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17:47, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. Operative vaginal delivery. forceps and vacuum-extraction (Created page with "Operative delivery (or assisted vaginal delivery) refers to using special tools to assist vaginal birth, either forceps or vacuum extraction. It’s only performed during the second stage of labour. These tools allow the operator to apply both pulling forces and, in case of forceps extraction, rotation forces as well. Like C-section, operative delivery carries some risk to the mother and foetus and so is only used when the risk of not performing it outweighs the risk of...") Tag: Visual edit
17:47, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Forms of cesarean delivery, indications (Created page with "Caesarean section (from Latin, ''caesura'' = to cut) is a surgical procedure where the foetus is delivered by open surgery, through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus. Often called simply C-section, this procedure has no absolute contraindications and can therefore in theory be performed on anyone. This makes C-section the ideal “plan B” in case vaginal labour is too risky, not progressing properly, or frankly impossible. However, C-section is generally onl...") Tag: Visual edit
17:46, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. Classification of abortions, etiology, therapy options (Created page with "An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy before a life birth is possible (< 24th week of gestation). We distinguish spontaneous (uninduced) and induced abortions. Some use the term “abortion” to refer to induced abortions only, while leaving the term “miscarriage” for spontaneous abortion. Transvaginal ultrasound is essential in evaluating these conditions, as the foetus is too small to be visualised with transabdominal ultrasound. == Spontaneous abortion...") Tag: Visual edit
17:45, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. Lactation, mastitis (Created page with "== Lactation == === Introduction === Lactation is the process of secreting milk from the breast to feed the infant. The synthesis of breast milk is induced by prolactin and ejecting of milk is induced by oxytocin. Ideally, the infant should be exclusively breastfed in the first 6 months, followed by partial breastfeeding and partial vegetables and fruits from month 6 onwards. Breast milk contains enough energy and nutrients for the infant for the first 6 months, but af...") Tag: Visual edit
17:44, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Stages of labour (Created page with "Labour (childbirth) is the last phase of pregnancy, which ends with the foetus, placenta, and foetal membranes being expulsed through the vaginal canal or by Caesarean section. In most cases they begin spontaneously, but in some cases, labour must be induced (topic B23). Although it’s sometimes called childbirth, labour doesn’t end when the foetus is out of the birth canal; there are two more stages after this. ''Normal labour'' (partus normalis) refers to childbirt...") Tag: Visual edit
17:43, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A0. Good-to-know gynaecology stuff which isn’t covered in other topics (Created page with "''This topic includes some stuff which I think is important to know, but which don’t fit under any specific topic. I will add to this topic as I go about writing the other topics.'' == Obstetric notation == During obstetric history taking, it’s important to ask the number of pregnancies and deliveries thus far, as well as the mode of delivery. Not all pregnancies end in a delivery, and so the two numbers are often different and summarised in a short-hand notation. T...") Tag: Visual edit
17:41, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology 1 (Created page with "Category:5th year") Tag: Visual edit
17:40, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:5th year (Created page with "Category:Pages by POTE course") Tag: Visual edit
13:30, 25 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Future perspectives of pharmacology (no longer a topic) (Created page with "According to prof. Erika Pintér this is not part of the curriculum for pharma 3 exam this semester (2019 fall semester). She was surprised that it is on the topic list, and she said that it shouldn’t be on it. If you are interested, here are some of the things she talked about in the lecture: ==== Advanced therapy medicinal products ==== * Gene therapy ** SiRNA *** Patisiran – silences amyloid gene, treatment of a rare type of amyloidosis ** MiRNA * Cell therapy...") Tag: Visual edit
13:29, 25 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 86. Drug intoxications. Mechanisms, symptoms, treatment (Created page with "''According to the lecturer the most important drugs to know here are sedative hypnotics, opioids, digitalis, sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, iron and paracetamol.'' == Types of intoxications according to mechanism of death == * Intoxication with decreased level of consciousness ** Sedative hypnotics ** Tricyclic antidepressants ** Antipsychotics ** Opioids * Intoxication with excitatory drugs ** Sympathomimetics ** Ketamine and PCP ** Anticholinergics ** Theophyll...") Tag: Visual edit
13:25, 25 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 85. The treatment of the intoxicated patient: decontamination, facilitation of toxicant elimination, antidote administration, supportive treatment (Created page with "''According to the lecturer the most important parts of this topic are the fascilitation of elimination and the antidotes''. The most important mechanisms intoxications can cause morbidity and death are: * Respiratory failure * Circulatory failure * Systemic hypoxia * Seizures * Other organ damage ** Liver ** Lung === Poisoning-related respiratory failure === This is usually due to overdose by CNS depressant drugs, like opioids, sedative hypnotics, ethanol, tricyclic...") Tag: Visual edit
13:19, 25 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 84. Drug interactions (Created page with "We can categorize drug interactions based on the magnitude of the combined effect. When two drugs interact, the result can be: * Additive – the combined effect is higher that either of the individual effects but not higher than the sum of the two individual effects * Potentiated/synergic – the combined effect is higher than the sum of the two individual effects * Antagonized – the combined effect is smaller than that of one of the individual effects We can also c...") Tag: Visual edit
13:14, 25 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 83. Harmful effects of drugs (Created page with "Drugs rarely have their intended therapeutic effect without causing some harmful effects too, most often mild effects but sometimes severe. What are the “side effects” of a drug? Can what qualifies as side effects of a drug change? The truth is that we decide which effects a drug has are its “main” effects and which are its “side” effects. When minoxidil was used as an antihypertensive the increased hair growth was called a side effect. Nowadays minoxidil is...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 30 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 82. Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics. Effects of age, diet and disease on drug action (Created page with "== Personalized medicine == When studying the effect of a drug, we do it on populations with many hundred or thousand people. These clinical trials measure the average effect of the drug on many people. These trials don’t take into account the individual response of the drug. This is a problem, because while we study drug effects on large populations, physicians use the drugs to treat individual patients. The same drug given in the same dose doesn’t necessarily prod...") Tag: Visual edit
11:51, 30 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:SSRI panel.jpg
11:51, 30 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:SSRI panel.jpg
11:48, 30 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 81. Antiseptics and disinfectants (Created page with "A disinfectant is a compound which destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on ''non-living objects'', like tables, walls, beds, etc. An antiseptic is a compound which destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on ''living tissue'', like on the skin or on mucous membranes. They are not meant for systemic use, which separates them from antibiotics. An ideal antiseptic (or disinfectant) must have the following properties. It must: * destroy or remove all...") Tag: Visual edit
11:44, 30 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 80. Anthelminthic drugs (Created page with "== Helminths == Helminths are parasitic worms. They’re categorized like this: * Helminths (worms) ** Plathelminths (flatworms) *** Cestodes (tapeworms) *** Trematodes (flukes) ** Nemathelminths (roundworms) *** Nematodes (threadworms) **** Intestinal nematodes **** Filariae == Antihelminthic drugs == Classified according to mechanism of action: * Drugs against flatworms ** Drugs which bind tubulin *** Benzimidazoles ** Drugs which interfere with energy production **...") Tag: Visual edit
13:50, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 79. Antiprotozoal drugs (Created page with "== Antimalarial drugs == Malaria is the most common disease in the world. It’s caused by the ''plasmodia'' species of parasites, which are spread by the ''Anopheles'' mosquito. Plasmodium vivax causes benign tertian malaria. Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant tertian malaria, which affects the CNS. === Compounds === * Chloroquine * Primaquine * Artesunate * Quinine * Atovaquone * Proguanil * Pyrimethamine * Doxycycline * Clindamycin Of all of the antimalarials t...") Tag: Visual edit
13:48, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 78. Antiviral drugs against HIV and influenza viruses (Created page with "== Antivirals against HIV == * Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) ** Zidovudine ** Lamivudine ** Abacavir * Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) ** Nevirapine ** Efavirenz * Protease inhibitors (PIs) ** Darunavir ** Lopinavir ** Ritonavir * Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) ** Raltegravir ** Dolutegravir * Entry inhibitors ** Enfuvirtide * CCR5-antagonists ** Maraviroc === Indications === The standard regimen for ''antir...") Tag: Visual edit
13:39, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 77. Antiviral drugs against herpes and hepatitis viruses (Created page with "== Antivirals against HSV, VZV and CMV == We can classify the antivirals against herpes viruses according to the mechanism of action: * Guanosine analogues activated by thymidine kinase ** Acyclovir ** Valacyclovir – prodrug of acyclovir ** Penciclovir ** Famciclovir – prodrug of penciclovir * Guanosine analogues activated by UL97 kinase ** Ganciclovir ** Valganciclovir – prodrug of ganciclovir * Direct viral DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor ** Foscarnet * Cytidine an...") Tag: Visual edit
13:37, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 76. Antifungal drugs (Created page with "== Polyenes == === Compounds === * Amphotericin B * Nystatin * Natamycin === Indications === Amphotericin is the first choice for severe systemic fungal infections. Nystatin and natamycin are too toxic for systemic use and instead used topically for oral and vaginal candidiasis. === Mechanism of action === Polyenes disrubt fungal cell wall synthesis by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, which leads to formation of pores in the membrane, causing leaka...") Tag: Visual edit
13:36, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 75. Antituberculotic drugs. Anti-leprosy drugs (Created page with "== Antituberculotic drugs == Treating mycobacteria is a challenge for the following reasons: * The mycobacterial cell wall is thick and less permeable for antibiotics, and it expresses several efflux transporters * Mycobacteria multiply slowly * Many mycobacteria are genetically resistant to many antibiotics For these reasons there are many drugs which are available for treating TB, so that we have multiple options in case of resistance. The first-line agents in treat...") Tag: Visual edit
13:32, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 74. Macrolide antibiotics, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, oxazolidinones, streptogramins (Created page with "== Macrolides == === Compounds === * Erythromycin * Clarithromycin * Azithromycin === Mechanism of action === Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting translocation. This effect is bacteriostatic. === Mechanism of resistance === Resistance is often encoded by a plasmid. It can be mediated by drug efflux, enzymatic inactivation or changing the binding-site of macrolides on the ribosomes. === Pharmacokinetics === Macrolides are orally abso...") Tag: Visual edit
13:28, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 73. Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides (Created page with "== Tetracyclines == Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics. The most important ones are tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline, lymecycline and oxytetracycline. Tigecycline is technically not a tetracycline but is similar enough that it is mentioned here. === Mechanism of action === Tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit in bacteria and prevent elongation of the peptide chain. This elicits a bacteriostatic effect. === Mechanisms of resistance...") Tag: Visual edit
13:27, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 72. Glycopeptide antibiotics. Daptomycin, fosfomycin, bacitracin, polymyxins, gramicidins (Created page with "== Glycopeptide antibiotics == The important glycopeptide antibiotics are vancomycin and teicoplanin. === Mechanism of action === Glycopeptide antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the transpeptidation process which is essential for cell wall synthesis. They bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala residue of the substrate for the transpeptidation reaction. They are mainly effective against Gram positive bacteria. They are bactericidal. === Pharmacokinetics and dosing...") Tag: Visual edit
13:25, 26 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 71. Carbapenems, monobactams, beta lactamase inhibitors (Created page with "== Carbapenems == Carbapenems have the broadest antibacterial spectrum of all beta lactam antibiotics. They are effective against many Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobes, but not MRSA or enterococci. The most important ones are imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem. Imipenem is combined with ''cilastatin'', a drug which delays its metabolism. Due to the potentially significant side effects and driving of resistance these drugs are considered a “last resort”. ==...") Tag: Visual edit
18:16, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 70. Penicillins, cefalosporins (Created page with "== β-lactam antibiotics == thumb|211x211px|The structure of penicillin, with the beta lactam ring in red. From <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-lactam_antibiotic</nowiki> The beta lactam antibiotics is a class of antibiotics that all contain a so-called beta lactam ring. All beta lactam antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. They bind covalently to a protein called ''penicillin-bi...") Tag: Visual edit
17:46, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Penicillin structure.png
17:46, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Penicillin structure.png
17:45, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 69. Nitroimidazoles. RNA polymerase inhibitors (Created page with "''RNA polymerase inhibitors include the macrocyclines and rifamycins''. == Nitroimidazoles == === Compounds === * Metronidazole * Tinidazole The most important nitroimidazole is metronidazole, but tinidazole is very similar. === Mechanism of action === Nitroimidazoles are prodrugs which are metabolized into reactive metabolites by enzymes inside the pathogen cell. The reactive metabolites then bind to and damage DNA and proteins. This effect is bactericidal. === Me...") Tag: Visual edit
17:38, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 68. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine. Fluoroquinolones (Created page with "== Sulphonamides and diaminopyrimidines == Sulphonamides and diaminopyrimidines both act on the folic acid metabolism of bacteria and parasites. They potentiate each other’s actions and are therefore almost always sold in fixed combinations. Here are the most important combinations: {| class="wikitable" !Sulphonamide !Diaminopyrimidines !Name of combination !Effective against |- |Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) |Trimethoprim (TMP) |Co-trimoxazole or Bactrim® or TMP/SMX |Bacter...") Tag: Visual edit
17:34, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 67. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D, drugs used to treat osteoporosis (Created page with "== Osteoporosis == === Preventative measures === * Elimination of risk factors ** Smoking ** Alcohol * Physical activity * Calcium supplementation ** 1 – 1,5g daily * Vitamin D supplementation ** 800 international units (IU) daily === Treatment === The first-line treatment of osteoporosis are bisphosphonates like alendronate. Other potential treatments include: * Teriparatide (parathyroid hormone analogue) * Oestrogens * Tibolone * Raloxifene * Denosumab Strontium...") Tag: Visual edit
17:30, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 66. Insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Glucagon (Created page with "== Insulin == === Preparations === * Rapid-acting insulin ** Insulin lispro (Humalog®) ** Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) * Short-acting insulin ** Soluble insulin (Actrapid®) * Intermediate-acting insulin ** NPH insulin (Insulatard®) * Long-acting insulin ** Insulin glargine ** Insulin detemir * Mixed insulin The different insulin preparations have different pharmacokinetic properties. This is accomplished by modifying the insulin or by suspending insulin in certain...") Tag: Visual edit
17:03, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 65. Thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs (Created page with "== Pharmacological therapy of hypothyroidism == * L-thyroxine * Liothyronine * Iodine === Indication === The most frequently used drug to treat hypothyroidism is L-thyroxine (levothyroxine). Liothyronine is used when rapid effect is needed, or if it’s desirable that the effect should go over quickly after stopping the drug. This can be beneficial in the treatment of myxoedema coma. It’s never used alone and should always be combined with L-thyroxine. Iodine is us...") Tag: Visual edit
16:54, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 64. Androgens, anabolic steroids, antiandrogens (Created page with "== Androgens == The main endogenous androgen is testosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and androstenedione are all weaker androgens. The weak androgens can be converted into testosterone. === Endogenous biosynthesis === In men the Leydig cells of the testes are the main producer of androgens, while the adrenal cortex doesn’t contribute too much to overall androgen production. In women the adrenal cortex is the main produce...") Tag: Visual edit
16:51, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 63. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraceptives (Created page with "== Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy == At menopause ovarian function decreases and oestrogen levels fall. This causes several problems, like osteoporosis, genital atrophy and increased cardiovascular risk, but also less severe problems like hot flushes, sweating, sleep problems, palpitation and mood disturbances. In theory, replacing oestrogen to postmenopausal women should eliminate all these problems. However, hormone replacement therapy is not without its ow...") Tag: Visual edit
16:43, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of oral contraceptives.png
16:43, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of oral contraceptives.png
09:33, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 62. Estrogens, antiestrogens, progestins, antiprogestins (Created page with "== Pharmacology of oestrogens == Oestrogens have some uses in pharmacology. The important oestrogens are: * Natural oestrogens ** Estradiol ** Estriol ** Estrone * Semi-synthetic ** Ethinyl estradiol ** Estradiol valerate Oestrogens elicit the following effects: * Induction of primary and secondary female sex characteristics * Induction of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle * Hyperplasia of endometrium * Increased expression of progesterone receptor * Prep...") Tag: Visual edit
09:27, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 61. Corticosteroids (Created page with "The corticosteroids are hormones released from the adrenal cortex. We distinguish two types of corticosteroids, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids, although in clinical practice the term “corticosteroids” is often used to mean glucocorticoids only. The release of glucocorticoids is stimulated by ACTH. The level of ACTH, and therefore glucocorticoids, follows a diurnal rhythm, meaning that it is at its highest at 8:00 and at its lowest at midnight. == Eff...") Tag: Visual edit
09:23, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 60. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones (Created page with "== The hypothalamo-pituitary axis == Hypothalamic hormones: {| class="wikitable" !Hormone !Receptor type !Stimulatory/inhibitory !Effect |- !Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |Gs-coupled |Stimulatory |TSH↑ |- !Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |Gq-coupled |Stimulatory |ACTH↑ |- !Somatostatin (SST) |Gi-coupled |Inhibitory |GH↓, TSH↓, ACTH↓, <abbr>GI</abbr> hormones ↓ |- !Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |Gs-coupled |Stimulatory |GH↑ |- !Gonadotr...") Tag: Visual edit
09:20, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 59. Drug abuse and dependence. Psychomotor stimulants, psychedelics, cannabis (Created page with "== Abuse of amphetamines == The most frequently abused amphetamines are methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, mephedrone and “bath salts”. === Administration === Amphetamines are mostly taken orally but can be taken IV or by inhalation as well. === Effect === Amphetamines cause locomotor stimulation, euphoria, reduced fatigue, reduced appetite, stereotypical behaviour and sympathetic activation. MDMA causes psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects. === Dependence ===...") Tag: Visual edit
09:13, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 58. Drug abuse and dependence: general principles, opioids, anti-anxiety and hypnotic drugs, inhalants, ethanol (Created page with "== General principles of drug dependence and abuse == Drug dependence or addiction refers to the state when drug-taking becomes compulsive and starts to take precedence over other needs. There is an excessive craving for the drug. A common feature of dependence-producing drugs is the activation of the dopaminergic “reward” pathway, the mesolimbic pathway. Most dependence-producing drugs produce a rewarding experience, like an elevation of mood or a feeling of euphori...") Tag: Visual edit
09:05, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 57. Adjuvant analgesics. Centrally-acting muscle relaxants (Created page with "== Analgesics for neuropathic pain == Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to peripheral or central pathways. This pain is not easily treated as it responds poorly to conventional analgesics like NSAIDs, and even to opioids. Other drug types are necessary. === Compounds === * Tricyclic antidepressants ** Amitriptyline ** Nortriptyline * Antiepileptics ** Gabapentin ** Pregabalin ** Carbamazepine ** Oxcarbazepine * Local anaesthetics (as patch) * Capsaicin (as patch) **...") Tag: Visual edit
09:04, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 56. Opioid analgesic drugs. Semisynthetic, synthetic opioids, opioid antagonists (Created page with "== Semisynthetic opioids == The semisynthetic opioids are derived from natural opioids (opiates). === Compounds === * Semisynthetic opioids used for analgesia ** Oxycodone (OxyNorm®, OxyContin®) ** Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®) ** Oxymorphone ** Hydrocodone *** (Hydrocodone/paracetamol is the famous Vicodin®, known from House M.D.) * Semisynthetic opioids used as cough suppressants ** Dihydrocodeine ** Ethylmorphine * Semisynthetic opioids used as drugs of abuse ** Her...") Tag: Visual edit
09:00, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Opioid analgesic drugs. Morphine and codeine (Created page with "== Nociception == The main type of peripheral sensory neuron that mediates pain is the ''polymodal nociceptor'' (PMN). This is non-myelinated C-type fibre that responds to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli. The chemical stimuli that act on PMNs include bradykinin, protons and vanilloids like capsaicin, which is what makes spicy food spicy. The sensitivity of PMNs is increased by prostaglandins, which explains the hyperalgesia that occurs during inflammation. The...") Tag: Visual edit
08:58, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Psychomotor stimulants and nootropic agents (Created page with "== Psychomotor stimulants == Psychomotor stimulants are drugs that have a marked effect on mental function and behaviour, producing excitement and euphoria, reduced sensation of fatigue and an increase in motor activity. The important drugs here are: * Amphetamines and related compounds * Cocaine * Methylxanthines ** Caffeine ** Theophylline Many of these drugs are drugs of abuse and don’t have any clinical use. Intoxication, withdrawal and treatment of intoxicatio...") Tag: Visual edit
08:52, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. Drug treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (Created page with "== Mechanisms behind neurodegenerative diseases == Protein misfolding and aggregation is the first step in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, which are important in this topic. When proteins misfold their hydrophobic parts are exposed to the surface of the protein, which makes the proteins clump together into aggregates. These aggregates form structures we call ''amyloid deposits''. We don’t know how, but these amyloid deposits...") Tag: Visual edit
08:50, 23 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. General anaesthetics (Created page with "General anaesthetics are drugs that are used to put the patient into a state of general anaesthesia for the purpose of performing surgical procedures. A state of general anaesthesia is characterised by: * Reversible loss of consciousness * Amnesia * Analgesia * Loss of arousability * Immobility We usually need multiple drugs to reach general anaesthesia. Many different drugs are used as general anaesthetics. They’re either inhalation anaesthetics or intravenous anaes...") Tag: Visual edit