16. Epidemiology and prevention of prostate and cervix cancer

Prostate

Epidemiology
- Most common cancer in men
- Third most common cause of cancer death in men
- Incidence increased recently
- A disease of elderly
Etiology
- Old age
- Ethnicity
  - Black > white
- Family history
- Androgen exposure
- Diet
  - Omega-6 intake
- Obesity
- Smoking
- STD
Prognosis
- Mortality stable
- 5-year survival: 80%
Prevention
- Prevent obesity
- Increase omega-3, reduce omega-6
- Don’t smoke
- Screening
  - For high-risk people
    - BRCA
    - Black
    - History of prostate cc
  - PSA
  - DRE

Cervix

Epidemiology
- 4th most common cancer in females
- 6th most common cause of cancer death in females
- In 35 – 50 years old
- Deaths mainly occur in countries without access to screening and vaccines
Etiology
- HPV 95% of cancers
- Increased number of pregnancies
- Early start of sexual life
- Higher number of sexual partners
- Smoking
- Obesity
Prognosis
- Screening decreased mortality
- 5-year survival: 20%
Prevention
- Safe sex
- No smoking
- Prevent obesity
- Vaccination against HPV
- Screening
  - 21 – 30
    - Pap smear every 3 years
  - 30 – 65
    - Pap smear every 5 years
    - HPV test every 5 years
  - Over 65
    - Not tested
  - Vaccinated women should also be screened
  - High risk screened more often