechanism of action.png