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12:27, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ventricular escape rhythm.png
12:27, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventricular escape rhythm.png
12:26, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Junctional escape rhythm.png
12:26, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Junctional escape rhythm.png
12:25, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Active heterotopic abnormalities (premature beats) (Created page with "A heterotopic disorder of the heart means that something other than the sinoatrial node works as the pacemaker. Active heterotopy means that the heterotopic focus produces stimuli at a higher frequency than the sinus node. The opposite would be passive heterotopy. The following conditions are active heterotopic abnormalities: * Extrasystoles/premature beats * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * Paroxysmal atrial or ventricular tachycardia The latter three have the...") Tag: Visual edit
12:24, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ventricular extrasystole.jpg
12:24, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventricular extrasystole.jpg
12:23, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Premature junctional complex.png
12:23, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Premature junctional complex.png
12:21, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Premature atrial contraction.png
12:21, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Premature atrial contraction.png
12:19, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Compensatory pause in VES.png
12:19, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Compensatory pause in VES.png
12:19, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lack of compensatory pause in SVES.png
12:19, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lack of compensatory pause in SVES.png
12:16, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Orthostatic hypotension in the young and the elderly (Created page with "== Physiological response to assuming a standing posture == Going from supine to a standing posture results in 0,5 – 1L of blood pooling in the lower extremities due to gravity. This causes a decrease in venous return to the heart, resulting in a decreased cardiac output and blood pressure. In normal cases, this fall in blood pressure triggers a compensatory reflex which increases sympathetic tone. This reflex is fast and mostly mediated by baroreceptors. The increase...") Tag: Visual edit
12:16, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Consequences of hypertension (Created page with "All complications and consequences of hypertension are associated with cardiovascular changes. The most common causes of death due to hypertension are: * Central nervous system related ** Stroke * Congestive heart failure * Coronary artery diseases * Chronic renal failure The most important clinical consequences of hypertension are: * Cardiovascular complications ** Left ventricle hypertrophy ** Congestive heart failure ** Aortic dissection ** Ischemic heart disease *...") Tag: Visual edit
12:15, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Primary hypertension. Characteristics and etiological factors (Created page with "90-95% of all cases of hypertension are primary and idiopathic. Although we don’t know the exact cause we do know some risk factors. == Genetic factors == We know that some genetic factors are involved in primary hypertension. If one person in a pair of identical twins has primary hypertension the chance for the other twin to have it is just 40%. Black populations are more prone to primary hypertension than other populations. == Environmental factors == Several fact...") Tag: Visual edit
12:13, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Hypertension and the adrenal gland (Created page with "Because the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone is it also often involved in secondary hypertension. Conn syndrome, Cushing syndrome, adrenogenital syndrome, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly and thyroid problems all cause secondary hypertension. Let’s see how. == Conn syndrome == Conn syndrome, or primary hyperaldosteronism, increases blood pressure by increased levels of mineralocorticoids. These hormones, especially aldosterone, cause increased sa...") Tag: Visual edit
12:12, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Adrenal steroidogenesis pathway.png
12:12, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Adrenal steroidogenesis pathway.png
12:11, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Role of the kidneys in the development of hypertension. Effects of hypertension on the kidneys (Created page with "Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system depends on the kidneys to produce renin are the kidneys very central in hypertension as well. However, the kidneys also have a system they can use to decrease blood pressure, the ''renal depressor system'' (like in de-pressurising the blood). File:Pressor and depressor system of kidney.png|thumb|376x376px|The two ways the kidney can regulate blood pressure. The “pressor system” here is the renin-angiotensin-aldostero...") Tag: Visual edit
12:11, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Pressor and depressor system of kidney.png
12:11, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Pressor and depressor system of kidney.png
12:09, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. General pathophysiology and classification of systemic hypertension – age and blood pressure (Created page with "Systemic hypertension is defined as the state where the resting blood pressure is higher than 140/90 mmHg, although anything above 135/85 is a “high normal”. Hypertension is a very common disease and often presents without symptoms, which means many cases go undiagnosed for a long time. It is still a dangerous disease, which is why it’s often called ''“the silent killer”.'' A small increase in blood pressure gives a rapid increase in cardiovascular mortality....") Tag: Visual edit
12:08, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Pulmonary circulation, pulmonary hypertension (Created page with "Logically, all the blood that enters the systemic circulation must also enter the pulmonary circulation. However, at any point in time the volume of blood that is present in the pulmonary vessels is very low compared to the stored blood volume in the systemic circulation. In physiological cases 6-9% of the total blood volume is stored in the pulmonary circulation. In pulmonary congestion will the number go up, perhaps all the way to 20%! The pulmonary circulation doesn...") Tag: Visual edit
12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Characteristics and disorders of splanchnic blood flow (Created page with "The <abbr>GI</abbr>-tract, liver, pancreas and spleen all together receive about 1.3-1.4 L/min which is 27% of the blood flow. Of this value, 300-350 mL goes to the hepatic artery alone. The gastrointestinal motility and the secretion and absorption are all highly dependent on the organs involved receiving enough blood. In response to food intake will the blood supply of these organs be increased. This increase is mediated by the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), secreti...") Tag: Visual edit
12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Countercurrent blood flow of intestinal villi.jpg
12:07, 16 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Countercurrent blood flow of intestinal villi.jpg
15:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Cerebral hypoxia, ischaemia, stroke (Created page with "Stroke is an acute neurological condition due to a cerebrovascular event. We distinguish two types of stroke: ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. == Ischaemic stroke == Ischaemic stroke, or cerebral ischemia, occurs because of an occlusion of an artery. This is the most common type of stroke, and the extent of the damage depends on which artery was occluded and for how long. The artery occlusion causes ischaemic damage to the brain tissue. We distinguish two types of ce...") Tag: Visual edit
15:28, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Regulation of cerebral circulation in health and disease (Created page with "The brain needs a very large amount of blood. It weighs only 1300g, approximately 2% of the body weight, but uses 15% of the cardiac output, consumes 25% of the oxygen and 70% of the glucose. There are no energy stores in the neurons, so a short (1-2s) circulatory arrest results in loss of consciousness. Cerebral blood flow can be measured in absolute terms (700-800 mL/min) or per 100g of brain tissue. On average it is 60 mL/100g/min. If this value decreases below 20 th...") Tag: Visual edit
15:27, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cerebral autoregulation.png
15:27, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cerebral autoregulation.png
15:26, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Mechanisms and consequences of chronic ischemic heart disease (Created page with "Chronic IHD (or ischaemic cardiomyopathy) is a progressive heart failure that occurs due to ischaemic myocardial damage. The myocardial damage is often due to a previous myocardial infarct, but in some cases can severe coronary artery disease cause myocardial ischaemia and dysfunction without infarction or symptoms. ''Some consider the term “chronic ischaemic heart disease” to mean all non-acute ischaemic heart diseases (like the anginas), which appearently the path...") Tag: Visual edit
15:24, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Pathomechanism and consequences of acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "== Coronary artery disease == Coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that is caused by a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and oxygen demand, which causes ischaemia of the myocardium. In almost all cases it’s caused by atherosclerosis in the coronaries. The following conditions are considered coronary artery diseases: * Stable angina * Silent myocardial ischaemia * Chronic ischaemic heart disease * Acute coronary...") Tag: Visual edit
15:23, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Pathological changes following coronary artery occlusion.jpg
15:23, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Pathological changes following coronary artery occlusion.jpg
15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency. Risk factors (Created page with "The oxygen delivery to the myocardium can only be increased by increasing the coronary blood flow. If the coronary blood flow can’t be increased to meet the oxygen demand of the myocardium, ischaemia develops. == Coronary circulation == The myocardial metabolism is highly aerobic, meaning that the coronaries must supply a lot of oxygen to the heart muscle. The coronary circulation is 80 mL/100g/min, which is higher than the cerebral blood flow at 60 mL/100g/min. The o...") Tag: Visual edit
15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Coronary flow reserve.png
15:19, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Coronary flow reserve.png
15:18, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Law of Laplace.png
15:18, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Law of Laplace.png
15:17, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Tissue hypoxia, ischemia, reperfusion and tissue metabolism (Created page with "Ischaemia reduces the oxygen supply to cells. This causes them to switch to anaerobic metabolism, which produces much less ATP. The Na+/K+ ATPase dysfunctions, causing Na+ to enter the cell. As a result Ca2+ also enters. Intracellular calcium damages the mitochondria and activates many destructive enzymes. Damaged mitochondria produce more reactive oxygen species, especially during reperfusion. == Ischaemia == One of the major consequences of shock is that the tissues d...") Tag: Visual edit
15:16, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Organ manifestations of shock (Created page with "Different organs respond to shock differently. The organ damage depends mostly on the degree of vasoconstriction for the specific organ. == Brain == The brain isn’t really affected by shock, except in the very late phases. There are no morphological or functional changes in the brain during a shock. The body will always try to conserve the blood flow to the brain (and coronaries) in any condition. == Heart == As seen in topic 18 is the coronary circulation auto-regul...") Tag: Visual edit
15:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Renal blood flow in rest and shock.png
15:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Renal blood flow in rest and shock.png
15:13, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Distributive shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "In distributive shock the distribution of the cardiac output is affected rather than the blood volume or cardiac function. CO will be high or normal in these cases. Some parts of the body will have accumulation of blood or fluid while other parts will suffer inefficient perfusion because of this. To mechanisms can lie in the background of distributive shock: * Capillary leakage – fluid is lost to the interstitium * Systemic vasodilation – the blood pools in the pe...") Tag: Visual edit
15:12, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Cardiogenic shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "In cardiogenic shock the systolic BP is lower than 90 mmHg and the urine production is low. == Causes == * Acute myocardial infarction ** When more than 40% of myocardium is affected * Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy * Pericardial tamponade * End-stage of heart failure * Arrhythmias == Pathomechanism == End-diastolic volume and end-diastolic pressure will increase as the heart can’t pump out blood. The central venous pressure will also increase. {| class="wi...") Tag: Visual edit
15:11, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Hypovolemic shock: Causes and hemodynamics (Created page with "Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is loss of more than 20 % of intravascular fluid volume. It can be caused by hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic fluid loss. Here are the most common causes: * Haemorrhagic fluid loss ** Trauma ** Surgery ** Variceal bleeding ** Postpartum bleeding * Non-haemorrhagic ** Diarrhoea ** Vomiting ** Burns ** Dehydration ** Loss of fluid to “third spaces” *** Fluid moving to peritoneal, pleural or pericardial cavity *** Acute pancreatitis...") Tag: Visual edit
15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Definition and classification of circulatory shock. Pathophysiology of development, phases and characteristics of microcirculation (Created page with "Circulatory shock is a circulatory disorder that’s caused by severely decreased tissue perfusion. It is a potentially life-threatening disorder because the tissue hypoperfusion results in defective supply of oxygen and nutrients and defective removal of waste-products, which damages the peripheral tissues, which releases dangerous substances, and can lead to death. The common clinical findings are: * Hypotension * Confusion * Tachycardia * Tachypnoea * Cool skin * Ol...") Tag: Visual edit