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14:33, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Temporal bone fracture (Created page with "* Temporal bone fracture ** Often with fractures of calvaria and brain injury ** Thin-slice CT ** Complications *** CSF leak **** Air in intracranial cavity **** CSF otorrhoea **** CSF rhinorrhoea **** Meningitis **** Brain abscess **** Surgery only if it persists *** Cochleovestibular symptoms **** Conductive (fluid in middle ear) **** Sensorineural (fracture of labyrinth) ***** Vertigo ***** Nausea *** Facial nerve symptoms ** Types *** Longitudinal fractures **** Frac...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:32, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Disorders of the inner ear, congenital malformations, hereditary deafness (Created page with "* Disorders of the inner ear ** Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ** Trauma ** Labyrinthitis *** Complication of AOM *** Hearing loss *** Vertigo ** Vestibular neuritis *** Idiopathic *** Possibly viral *** No hearing loss *** Vertigo *** Positive head thrust test ** Acoustic neuroma ** Meniere syndrome Congenital malformations {{:Congenital malformations of the inner ear}} Hereditary deafness {{:Hereditary deafness}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hereditary deafness (Created page with "* Syndromic hereditary hearing loss ** Down syndrome * Non-syndromic hereditary hearing loss ** Congenital form *** Autosomal recessive *** Only lack of hearing *** Symmetrical *** Present at birth ** Later-onset form *** Hearing loss occurs later *** Autosomal dominant <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)‎</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital malformations of the inner ear (Created page with "* Michel aplasia = complete labyrinthine aplasia * Mondini aplasia ** 1,5 turns of cochlea instead of 2,5 ** Sensorineural hearing loss * Congenital CSF otorrhoea ** Fistula of oval window * Thalidomide embryopathy <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:28, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Idiopathic facial nerve palsy, Bell palsy (Created page with "{{:Facial nerve palsy}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
14:27, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Facial nerve palsy (Created page with "'''Facial nerve palsy''' is a peripheral lesion of the facial nerve. In the cases where this lesion is idiopathic, the condition is called '''Bell’s palsy'''. ==Etiology== *Idiopathic (= Bell’s palsy) *Infection **VZV (herpes zoster oticus/Ramsay Hunt syndrome) **Lyme disease *Trauma (involving pyramidal bone) *Parotid tumour *Brainstem stroke (involving facial nucleus) Bell’s palsy is caused by idiopathic inflammation of CN VII in the facial canal....") Tag: Visual edit
14:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page LP (Redirected page to Lumbar puncture) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
13:29, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Complications of suppurative otitis media (Created page with "See topic 6. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Suppurative otitis media (acute, chronic) (Created page with "{{:Acute otitis media}}{{:Chronic suppurative otitis media}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic suppurative otitis media (Created page with "* Chronic suppurative otitis media ** Persistent drainage from middle ear through perforated tympanic membrane lasting > 6 weeks *** Perforated tympanic membrane usually heals within weeks *** No healing -> sign of chronic inflammation ** Older children ** Bacteria enter through perforated TM ** Clinical features *** 3 yes 1 no *** Yes: Perforation of TM *** Yes: Ear discharge *** Yes: Conductive hearing loss *** No: No pain ** Two types *** Mesotympanic **** Central per...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:25, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute otitis media (Created page with "* Acute (suppurative) otitis media ** Epidemiology *** Infants *** Small children *** 80% by 3 years of age ** Etiology *** Bacterial superinfection (on viral <abbr>URTI</abbr>) which ascends through eustachian tube *** S. pneumoniae *** H. influenzae ** Risk factors *** Previous AOM *** Chronic otitis media *** Parental smoking ** Protective factors *** Prolonged breastfeeding *** Pneumococcal vaccine ** Clinical features *** Ear pain **** Infants repeatedly touch the e...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:22, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Serous otitis media (acute, chronic) (Created page with "{{:Otitis media with effusion}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:22, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otitis media with effusion (Created page with "* Serous otitis media = otitis media with effusion * Middle ear fluid without acute signs of infection * Due to obstruction of Eustachian tube -> air absorbed in middle ear -> negative pressure in middle ear -> exudate in middle ear * Usually resolves by itself * Risk factors ** Cleft palate and other midface anomalies ** 6 – 18 months ** Impaired ventilation of middle ear *** Upper respiratory viral infection with swelling *** Obstruction of eustachian tube by tumor o...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Diseases of the tympanic membrane, tumours of the external ear (benign, malignant tumours) (Created page with "{{:Tympanic membrane}} Tumours of external ear {{:Tumours of the external ear}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tumours of the external ear (Created page with "* Most are epithelial * Kerato-acanthoma * Rheumatoid nodules * Epidermal cyst * Haemangioma * Seborrheic keratosis * Atheroma * Actinic keratosis * Cutaneous horn * BCC * SCC * Malignant melanoma <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tympanic membrane (Created page with "* Divided into four quadrants be the longitudinal axis of the handle of the malleus and a line perpendicular to it * Anterosuperior quadrant ** Pars tensa * Posterosuperior quadrant ** Vessels ** Nerves ** Middle ear bones * Anteroinferior quadrant ** Light reflex * Posteroinferior quadrant ** Nothing * Surgery ** Paracentesis – needle puncture to drain fluid ** Myringotomy – incision, insertion of tube ** Anteroinferior or posteroinferior quadrant! * Diseases ** Per...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Diseases of the pinna and the external ear canal (Created page with "{{:Diseases of the auricle}}{{:Otitis externa}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Otitis externa (Created page with "* External ear canal ** Outer third is cartilage, inner 2/3 is bone ** Thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ** Contains ceruminous glands -> produce cerumen ** Diseases *** Swimming, Q-tip use, scratching *** Acute **** Diffuse otitis externa **** Circumscribed otitis externa **** Bullous otitis externa *** Chronic **** Necrotizing otitis externa (pseudomonas) **** Eczema **** Fungal infection (otomycosis) **** Cholesteatoma ** Symptoms *** Otorrhoea *** Pain...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:06, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diseases of the auricle (Created page with "* Auricle (pinna) ** Elastic cartilage ** Collects sound waves ** Diseases *** Malformations **** Protruding ears **** Auricular appendages **** Congenital auricular fistulas ***** Infections **** Microtia **** Anotia **** Stenosis of ear canal **** Creased lobule (CAD) *** Inflammation (often bacterial/viral) **** Often with otitis externa **** Acute ***** Herpes zoster oticus ***** Cellulitis, dermatitis ***** Perichondritis **** Chronic ***** Eczema *** Trauma **** Pe...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:04, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Otoacoustic emissions, brainstem evoked response audiometry (Created page with "{{:Objective audiometry}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:03, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Objective audiometry (Created page with "* Objective audiometry ** Doesn’t depend on cooperation and subjective responses of patient * Otoacoustic emissions ** Vibrations of hair cells in cochlea are transmitted back through the conducting apparatus ** Test can only be performed if the middle ear function is normal ** A microphone in the ear canal can detect otoacoustic emissions ** Test reflects functional integrity of cochlea ** Indications *** Screening for cochlear function in newborns **** Cochlear lesio...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:02, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry (Created page with "{{:Subjective audiometry}}{{:Hearing loss}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:01, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) to Category:ENT (POTE course)
12:01, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hearing loss (Created page with "* Conductive hearing loss ** Impaired conduction of sound through outer ear, tympanic membrane or middle ear ** Children and young adults ** Etiology *** Tympanic membrane perforation *** Otitis media with effusion *** Barotrauma *** Otosclerosis ** Diagnosis *** Pure tone audiometry **** Auditory threshold increased for air conduction **** Auditory threshold normal for bone conduction *** Speech audiometry **** Increasing loudness eventually leads to 100% speech compreh...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:00, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Subjective audiometry (Created page with "* Subjective audiometry ** Involve attention, reaction time, cooperation, etc * Pure tone audiometry ** The patient is played various frequencies through a headphone (air conduction) and a bone oscillator on mastoid bones ** Various frequencies are played -> patient gives signal when hearing the sound ** Auditory threshold is determined for each frequency for each modality * Speech audiometry ** Increasingly loud words are played, which the patient should repeat *** The...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:55, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (content was: "Category:4th year", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
11:55, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
11:54, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:Pages by POTE course") Tag: Visual edit
11:54, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
11:49, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Created page with "There are two types of '''haematopoietic stem cell transplantation''', autologous and allogenous. == Autologous stem cell transplantation == Autologous stem cell transplantation refers to removing and storing the patient’s own hematopoietic stem cells, which are later re-transfused back into the patient after high dose myeloablative chemotherapy. It’s a very safe procedure. However, relapse occurs in 40 – 75% of patients. Nowadays 98% autologous transplants are p...") Tag: Visual edit
11:47, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page CML (Redirected page to Chronic myeloid leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:47, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AML (Redirected page to Acute myeloid leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:46, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ALL (Redirected page to Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:41, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neuropathic pain (Created page with "'''Neuropathic pain''' or '''neuralgia''' is pain which occurs due to injury or disorder of the somatosensory nervous system, either peripherally or sentrally. This is in contrast to nociceptive pain, which is pain due to noxious stimulation of pain receptors. It’s usually chronic and debilitating, and unfortunately relatively prevalent (3 – 10% of population). == Etiology == * Peripheral causes ** Polyneuropathy (like diabetes, cytos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:36, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electromyography and electroneurography (Created page with "'''Electromyography''' (EMG) and '''electroneurography''' (ENoG, also called '''nerve conduction studies''' (NCS)) are both neurophysiological studies. EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to neural stimulation, while NCS records the conduction of action potentials along the nerve fibres. These investigations are sensitive but not disease specific. They provide information as to whether the patient’s problem are due to problems with the muscle,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electroencephalography (Created page with "'''Electroencephalography''' (EEG) assesses the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp. Electrical activity is different across different parts of the brain, and so many electrodes are needed to assess the different areas of the brain, usually 10 – 20 electrodes. A routine EEG is 30 – 60 minutes long. EEG is an important tool to evaluate a patient with possible epilepsy. Sometimes repeated recordings are necessary to make the diagn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:29, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lumbar puncture (Created page with "Cerebrospinal fluid can be assessed in the evaluation of many neurological conditions. CSF is mostly obtained by '''lumbar puncture''' (LP). The CSF pressure can also be measured during lumbar puncture. == Indications == * Assessment of CSF, in the evaluation of ** CNS infection or inflammation (meningitis, encephalitis) ** CNS malignancy or paraneoplastic syndrome ** Subarachnoid haemorrhage ** Gullain-Barré syndrome ** Multiple sclerosis ** [...") Tag: Visual edit
11:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Local anaesthesia (Redirected page to Peripheral regional anaesthesia#Local anaesthesia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:23, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Neurology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 42. Hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism (content was: "= Hypoparathyroidism = Hypoparathyroidism is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or p...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 39. Thyroid tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland (content was: "= Thyroid nodules = Discovery of a thyroid nodule, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of t...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 38. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism (+ Graves disease) (content was: "= Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis = Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 33. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Diagnostics and treatment (content was: "= Venous thromboembolism = Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (<abbr>DVT</abbr>) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT are venous thromboses which occur in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affect...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 32. Multiple myeloma. Diagnostics, symptoms, treatment (content was: "= Multiple myeloma = Multiple myeloma (MM), sometimes called plasma cell myeloma, is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most comm...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 31. Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (NHL). Classification, clinical characteristics of indolent and aggressive NHL, possibilities of treatment (content was: "= Non-Hodgkin lymphomas = Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They rem...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 30. Malignant lymphomas. Classification, diagnostics and clinical features. Hodgkin’s disease. Classification, diagnostics, treatment possibilities (content was: "''For introduction to lymphomas, see pathology 2 topic 28.'' Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For t...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 29. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and possibilities of treatment (content was: "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nod...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 28. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and treatment (content was: "Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 27. Classification of myeloproliferative disorders, general characteristics. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytemia and osteomyelofibrosis. (content was: "= Myeloproliferative neoplasms = The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The c...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 26. Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Diagnostics clinical picture and principles of treatment (content was: "= Acute myeloid leukaemia = Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blas...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))