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- 11:52, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Warfarin (Redirected page to Vitamin K antagonists) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:51, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anticoagulant (Created page with "An '''anticoagulant''' is a drug which prevents or treat thrombosis by reducing the blood's tendency to form thrombi. Anticoagulant drugs are widely used in medicine, both in internal medicine and surgery. Many patients are on anticoagulants. Anticoagulant drugs are never combined. == Types == * Vitamin K antagonists (<abbr>VKA</abbr>) * Unfractionated heparin (<abbr>UFH</abbr>) * Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) * Direct oral anticoagulants (DO...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:49, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Unfractionated heparin (Redirected page to Heparin) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:47, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Vitamin K antagonists (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />The '''vitamin K antagonists''' (VKAs) are a group of anticoagulants. Most vitamin K antagonists are '''''coumarins''''', so the terms are often used interchangeably. However, there exist some VKAs which are not coumarins. The most commonly used VKA by far is '''warfarin''' (Marevan®, Coumadin®). These drugs are administered orally. <section end="clinical biochemistry" /> '''Dicumarol''' is another VKA, but du...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:25, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page INR (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Prothrombin time and international normalised ratio (INR)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 11:23, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Heparin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Heparin''', more specifically '''unfractionated heparin''' (UFH) to distinguish them from low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is an anticoagulant. It's administered by intravenous or subcutaneous injection. Nowadays LMWH have replaced many use cases of UFH, as it's as efficacious and more predictable anticoagulant effect.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Heparin isn’t actually a single molecule but a family of larg...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:19, 28 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Activated partial thromboplastin time (Redirected page to Coagulation tests#Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 15:57, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Blood coagulation: functional tests (PT, APTT, TT, fibrinogen, D-dimer). (Created page with "= Coagulation tests = {{#lst:Coagulation tests|clinical biochemistry}} = Fibrin and fibrinogen = {{#lst:Fibrin|clinical biochemistry}} = D-dimer = {{:D-dimer}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:55, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page D-dimer (Created page with "'''D-dimer''' is a fibrin degradation product. Its level in the blood correlates with the activity of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It’s highly sensitive for venous thromboembolism (including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and disseminated intravascular coagulation, in which case the level is increased. However, D-dimer is not specific. It can be elevated due to other conditions, like pregnancy, cancer, infection, kidney disease, surgery, etc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:45, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fibrinogen (Redirected page to Fibrin) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 15:25, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coagulation tests (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />Several laboratory tests can be used to evaluate the coagulation system. They're used in the evaluation of bleeding disorders. == Summary == {| class="wikitable" !'''Parameter''' !'''Function examined''' !'''Normal range''' !'''Elevated result in''' |- !Prothrombin time |Extrinsic pathway, vitamin K-dependent factors |15 – 20 seconds |Vitamin K deficiency, liver disease |- !INR |Extrinsic pathway, vitamin K-dependent fa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:24, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Fibrin (Created page with "{{:Stub}} <section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Fibrin''' is a protein involved in the coagulation cascade. Its inactive form '''fibrinogen''' is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the last steps of the coagulation cascade. Fibrinogen is synthesised in the liver and is an acute phase protein. == Fibrinogen in laboratory medicine == Fibrinogen can be measured in the plasma in the evaluation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), bleedin...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:11, 27 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Blood coagulation: cellular components (platelets, endothelial cells) and their laboratory analysis. (Created page with "* Vasculopathies – endothelial dysfunction ** Ehlers-Danlos ** Marfan ** Bleeding time prolonged * Thrombocytopathies – plt dysfunction ** Platelet count and volume *** Measured by impedance or light scatter with flow cytometry ** Thrombocytopaenia *** Heparin induced (HIT) **** Immunoassay tests for antibodies (type 2) ** Thrombocytosis *** Inflammation *** Iron deficiency ** Thrombocythaemia *** Myeloproliferative disease ** Thrombocyte dysfunction *** von Willebra...") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:35, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:29, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Hyperphosphataema to Hyperphosphataemia
- 12:16, 11 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Physiology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:15, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Laboratory findings in the disorders of iron metabolism. (Created page with "= Iron = {{#lst:Iron|clinical biochemistry}} = Ferritin = {{#lst:Ferritin|clinical biochemistry}} = Transferrin = {{#lst:Transferrin|clinical biochemistry}} == Summary == {| class="wikitable" !'''Disorder''' !'''Serum iron''' !'''Transferrin''' !'''Ferritin''' !'''Soluble transferrin receptor''' !'''Reticulocytes''' |- !'''Iron deficiency anaemia''' |↓ |↑ |↓ |↑ |↓ |- !'''Haemoglobinopathy''' |Normal |Normal |Normal |Normal |Normal |- !'''Anaemia of chronic dis...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:56, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transferrin receptor (Redirected page to Transferrin#Soluble transferrin receptor) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:52, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ferritin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />Free iron ions are toxic to the cells, as they create reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction. They are therefore stored in a protein called '''ferritin'''. One molecule of ferritin can store up to 4500 iron atoms. Note that the pure protein-only, non-iron-bound protein is called '''apoferritin'''. Ferritin is mostly found in the liver. Ferritin is a positive acute phase protein. == Ferritin in laboratory med...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:26, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transferrin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Transferrin''' is a serum protein whose function is to transport iron in the blood; more specifically, each molecule of transferrin binds two Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions with high affinity. Transferrin binds to transferrin receptors on cells which require iron, after which the transferrin-transferrin receptor complex is endocytosed. The pure protein, non-iron-bound form of transferrin is called '''apoferritin'''. Transferrin is a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:05, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Acute phase proteins to Acute phase protein
- 13:51, 9 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron (Created page with "{{:Stub}} == Serum iron (laboratory medicine) == <section begin="clinical biochemistry" /> * Diurnal variation * 30% Biological variation * Influenced by inflammation, diet * Detected by coupled enzymatic reaction which form coloured complexes -> photometry * Not used to determine iron status, ferritin and transferrin are used instead <section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Laboratory Medicine Category:Biochemistry") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:00, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Haemoglobinopathies: disorders of the porphyrin metabolism. (Created page with "= Sickle cell disease = {{#lst:Sickle cell disease|clinical biochemistry}} = Thalassaemia = {{#lst:Thalassaemia|clinical biochemistry}} = Porphyria = {{#lst:Porphyria|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:00, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Porphyria (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Porphyrias''' are genetic diseases where there are defects in one of the enzymes required for porphyria synthesis. Porphyrins are circular molecules which consist of four porphobilinogen molecules. Many proteins contain porphyrins, including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and NO-activated guanylyl cyclase. Porphyrias are rare disorders, but the prevalence varies significantly with geography. Fo...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 17:02, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Laboratory diagnostic approaches in anaemias. (Created page with "= Anaemia = {{#lst:Anaemia|clinical biochemistry}} = Haemolytic anaemia = {{#lst:Haemolytic anaemia|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 16:57, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Laboratory diagnosis of malignant hematologic disorders; complete blood count and flow cytometry (Created page with "For complete blood count, see topic 17. For diagnosis of multiple myeloma, see topic 15. = Flow cytometry = {{#lst:Flow cytometry|clinical biochemistry}} = Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy = {{#lst:Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 16:53, 3 April 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Bone marrow aspirate''' and '''bone marrow biopsy''' are two examinations used in the evaluation of the bone marrow, indicated in case of unexplained haemotological disorder (like unexplained anaemia, leukopaenia, etc.) and in the evaluation of leukaemia and lymphoma. Bone marrow aspiration involves aspirating a small part of the liquid bone marrow. This is technically more simple to perform and gives informati...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 21:53, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Blood smear (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Blood smear''', sometimes called '''peripheral blood smear''' (probably to distinguish it from a bone marrow aspirate?) is a Giemsa stained thin film of blood on a glass microscopic slide. It allows morphological examination of blood cells and platelets. It's used in the evaluation of anaemia and leukaemia. In many types of anaemia there is abnormal morphology of the red blood cells, like in sickle cell anaemia, here...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 21:25, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Laboratory findings in inflammatory disorders (Created page with "= Leukocytes = {{#lst:Leukocyte|clinical biochemistry}} = C-reactive protein = {{#lst:C-reactive protein|clinical biochemistry}} = Procalcitonin = {{#lst:Procalcitonin|clinical biochemistry}} = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate = {{#lst:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:44, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Erythrocyte sedimentation rate''' (ESR), also called the '''Westergren method''' (We), is a laboratory measurement of how quickly the erythrocytes in a sample sediment (settle on the bottom of the tube). The ESR increases in response to the acute phase reaction (inflammation), but it takes many days for the ESR to increase following an inflammation, and it takes weeks to normalise. The normal value depends on age and ge...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:27, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Leukocytes to Leukocyte
- 09:22, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute phase reaction (Redirected page to Acute phase proteins) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 09:21, 27 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B48. The notion and statement of brain death. Medico-legal prerequisites. (Created page with "{{:Brain death}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 20:41, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Procalcitonin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Procalcitonin''' (PCT) is a prohormone for calcitonin, a calcium-regulating hormone. The level of PCT increases in case of some infections. PCT used to look very promising as a tool to distinguish between bacterial infection and other causes of inflammation (as a more specific alternative to CRP), but more recent research have dampened these hopes as it turns out to not be as specific for bacterial infections as previou...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 20:17, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Assessment of acute phase proteins, diagnosis and monitoring of sepsis (Created page with "= Acute phase proteins = {{#lst:Acute phase proteins|clinical biochemistry}} = Sepsis = {{#lst:Sepsis|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 20:15, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sepsis (Created page with "<section begin="pathophysiology" /><section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Sepsis''' is an acute life-threatening condition characterised by organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, usually bacterial. It’s related to SIRS in pathomechanism. It has a very high mortality rate and can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> == Definition == Sepsis is accurately defined as “A...") Tag: Visual edit
- 20:04, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute phase proteins (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Acute phase proteins''' (APPs), also called '''acute phase reactants''', are proteins whose synthesis is up- or downregulated in case of inflammation, both acute and chronic (despite the name). This is called the '''acute phase reaction''' or '''acute phase response''', which is part of the body's defence against microbes. Acute phase proteins are produced in the liver. == Triggers of the acute phase reaction == When certa...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:32, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Disorders of immunoglobulins and paraproteins (Created page with "= Monoclonal gammopathy = {{#lst:Monoclonal gammopathy|clinical biochemistry}} = Multiple myeloma = {{#lst:Multiple myeloma|clinical biochemistry}} = Polyclonal gammopathy = {{#lst:Polyclonal gammopathy|clinical biochemistry}} Category:Clinical Biochemistry (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 19:31, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Polyclonal gammopathy (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Polyclonal gammopathy''' refers to any condition where there is excessive amounts of polyclonal gammaglobulin in the blood. Polyclonal gammopathy is the opposite of monoclonal gammopathy. Polyclonal gammopathy is a part of the regular immunologial response to any infection and many forms of inflammation, where B cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins).<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Pathology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:25, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Monoclonal gammopathy (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Monoclonal gammopathy''' refers to any condition where there is excessive amounts of a monoclonal gammaglobulin in the blood. These monoclonal gammaglobulins are called "M proteins". Monoclonal gammopathy is the opposite of polyclonal gammopathy. The following are the most common monoclonal gammopathies: * Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (most common) * Multiple myeloma * Waldenström macro...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:18, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Disturbances of non-immunoglobulin plasma proteins (Created page with "= Albumin = {{#lst:Albumin|clinical biochemistry}} = Prealbumin = {{#lst:Prealbumin|clinical biochemistry}} = Alpha-1 antitrypsin = {{#lst:Alpha-1 antitrypsin|clinical biochemistry}} = Alpha-1 microglobulin = {{#lst:Alpha-1 microglobulin|clinical biochemistry}} = Beta-2 microglobulin = {{#lst:Beta-2 microglobulin|clinical biochemistry}} = Caeruloplasmin = {{#lst:Caeruloplasmin|clinical biochemistry}} = Thyroid-binding globulin = {{#lst:Thyroid-binding globulin|clinical b...") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:23, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thyroid-binding globulin (Created page with "'''Thyroid-binding globulin''' is a globular plasma protein whose function is to bind and transport thyroxine and triiodothyronine.") Tag: Visual edit
- 15:14, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sex hormone binding globulin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Sex hormone binding globulin''' (SHBG) is a globular plasma protein whose function is to bind and transport testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol. Measurement of SHBG is important because only the unbound fraction of sex hormones in the plasma is biologically active, and so when evaluating sex hormonal disorders one can only determine the biologically active fraction of sex hormones is one also knows th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:06, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Caeruloplasmin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Caeruloplasmin''' is a copper-binding plasma protein synthesised in the liver. It's a positive acute phase protein. Low levels of caeruloplasmin is suggestive (but not diagnostic of) Wilson disease.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Physiology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:03, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Beta-2 microglobulin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Beta-2 microglobulin''' is a globular plasma protein and a component of MHC class I molecules, meaning that it exists on all nucleated cells. It can be measured in the urine as a marker of proteinuria. Elevated levels is a poor prognostic factor in lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and AIDS.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Physiology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 15:02, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Redirected page to Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
- 14:55, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Alpha-1 microglobulin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Alpha-1 microglobulin''' (A1M) is a small globular plasma protein synthesised by the liver. Its function is to bind and degrade haeme. It's not a very important molecule clinically. It may be measured in urine as an indicator of proteinuria.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Physiology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:52, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Alpha-1 antitrypsin (Created page with "{{:Stub}} <section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Alpha-1 antitrypsin''' (A1AT) is a plasma protein and a protease inhibitor. It protects tissues from proteases like neutrophil elastase. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency predisposes to pulmonary emphysema (a form of COPD) and cirrhosis.<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> Category:Physiology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:47, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Albumin (Created page with "<section begin="clinical biochemistry" />'''Albumin''', more specifically '''human serum albumin''', is a plasma protein whose main function is to transport bioactive molecules and to maintain oncotic pressure. It's a negative acute phase protein. Bisalbuminaemia is a harmless disorder where a person has two "peaks" in the albumin fraction on serum electrophoresis, showing that the person produces both normal and a mutated abnormal albumin.<section end="...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:42, 26 March 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Plasma proteins to Plasma protein