17. Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium
Staining: HE
Organ: Uterine tissue acquired by curettage
Description:
The uterine tissue morphology is mostly lost during the curettage. We can only see fragments of the endometrium.
Normal uterine glands can be seen, however some of them have a (sometimes extremely) enlarged lumen. Normal uterine stroma can be seen. The total number of glands are increased compared to physiological.
Diagnosis: Endometrial hyperplasia, simple type without atypia
Causes:
- Anovulatory cycle
- Postmenopausal oestrogen therapy
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Obesity
Theory:
Anovulatory cycles are “menstrual” cycles that occur without ovulation, however there can still be bleeding. It can occur now and then in pubertal and menopausal women.
Thinking back to the menstrual cycle, we know that the proliferative phase is stimulated by oestrogen while the secretory phase is stimulated by progesterone. If, for some reason, the proliferative phase is prolonged will the endometrium be exposed to oestrogen for a longer time, allowing it to hyperplasia more than normal.
After menopause the low level of oestrogen in the blood causes the patients to experience a variety of symptoms, like increased risk for osteoporosis. This can be treated with postmenopausal hormone therapy however this increases the risk for endometrial hyperplasia.
Four subtypes of endometrial hyperplasia exist. They can all lead to cancer, but different types have different risks. They are, in order from lowest to highest risk for developing cancer:
- Simple hyperplasia without atypia 1%
- Simple hyperplasia with atypia (~5%)
- Complex hyperplasia without atypia (~20%)
- Complex hyperplasia with atypia 40%
We don’t have to know how to distinguish the different types or what atypia means. The percentages in brackets are not to be known. Patients with a diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia should always consider a hysterectomy.
Three things point to that there is hyperplasia in this endometrial sample:
- The number of glands is increased compared to the physiological
- There is uterine stroma present
- We can see cystic dilation in some of the glands.
Cystic dilation means that some glands have a large lumen. If there was no stroma present it would indicate cancer.
Curettage is a method of scraping tissues using an instrument called a curette.
