Congenital vesicoureteral reflux

• Etiology
  • Duplicated ureter
  • Ectopic ureter
  • Ureterocoele
  • Posterior urethral valves
• Causes hydronephrosis in utero
  • In most cases hydronephrosis is diagnosed in utero by US
• Causes recurrent UTIs and kidney failure in children
• Diagnosis
  • Ultrasound
  • Voiding cystography
• Treatment
  • VUR often improves spontaneously
  • Prophylactic antibiotics
  • Bladder training
  • Endoscopic injection
  • Surgical correction if the reflux is high-grade