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19:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Price-Jones curve.png
19:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes (Created page with "== Red blood cells == thumb|Structure of red blood cells RBCs are small cells in the blood. They’re red, which is why the blood is red as well. RBCs are 7 – 8 µm in diameter, and they have a ''biconcave disc'' shape, which is difficult to explain but easier to show. The shape is important because it allows the cells to be flexible. The RBCs must squeeze through very small vessels called capillaries, which may be around 5 – 10 µm in dia...") Tag: Visual edit
19:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RBC structure.png
19:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RBC structure.png
19:20, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions (Created page with "You should know the normal values for ions and proteins in the plasma. You don’t need to know the values for the intracellular space, except for K+ and Na+. {| class="wikitable" |'''Ion''' |'''Normal value in plasma (in mM)''' |'''Normal value in intracellular space (in mM)''' |- |Na+ |136 – 146 |14 – 19 |- |K+ |3.4 – 5.2 |150 |- |Ca2+ |2.3 – 2.7 |10-7 – 10-4 |- |Mg2+ |0.8 – 1.2 |4 – 40 |- |Cl– |96 – 111 |3 – 78 |- |HCO3– |21 – 28 |7 – 18 |- |...") Tag: Visual edit
19:19, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Multiple myeloma serum protein electrophoresis.gif
19:19, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Multiple myeloma serum protein electrophoresis.gif
19:18, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Serum protein electrophoresis.png
19:18, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Serum protein electrophoresis.png
19:17, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body (Created page with "== Plasma == The plasma is the cell-free part of blood. The plasma accounts for only 55% of the total blood volume, approximately 3000 mL. It’s a pale, yellow, sticky liquid. It’s 90% water and contains: * Inorganic components ** Ions, like Na+, K+, Cl–, Ca2+, bicarbonate (HCO3–) ** Gases like O2 and CO2 * Organic components ** Proteins *** Albumin *** Globulins *** Fibrinogen ** Lipids ** Carbohydrates *** Glucose ** Amino acids ** Nitrogen compounds *** Urea *...") Tag: Visual edit
21:25, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes (Created page with "== Blood == The volume of the plasma is around 3 litres in an average person, but the average blood volume is 4-6 litres. That’s because the blood contains many cells and proteins that contribute to the blood volume. If a person has too little blood volume, he has ''hypovolaemia'', and if he has too much he has ''hypervolaemia''. The blood has many functions: * Transports important molecules to and from cells ** Nutrients to cells ** Oxygen to cells ** Waste products...") Tag: Visual edit
21:22, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Body fluid compartments.png
21:22, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Body fluid compartments.png
21:21, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. Structure of skeletal muscle. The regulatory role of calcium ion (Created page with "= Learning objectives = * What does excitation-contraction coupling mean? * What do we call the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell? * Describe the composition of skeletal muscle * Which proteins comprise the thin and thick filaments? * What is the function of troponin and tropomyosin? * What is the functional unit of striated muscle? * What are the thin filaments anchored to? * What are T-tubules? * Which two proteins in the T-tubules a...") Tag: Visual edit
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cross-bridge cycle.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cross-bridge cycle.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T-tubules.jpg
21:20, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T-tubules.jpg
21:19, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Muscle fibre microanatomy.png
21:19, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Muscle fibre microanatomy.png
21:18, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Thin and thick filaments.png
21:18, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Thin and thick filaments.png
21:17, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. The neuromuscular junction (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the neuromuscular junction? * Where does the presynaptic nerve fibre originate, and what type of neuron is it? * What is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction? * What is the postsynaptic receptor of the neuromuscular junction? * What is the motor end plate? Describe its structure * What is the end plate potential, and what is the magnitude of it? * Describe the steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junctio...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Neurochemistry of synapses, neurotransmitters, postsynaptic receptors and neuromodulators. EPSP, IPSP (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is a synapse? * Describe how an electrical synapse works * Describe how a chemical synapse works * What is the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane? * What is a neurotransmitter? * What is the synaptic cleft? * Which are the most important neurotransmitters, where in the body are they found, and which receptors do they activate? * How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft? * What are neuropeptides? * What are the types of c...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Temporal summation of EPSP.png
21:16, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Temporal summation of EPSP.png
21:15, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Insufficient hypopolarisation.png
21:15, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Insufficient hypopolarisation.png
21:14, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cell membrane receptor.jpg
21:14, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cell membrane receptor.jpg
21:13, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. The compound action potential. Conductive properties of various nerve fibers (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is a nerve? * What is a compound action potential? * What are the different types of nerve fibres in order from highest to lowest conduction velocity? * Which nerve fibres are myelinated and which aren’t? === The compound action potential === ==== What is a nerve? ==== A nerve is a bundle of the axons of many nerve cells. Most nerves are made up of axons from both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. For peripheral nerv...") Tag: Visual edit
21:12, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Membrane potential and action potential. Explain their ionic mechanisms. Membrane properties of CNS neurons (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is an ion channel? * What are the different types of ion channels? * What is membrane potential? * What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+? * What is resting membrane potential? * What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron and a skeletal myocyte? * What is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase? * What is the equilibrium potential of Na+ and K+? * What is an action potential? * What are the phases of an...") Tag: Visual edit
21:11, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ion channels.png
21:11, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ion channels.png
21:09, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Physiology 1 (Created page with "Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Public health 3 - Environmental health (Created page with "I never made notes for ph3 but afaik the topics are quite similar to the ph6 topics. Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:2nd year (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
20:59, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 122. Migration and catastrophes, medical and occupational health considerations (Created page with "* General about migration ** 3,5% of the world population lives outside their home country ** Legal migration *** Healthy migrant effect = legal migrants are usually young and healthy people and therefore healthier than the population they migrate to ** Illegal/irregular migration ** Nearly half of migrants are hoping to find work ** Migrants are essential to uphold the population in Europe as the fertility rate is low * Health considerations of immigration into EU ** Mo...") Tag: Visual edit
20:59, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 121. New and emerging risks in occupational medicine. Occupational diseases of health care workers and prevention. Occupational accidents. (Created page with "* (This topic is slightly different since the 2021 spring topic list. See the top of the page.) * New and emerging risks in occupational medicine ** New and emerging risk = new and increasing risk ** New risk = *** Caused by new technology or processes *** Old issue newly considered to be a risk ** Increasing risk = *** The number of hazards leading to the risk is growing *** The likelihood of exposure to the hazard is increasing *** The effect of the hazard on health is...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 120. Ergonomic factors. Health effects of inorganic and organic dusts and their prevention (Created page with "* Ergonomics ** = how the workplace and equipment can be best used for comfort, safety, and productivity *** Physical ergonomics = how the body responds to work *** Cognitive ergonomics = how the mind responds to work *** Organizational ergonomics = how work organization can be optimized ** Applying ergonomics improves productivity, reduces cost, improves quality of work, and reduces absence ** Especially musculoskeletal disorders can be prevented by ergonomics *** Back...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 119. Health effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations (Created page with "* Basics of radiation ** Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei ** Beta radiation consists of electrons ** Gamma radiation consists of photons (electromagnetic radiation) * Units related to radiation ** Gray (Gy) = absorbed dose ** Sievert (Sv) = equivalent/effective dose * Ionizing radiation ** Mostly gamma rays ** Alpha and beta radiation has low penetrating power and therefore only causes disease if inhaled *** Radon can be inhaled, and it gives alpha radiation **...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 118. Psychosocial and biological hazards in the workplace (Created page with "* Psychosocial hazards in the workplace ** Work-related stress is one of the most frequent health risks in workers in Europe ** Psychosocial risk factors of workers *** Excessive workload *** Long working hours *** Conflicting demands *** Lack of influence over their own work *** Poor management *** Psychological and sexual harassment *** Discrimination ** Prevention *** Primary **** Eliminating the risks themselves *** Secondary **** Regularly ask workers if they have a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 117. Chemical hazards: Industrial and agricultural toxicology of inorganic compounds (Created page with "* Heavy metals ** Arsenic *** Sources **** Pesticides **** Contaminated water *** Acute symptoms **** Vomiting **** Abdominal pain *** Chronic symptoms **** Hyperkeratosis on soles and palms **** Neuropathy **** SCC of skin **** Hyperpigmentosis (black foot disease) **** Bladder cancer ** Lead *** Jobs at risk **** Working with lead products **** Shooting ranges **** Welding **** Soldering **** Construction *** Measured by blood lead levels *** Acute symptoms **** Abdomi...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 116. Chemical hazards: Industrial and agricultural toxicology of organic compounds (Created page with "* POP = persistent organic pollutant ** = Organic compounds which are resistant to environmental degradation *** Most are chlorinated ** Initially contained 12 compounds, nowadays more *** Originally called the “dirty dozen” *** DDT, PCBs, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, dioxins, furans *** Many POPs are pesticides, solvents, drugs, and industrial chemicals *** DDT is used against malaria mosquitoes ** Share 4 cha...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 115. Physical hazards: disorders caused by noise and vibration and their prevention (Created page with "* Disorders caused by noise ** Humans hear from 20 – 20 000 Hz ** Normal conversation is 60 dB ** Chronic exposure > 85 dB may cause hearing loss *** Higher noise causes hearing loss faster *** High frequency sounds are more damaging than low frequency sounds ** The phon scale *** For the human ear and brain, not only the sound pressure level (the decibel) but also the frequency matters. *** Unlike the normal decibel scale, the phon scale is standardized to one frequen...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 114. Physical hazards: health effects of low and high temperature (Created page with "* (This topic is removed since the 2021 spring topic list. See the top of the page.) * Health effects of low temperature ** Sources *** Natural conditions *** Ice plants *** Freezers ** Disorders *** Frostbite **** Cold, pale, skin **** Fingers, toes *** Trench foot **** Necrosis, gangrene * Health effects of high temperature ** Sources *** Natural conditions *** Boilers *** Ovens ** Disorders *** Heat rash (miliaria rubra) = itchy rash *** Heat cramps = cramps in the le...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 113. Occupational cancers (Created page with "* General about occupational cancers ** International Agency for Research on Cancer – IARC *** Involved in occupational cancer research *** Evaluates and classifies chemicals, occupations, physical effects, industrial processes, according to their carcinogenetic potential **** Group 1 – definitely carcinogenic ***** 113 substances ***** Alcohol ***** Smoking ***** UV radiation ***** Processed meat **** Group 2A – probably carcinogenic ***** Red meat ***** Fried foo...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 112. Occupational toxicology, chemical safety (Created page with "* Occupational toxicology ** The maximum working time in occupational exposure to hazardous compounds is: *** 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 240 shifts per year ** Measurement of toxicity – by LD50 (the dose which kills 50%) ** Toxicity according to timeframe *** Acute toxicity – within 24 hours *** Subacute toxicity – between 24 hours and 90 days *** Chronic toxicity – later than 90 days ** Elimination of organic toxic materials *** Phase 1 of biotransformati...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 111. Risk assessment, management, and communication (Created page with "* Risk assessment ** = assessing the health risk of a policy, action, or intervention ** Involves: ** Identification of the hazard ** Evaluation of the dose-response relationship *** Compounds can follow a deterministic dose-response relationship or a stochastic dose-response relationship *** Deterministic dose-response relationship **** = means that as the dose is increased past a certain threshold (LOAEL), the severity of the effect increases **** Most compounds have t...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 110. Health effects of soil contamination. Health effects and management of wastewater, wastes and hazardous wastes (Created page with "* Health effects of soil contamination ** According to the European hazard symbols, chemical which are dangerous to the soil and environment are noted by the letter N ** Sources of soil contamination *** Landfills *** Deforestation *** Pesticides, fertilizers *** Acid rain ** Biotic factors of soil with health impact *** Geohelminths *** Protozoa *** Bacteria ** Chemical factors of soil with health impact *** Heavy metals **** Arsenic **** Lead **** Mercury *** Mineral o...") Tag: Visual edit