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• 12:21, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glucokinase in beta cells.png
• 12:21, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glucokinase in beta cells.png
• 12:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hexokinase I and IV activity.png
• 12:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hexokinase I and IV activity.png
• 14:51, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page How to calculate ATP yield (Created page with "Many different compounds in the body can be broken down to yield ATP. There is almost always a question on the exam where you need to calculate the ATP yield of a certain compound. You must write the process of your calculation on the exam. Here are some examples of compounds: * Fatty acids ** Hexanoyl-CoA ** Hexanoate (hexanoyl-CoA without the -CoA) ** Octanoyl-CoA (an 8 carbon long fatty acid) * Ketone bodies ** β-hydroxybutyrate ** Acetoacetate ** Acetoacetyl-CoA *...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:51, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Enzymes and regulation (Created page with "=== General rules about regulation: === * Hormones always regulate stuff indirectly * Hormones almost always regulate stuff covalently * Kinases or phosphatases almost always regulate stuff covalently * Something that’s not a protein can never regulate anything covalently directly The ones I think are most important are ''italicised''. Most of them are taken from Lehninger 6th edition. The “Page” column shows which page from the book has been used as a source....") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:33, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diseases in biochemistry 1 (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" |'''Disease''' |'''Affected enzyme(s)''' |- |Alkaptonuria |Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase |- |Fructosemia |Fructose 1-phosphate aldolase |- |Fructosuria |Fructokinase |- |Phenylketonuria |Phenylalanine hydroxylase |- |Maple syrup urine disease |Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex |- |Tyrosinemia type I |Fumarylacetoacetase |- |Tyrosinemia type II |Tyrosine aminotransferase |- |Tyorsinemia type III |p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |- |...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:30, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page How to pass biochemistry 1 (Created page with "You should know the MRTs very well (use flashcards), and also know what reaction is impaired in a few diseases. You can be asked questions about the smallest things, and some questions can be so vague you’re not even sure what they’re asking. You should always ask teachers to clarify questions you don’t understand. However, if you know the MRTs well, and know most of what’s written here, you should at least pass. In some topics, you might only need to know the su...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:30, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry 1 lectures (Created page with "Category:Biochemistry 1") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:29, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry help material (Created page with "Category:Biochemistry 1") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:29, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Biochemistry 1 (Created page with "Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:23, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 76. Reabsorption and secretion of different substances in the renal tubule. Methods for their investigation (Created page with "thumb|This figure shows the different parts of the tubular system and which substances are secreted and reabsorbed and where. From Wikipedia. The glomerular filtration rate is approx. 100 mL/min, which equals approx. 180 litres per day. With 180 litres of plasma being filtered into the Bowman space every day you’d expect us to urinate 180L every day. However, we only produce approx. 1,5L of urine every day, and not 180L. The difference of 17...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:18, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Tubular system.gif
• 14:18, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Tubular system.gif
• 14:16, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 75. Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin-angiotensin system (Created page with "== Regulation of renal blood flow == The <abbr>GFR</abbr> is proportional to the renal blood flow. If the renal blood flow were not autoregulated a 25% increase in blood pressure would increase the GFR by the same amount. This would increase the amount of urine produced ''30-fold''. To prevent this, the renal blood flow is autoregulated. The renal blood flow is autoregulated as long as the MAP is between 80 and 200 mmHg. This ensures that the RBF and therefore the GFR i...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:14, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 74. Renal blood flow. Clearance of PAH. Extraction ratio. Filtration fraction (Created page with "== Renal blood and plasma flow == The kidneys receive large amounts of blood flow every minute. This allows the kidneys to filter large amounts of blood every minute. The renal blood flow (RBF) is normally 1200 mL/min, a whopping 20% of the cardiac output. The kidneys receive so much blood flow because they should filter as much blood as possible, not because the kidneys have a large oxygen requirement. In cases where blood flow is needed elsewhere, like during exercise...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:13, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Extraction ratio.png
• 14:13, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Extraction ratio.png
• 14:12, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 73. Dynamics of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration rate. Plasma clearance (Created page with "== Kidneys == === Functions: === The kidneys have many functions. Their major function is to filter the plasma for waste products. Here are all of the kidney’s functions: * Excretory functions ** Excretion of waste products *** Urea *** Creatinine ** Excretion of toxins ** Excretion of certain drugs * Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance ** Regulation of the fluid volume ** Keeping the plasma isotonic ** Maintaining isoosmolarity ** Regulating pH * Synthesis o...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:10, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:GFR with PAH.png
• 14:10, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:GFR with PAH.png
• 14:10, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:GFR with inulin.png
• 14:10, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:GFR with inulin.png
• 14:08, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron substances.png
• 14:08, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron substances.png
• 14:07, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Clearance formula.png
• 14:07, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Clearance formula.png
• 14:06, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:GFR from EFP.png
• 14:06, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:GFR from EFP.png
• 14:05, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ultrafiltration.png
• 14:05, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ultrafiltration.png
• 14:05, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Starling equation kidney.png
• 14:05, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Starling equation kidney.png
• 14:03, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glomerular tuft.jpg
• 14:03, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glomerular tuft.jpg
• 14:02, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nephron.png
• 14:02, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nephron.png
• 14:01, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 56. Different types of hypoxia. Oxygen treatment. Mechanisms of acclimatisation. Nitrogen narcosis. Decompression sickness (Created page with "== Hypoxia == Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply to the cells and tissues of the body or a local part of the body. There are multiple types of hypoxia: * Hypoxaemic hypoxia * Anaemic hypoxia * Circulatory hypoxia * Histotoxic hypoxia When the pO2 levels are abnormally low the condition is actually called ''hypoxaemia'' and not hypoxia. However, these terms are often used interchangeably. Hypoxaemic hypoxia occurs when the pO2 levels are so low that tissues of...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:01, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Chemical control of respiration. Acidosis, alkalosis (Created page with "== Chemoreceptors == Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in the level of certain compounds. The most important chemoreceptors are those which sense changes in pCO2, pO2 and H+. There are chemoreceptors both centrally and peripherally in the body. When the chemoreceptors are activated, they will stimulate the respiratory centre, which will stimulate ventilation. Central chemoreceptors: Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata. They’re sensitive...") Tag: Visual edit
• 14:00, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of respiration. Respiratory reflexes (Created page with "The respiration must always be regulated so that breathing is not excessive and not insufficient. If breathing were insufficient then the body wouldn’t get all the oxygen it needs, and it wouldn’t get rid of all the CO2 it produces. If breathing were excessive the body would lose too much CO2, which will cause respiratory alkalosis as we will see in the next topic. The respiration is controlled by three mechanisms: * Centrally by the brainstem and cerebral cortex *...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:54, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. O2 and CO2 transport in the body (Created page with "== Oxygen transport in the blood == 99.7% of the oxygen transported in blood is transported by binding to haemoglobin. The remaining 0,3% is dissolved in the plasma. Each molecule of Hb can bind 4 molecules of O2. We can measure the O2 “content” of the blood in two ways. First, we can measure the percentage of all haemoglobin molecules in the blood that are completely saturated with O2. This is called the oxygen saturation. Secondly can we measure the partial press...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:52, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve.png
• 13:52, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve.png
• 13:51, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. Gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues (Created page with "The gas exchange occurs in the gas exchange zone of the lung, including the respiratory bronchioli, alveolar ducts and alveoli. The total surface area of the gas exchange zone is on the order of 100 square meters. === The respiratory membrane: === All the membranes O2 and CO2 must diffuse through during gas exchange are collectively called the ''respiratory membrane''. It is extremely thin, at around 0,5 µm. The membrane has six layers, from the alveoli to the capillar...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:50, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Alveolar air, alveolar ventilation, dead spaces. Function of the respiratory passageways (Created page with "== Breathing patterns == ''Eupnoea'' refers to the normal breathing which occurs during rest. The tidal volume is around 500 mL and the respiratory frequency is 14 – 18/min. ''Tachypnoea'' refers to abnormally rapid breathing, with a respiratory frequency > 18/min. It can by physiological, for example during exercise. ''Hyperpnoea'' refers to abnormally high tidal volume, with or without increased respiratory frequency. It can also be physiological, for example durin...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:48, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 50. Mechanics of respiration (functions of respiratory muscles, compliance, intrathoracic pressures, respiratory volumes) (Created page with "== Anatomy of the respiratory system == The respiratory system is comprised of two parts; the upper respiratory tract and the lower. The upper respiratory tract includes the: * Nose * Nasal cavity * Oral cavity * Pharynx * Larynx * Trachea (until the bifurcation) The lower respiratory tract includes the: * Bronchi * Bronchioli ** Cartilaginous bronchioli ** Membranous bronchioli ** Respiratory bronchioli * Alveolar ducts * Alveoli The respiratory bronchioli, alveola...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:47, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow volume loop.png
• 13:47, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow volume loop.png
• 13:46, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lung volumes and capacities.png
• 13:46, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lung volumes and capacities.png