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13:31, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. Urologic laboratory examination. Urinalysis and urine culture (Created page with "= Urine culture = {{#lst:Urine culture|urology}} = Urinalysis = {{#lst:Urinalysis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:30, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Urine culture (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urine culture''' refers to sending a urine sample for a bacterial culture. This gives the name of the causative bacteria as well as any antibiotic resistance. Urine culture is recommended to perform in all cases of pyelonephritis and most cases of lower urinary tract infection. It takes a few days to recieve the results. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology Category:Microbiology") Tag: Visual edit
13:23, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Urine dipstick test to Urinalysis
13:20, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. Symptoms of disorders of the genitourinary tract and differential diagnosis (Created page with "{{#lst:Symptoms of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:19, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Symptoms of the genitourinary tract (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Urologic symptoms are generally ** Pain, discomfort ** Alterations of urination ** Changes in the gross appearance of the urine ** Abnormal appearance or function of external genitalia * Primary urologic diseases can manifest as <abbr>GI</abbr> problems * Systemic manifestations ** Fever *** Acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, RCC *** Chronic pyelonephritis does not cause fever ** Weight loss *** Advanced stages of cancer * Pain ** Can be felt...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:18, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (Created page with "{{#lst: Physical examination of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
13:18, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney ** Inspection *** Oedema -> inflammation *** Mass if it’s very large ** Palpation *** Bimanual kidney palpation/ballotation method *** Mass if it’s very large or thin patient ** Percussion *** Painful -> pyelonephritis or stones (inflammation or obstruction) ** Auscultation *** Bruit in area of costovertebral angle -> renal artery stenosis * Urinary bladder ** Palpation *** Palpable if 150 mL urine **** Palpable with less urine in...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:16, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Urology (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
08:50, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Injuries of the abdomen. (Created page with "= Blunt abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Blunt abdominal trauma|traumatology}} = Penetrating abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Penetrating abdominal trauma|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:44, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. Wound types. Principles of wound care. Soft tissue defects and reconstructive surgery. (Created page with "{{#lst:Wound|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:42, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B12. Carpal and metacarpal injuries. Basic principles of immobilization of the hand. (Created page with "= Carpal injuries = {{#lst:Carpal injuries|traumatology}} = Metacarpal injuries = {{#lst:Metacarpal injuries|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:42, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B15. Treatment of the septic hand. (Created page with "{{#lst:Hand infections|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:41, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hand infections (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Septic (infective) conditions of the hand''' are rare but severe conditions. There’s always a form of trauma in the background, as well as some predisposing factors like malnutrition, immunodeficiency, diabetes, alcoholism, etc. Treatment depends on the specific condition but often involves source control like incision and drainage, as well as antibiotics. == Paronychia == Paronychia is an infection of the soft t...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:38, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B14. Tendon injuries of the hand. (Created page with "{{#lst:Hand tendon injuries|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:38, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hand tendon injuries (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Tendon injuries of the hand''' are usually traumatic. They’re classified into injuries of the flexor and extensor tendons, and into five and eight zones, respectively. There is loss of active flexion or extension of the affected finger. Treatment is usually surgical repair. There may be concomitant neurovascular injury. We can distinguish injury of flexor tendons and extensor tendons. Flexor tendon injuries are those which affect the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:35, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B13. Nerve injuries of the hand. Immediate and delayed nerve repair. (Created page with "= Nerve injuries of the hand = {{#lst:Nerve injuries of the hand|traumatology}} = Surgical nerve repair = {{#lst:Nerve repair|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:34, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nerve repair (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />After traumatic nerve injury, for example of the hand, '''surgical nerve repair''' is often indicated. However, immediate repair is not always appropriate; in many cases, delaying the repair a few weeks or months may be better. However, nerve repair should not be delayed more than six months, as beyond that time irreversible changes occur. Surgical nerve repair is indicated for neurotmesis and visibly damage...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:33, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nerve injuries of the hand (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Nerve injuries are classified according to severity. From least to most severe they’re neuropraxia (focal demyelination), axonotmesis (axon cut), and neurotmesis (nerve cut). Tinel sign may be positive. Radial nerve palsy causes drop hand, while ulnar nerve palsy causes claw hand. Diagnosis involves neurological examination, EMG, and ENG. == Etiology == Nerve injuries of the hand may be primary or secondary: * Primary ** Trauma to nerv...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:30, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Boxer's fracture (Redirected page to Metacarpal injuries) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:30, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rolando fracture (Redirected page to Metacarpal injuries) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:29, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bennet fracture (Redirected page to Metacarpal injuries) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:29, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Metacarpal injuries (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />There are multiple named injuries of the metacarpal bones: '''Bennet fracture''' is a partial intraarticular fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal. Rolando fracture is a comminuted intraarticular fracture of the 1st metacarpal. They’re due to axial force on the thumb. Treatment is surgical. '''Rolando fracture''' is a comminuted intraarticular fracture of the 1st metacarpal (multiple bone fragments). '''Gamekeeper’s thumb''' is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:27, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Perilunate dislocation (Redirected page to Carpal injuries) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:27, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Scaphoid fracture (Redirected page to Carpal injuries) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:27, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Carpal injuries (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />The most commonly injured carpal bone is the scaphoid. '''Scaphoid fractures''' are common, especially in young. They occur due to fall on outstretched hand, and are classified according to Herbert. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and tenderness of the anatomical snuffbox. These fractures are not always visible on x-ray acutely, and so conservative treatment is usually performed despite x-ray evidence if the clinical suspicion is high, to...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:25, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B11. Forearm fractures. Distal radius fractures. (Created page with "= Forearm fractures = {{#lst:Forearm fracture|traumatology}} = Distal radius fractures = {{#lst:Distal radius fracture|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:24, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Distal radius fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Distal radius fractures''' are common fractures, especially of the elderly. They occur due to fall on outstretched arm. Colles fracture is an extraarticular fracture with dorsal angulation of the fragment. Smith fracture is an extraarticular fracture with ventral angulation of the fragment. The median nerve may be injured. Non-dislocated fractures are treated conservatively; dislocated fractures are treated surgically. == Etiology == F...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:23, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Forearm fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Forearm fractures''' have the second highest ratio of open to closed fractures among all fractures. They’re also common in children. We distinguish simple forearm fractures from complex ones. Simple fractures are isolated fractures of the radius or ulna (sometimes called nightstick fracture). Complex fractures are fractures occurring with dislocations. The three most important complex fractures are: {| class="wikitable" |'''Name''' |...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:21, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B10. Elbow fractures and dislocations (Created page with "= Elbow fractures = {{#lst:Elbow fractures|traumatology}} = Elbow dislocations = {{#lst:Elbow dislocations|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:20, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Elbow dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Elbow dislocations''' are a relatively common sports injury of the young, and occur due to direct trauma or fall on outstretched hand. Treatment is closed reduction under anaesthesia and immobilisation with cast. == Etiology == Posterior dislocations occur due to fall on outstretched arm, while anterior dislocations occur due to direct trauma with a flexed elbow. == Classification == Elbow dislocations are classified as posterior (mos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:19, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Elbow fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Elbow fractures''' involve fractures of the distal humerus, radial head, and olecranon. These are among the most common fractures in the paediatric population, but also occurs in adults. They may occur due to fall on outstretched arm or direct trauma to elbow. Radial head fractures are classified according to Manson, olecranon according to Mayo, and distal humeral fractures according to AO/ASIF. Extraarticular undislocated fractures are...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:18, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Humerus fracture (Redirected page to Humeral shaft fracture) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
08:18, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B9. Proximal and middle shaft humeral fractures. (Created page with "{{#lst:Humeral shaft fracture|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:17, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Humeral shaft fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Most humeral shaft fractures occur on the proximal end. It’s more common in elderly women usually due to fall on outstretched arm on the basis of osteoporosis. It’s classified according to the NEER classification. Axillary nerve injury may occur. Treatment is mostly conservative with a sling. Midshaft humeral fractures may occur in young or elderly, mostly in young. These are less common than proximal fractures. Radial nerve injury ma...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:10, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B8. Scapula and clavicle fractures. Dislocation of the AC, SC and shoulder joints. (Created page with "= Scapula fracture = {{#lst:Scapula fracture|traumatology}} = Clavicle fracture = {{#lst:Clavicle fracture|traumatology}} = AC dislocation = {{#lst:Acromioclavicular joint dislocation|traumatology}} = SC dislocation = {{#lst:Sternoclavicular joint dislocation|traumatology}} = Shoulder dislocation = {{#lst:Shoulder dislocation|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:09, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Shoulder dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Shoulder dislocation''' is the most common joint dislocation, occurring mostly in younger males. It is often associated with other injuries, like fractures, tears of the rotator cuff, and injuries to the axillary artery or nerve. Shoulder dislocations are often recurrent as the joint capsule becomes lax after the first dislocation. This is called recurrent shoulder dislocation. == Etiology == Anterior shoulder dislocation occurs du...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:06, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sternoclavicular joint dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Sternoclavicular (SC) joint dislocation''' is an uncommon injury. It may be due to due to indirect trauma or direct trauma. SC dislocations may be presternal (caused by indirect injury) or retrosternal (caused by direct injury). Retrosternal dislocation may cause injury of mediastinal structures (vessels, nerves, and oesophagus). == Clinical features == SC dislocation presents with a deformity and a palpable bump on the clavicle. ==...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:04, 13 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acromioclavicular joint dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation''' occurs due to rupture of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. It is also known as a “separated shoulder”. It occurs due to direct trauma to the shoulder, like rugby or ice hockey. == Classification == AC dislocations are classified according to the Rockwood or Tossy classification. == Clinical features == AC dislocation presents with pain over the AC joint. In case of ty...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:50, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Clavicle fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Clavicle fracture''' is relatively common. They primarily occur due to fall onto the shoulder. Fractures of the middle third of the clavicle accounts for most cases. Fracture fragments may cause pneumothorax or neurovascular injury. Treatment is conservative with a sling. == Etiology == Clavicle fracture occurs due to fall onto the shoulder in 90% of cases. Direct blow and fall onto outstretched hand accounts for the remaining cases....") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:49, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Scapula fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Scapula fractures''' are rare injuries. They usually involve the scapular neck, body, or glenoid cavity. There are often associated injuries. They’re mostly treated conservatively but surgical treatment is indicated for displaced or intraarticular fractures. A “floating shoulder” refers to ipsilateral fracture of the scapular neck and clavicle, causing the shoulder to “float” freely. Floating shoulder is an indication of surg...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:47, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B7. Foot fractures and dislocations. Achilles-tendon injuries (Created page with "= Foot fractures = {{#lst:Foot fracture|traumatology}} = Foot dislocations = {{#lst:Foot dislocation|traumatology}} = Achilles tendon injuries {{#lst:Achilles tendon injury|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
17:46, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Achilles tendon injury (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />The Achilles tendon, the largest tendon in the body, may be partially or completely ruptured and is a typical injury of active people. Rupture typically occurs when a sudden stress is applied to an already weakened or degenerated tendon. It's a common sports injury after rapid acceleration and pivoting. Patients usually describe the sensation of being struck or kicked at the back of the ankle, often with an audible “pop”. A gap in the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:45, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foot dislocation (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Subtalar dislocation refers to dislocation of the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints, causing displacement of the calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and all of the forefoot from the talus. Dislocation most commonly occurs in the medial direction, medially to the talus. This occurs due to high energy trauma, and presents with a foot locked in supination. It’s managed conservatively, with closed reduction and casting. Lisfranc injury is a...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:44, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foot fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Any bone in the foot may break, but only talus, calcaneus, and 5th metatarsal fractures were included in the lecture. However, I was asked regarding toe fractures on the exam so I’ve included those as well. The talus is a so-called free-floating bone in the foot and ankle joint, referring to how it doesn’t have any tendons or muscles attaching to it. Its blood supply is vulnerable to injury. Fractures of the talus may involve the tala...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
17:39, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pilon fracture (Redirected page to Ankle fractures and sprains) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:37, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B6. Pilon fracture. Fractures and ligament injuries of the ankle (Created page with "{{#lst:Ankle fractures and sprains|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
17:36, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ankle fracture (Redirected page to Ankle fractures and sprains) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:36, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ankle fractures and sprains (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Ankle injuries are one of the most common causes of presentation to primary care and emergency departments. They may be purely ligamentous ('''ankle sprain''') or involve bone ('''ankle fractures'''). Ankle sprains are more common and less serious than ankle fractures. A syndesmotic sprain is one in which syndesmotic structures (which are critical to ankle stability) are injured. Most ankle fractures affect one or both malleoli. A pilon...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:20, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page B5. Ligament and meniscal injuries of the knee. Patellar fractures. (Created page with "= Ligament injury of the knee = {{#lst:Knee ligament injuries|traumatology}} = Meniscal injury of the knee = {{#lst:Meniscus tears|traumatology}} = Patellar fractures = {{#lst:Patellar fracture|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
08:19, 12 September 2024 Nikolas talk contribs created page Patellar fracture (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Patellar fractures''' are the result of blunt trauma to the patella or due to a contracting quadriceps. These fractures are rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all fractures. == Etiology == Fall onto flexed knee or the knee hitting the dashboard during motor vehicle accident are the most frequent causes of patellar fracture. == Classification == Patellar fractures are classified according to their morphology: * Undisplaced * Tra...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched