Insulin pathway

Abbreviation	Name	Function
PDE	Phosphodiesterase	Degrade cAMP to 5′-AMP which inhibits PKA and therefore the effect of glucagon and epinephrine
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate	Activates MAPK and PDE
PKB/Akt	Protein kinase B (or Akt)	Activated by PDK1, mediates many of the insulin functions.
MAPK	MAP kinase	Activate a protein cascade called the MAP kinase cascade, regulates many different effects
ISK	Insulin-sensitive kinase	Activated by insulin receptor, activates PP1 and PP2A
PP1	Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1	Activated by ISK, regulates glucose and glycogen metabolism
PP2A	Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A	Insulin stimulates xylulose 5-phosphate synthesis, which directly activates PP2A. Regulates glucose, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
GS	Glycogen synthase	Produces glycogen from UDP-glucose
GSK3 (or GSK)	Glycogen synthase kinase	Phosphorylates and inactivates Glycogen synthase
GPh	Glycogen phosphorylase	Degrades glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate
GPhK (or PhK)	Glycogen phosphorylase kinase (or just phosphorylase kinase)	Activates glycogen phosphorylase
PEPCK	PEP carboyxykinase	An essential enzyme in the gluconeogenesis
G6Pase	Glucose 6-phosphatase	An essential enzyme in the gluconeogenesis
PK	Pyruvate kinase	An essential enzyme in the glycolysis. Is only regulated by insulin in the liver.
ChREBP	Carbohydrate response element binding protein	A transcription factor that is activated by PP2A and increases transcription of PK, fatty acid synthase, and ACC in the liver, adipose tissue and kidney.
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase	An enzyme that produces the substrate that activates PDK1.
PDK1	Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1	An enzyme that produces the substrate that activates PKB.