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18:56, 8 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B6. Clinical forms of thyroid cancer. Symptomatology and treatment. (Created page with "{{:Thyroid cancer}} = Thyroid nodules = {{:Thyroid nodule}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
18:54, 8 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B5. Acute appendicitis (Created page with "{{:Acute appendicitis}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:29, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B4. Hernias in general. (Created page with "{{:Hernia}} = Inguinal hernia = {{:Inguinal hernia}} = Incisional hernia = {{:Incisional hernia}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Inguinal hernia (Created page with "'''Inguinal hernia''' refers to herniation of intraabdominal contents into the inguinal region. It is the most common type of hernia and is mostly a disorder of older men. There are two types, indirect and direct. == Types == In indirect inguinal hernia, the contents herniate into the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring. The hernial sac lies within the spermatic cord. In direct inguinal hernia, the contents herniate directly through the posterior w...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:25, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hernia (Created page with "A '''hernia''' is a condition where intraabdominal contents (usually intestine or fat) prolapse through a hernia “gate”, causing it to bulge out of the area in question. == Types == * External hernias (visible externally) ** Inguinal hernia – herniation through the inguinal canal ** Incisional hernia – herniation through the abdominal wall ** Umbilical hernia – herniation through the umbilicus * Internal hernias ** Congenital diaphragmatic hernia|Di...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:22, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B3. Intraabdominal abscesses. (Created page with "{{:Intraabdominal abscess}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:21, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Intraabdominal abscess (Created page with "'''Intraabdominal''' (or '''intraperitoneal''') '''abscesses''' are serious conditions which usually develop secondary to a pre-existing or concomitant abdominal infection. It can involve any abdominal organ, be located between bowel loops, or be free within the cavity. They may lead to organ failure, sepsis, shock, and death, and as such have a high mortality rate of 10 – 40%. == Etiology == * Abdominal surgery * Gastrointestinal perforation|Pe...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:15, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B2. Hyperparathyroidism. (Created page with "{{:Hyperparathyroidism}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:13, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B1. Surgical diseases of the anorectum (Created page with "See topic "B34. Perianal abscesses and fistulae. Surgical management of hemorrhoids." Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:12, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A27. Postoperative complications, and their treatment, prevention (Created page with "{{:Postoperative complication}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:11, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Postoperative complication (Created page with "'''Postoperative complications''' may be general or specific to the type of surgery. Most occur during day 1 – 3 after operation, but complications can occur before and after this time as well. Some complications occur much later, like incisional hernia. General postoperative complications: * Fever * Nausea and vomiting * Ileus * Atelectasis * Venous thromboembolism (VTE) * Surgical site infection (A1 and A21) * Wound d...") Tag: Visual edit
12:07, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A26. Differential diagnosis of bloody stool. The significance of rectal digital investigation (Created page with "= Differential diagnosis of bloody stool = See topic A23. = Digital rectal examination = {{:Digital rectal examination}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
12:05, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Digital rectal examination (Created page with "'''Digital rectal examination''' (DRE) is an important investigation in the evaluation of the prostate, rectal bleeding, constipation, and faecal incontinence. Some advocate for its performance in all cases where the patient presents with a gastrointestinal or abdominal complaint, but the of using DRE as a routine examination is recently disputed<ref>https://emj.bmj.com/content/35/9/581</ref><ref>https://emj.bmj.com/content/35/9/579pdf&usg=AOvVaw03fohX-Rxz1Cmuctzr5kSJ</r...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:59, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A25. Physical signs of the acute abdomen (Created page with "See topic B42 and B5. Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:46, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A24. Precancerosis and its types (Created page with "{{:Precancerous lesion}} = Precancerous states of the GI tract = {{:Precancerous states of the GI tract}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:45, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Precancerous lesion (Created page with "A '''precancerous lesion''' consists of atypical cells and is associated with an increased risk of cancer. Precancerous lesions should usually be removed or regularly followed up for progression. Common examples include Barret oesophagus, adenomatous polyps, ductal carcinoma in situ, etc. <noinclude>‎Category:Pathology</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:38, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A23. Hemoptoe, hematemesis (Created page with "= Haemoptysis = {{:Haemoptysis}} = Haematemesis = {{:Gastrointestinal bleeding}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 7 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemoptysis (Created page with "'''Haemoptysis''' (or '''haemoptoe''') refers to expectoration (coughing up) of blood originating from the lower respiratory tract. In most cases, haemoptysis is small and not life-threatening, originating from the pulmonary circulation. Life-threatening (also called “massive”) haemoptysis usually originates from the (higher pressure) bronchial circulation and is life-threatening due to large amounts of blood causing airway obstruction, significant gas exchange abnor...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:47, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A22. Parenteral nutrition (Created page with "{{:Enteral and parenteral nutrition}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:46, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Enteral and parenteral nutrition (Created page with "Malnutrition is a serious problem that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality and has high incidence amongst intensive care and postoperative patients. Most of these patients (postoperative, sepsis, severe burns, etc.) have hypermetabolism and increased protein catabolism. Nutrition support in the form of '''enteral''' or '''parenteral nutrition''' is used. The indications are as follows: * Patients unable to eat orally ** Inability to swallow ([[stroke]...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:40, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A21. The use of antibiotics in surgery and ways of administration. (Created page with "{{:Antibiotics in surgery}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:40, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Antibiotics in surgery (Created page with "The major role of '''antibiotics in surgery''' is as prophylaxis against postoperative infections. Proper use allows for reduction of incidence of infection, but overuse stimulates development of resistance. The decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis and the choice of antibiotics depend on the procedure and regional differences, and usually follows local guidelines. The bacteria are usually commensal (originate from the patient’s o...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:29, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A20. The most frequent pyogenous infections (Created page with "Pyogenic infections are those which cause the formation of pus. Many bacteria are pyogenic, including staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, e. coli, etc. ''It’s difficult to know what they expect with this topic, but I’ll go with what Lee assumed should be included. Cellulitis is a disorder of infectology. Necrotising infections and abscesses belong to surgery.'' = Abscess = {{:Abscess}} = Necrotising soft tissue infection = {{:Necrotising soft tissue infection}} [...") Tag: Visual edit
21:28, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Necrotising soft tissue infection (Created page with "'''Necrotising soft tissue infections''' (NSTI) are necrotising bacterial infections of the soft tissues, which are life-threatening and must be treated surgically immediately. Depending on the affected soft tissue, this may be '''necrotising fasciitis, necrotising myositis,''' or '''necrotising cellulitis'''. It can progress rapidly and so early recognition is important. Treatment involves early broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical debridement. Despite optimal therap...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:23, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Abscess (Created page with "An '''abscess''' is an enclosed collection of pus within tissue, usually caused by bacterial infection. They may develop from local invasion from nearby infections, from haematogenous spreading, or from direct entry from outside (from trauma). Abscesses are more common in immunocompromised, diabetics, and IV drug users. There are many types of abscesses, as they can occur almost anywhere: * Skin abscess and perianal abscess * ...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:19, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A19. Methods of local anesthesia (conduction anesthesia, regional anesthesia) (Created page with "{{:Regional anaesthesia}} = Central regional anaesthesia = {{:Central regional anaesthesia}} = Peripheral regional anaesthesia = {{:Peripheral regional anaesthesia}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:13, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peripheral regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Peripheral regional anaesthesia''' is also known as a '''nerve block''' or '''conduction anaesthesia''', a form of regional anaesthesia. With this modality local anaesthetic is administered around the nerve supplying the area to be anaesthetised. This may take place some distance from the surgical site, like for example a brachial plexus block for hand surgery. The result is anaesthesia of the area supplied by the nerve distal to the area of injection. == Ner...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:10, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Central regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Central regional anaesthesia''', also called '''neuraxial block''', refers to either epidural or subarachnoid anaesthesia, forms of regional anaesthesia. Both types may cause haemodynamic changes, especially hypotension, due to blockade of the sympathetic fibres. == Epidural anaesthesia == Epidural anaesthesia involves injection of local anaesthetic with or without opioids into the epidural space to act on spinal nerve roots. Nerve roots around the site o...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:07, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Regional anaesthesia (Created page with "'''Regional anaesthesia''' refers to using local anaesthetics to render a specific area of the body anesthetised. It is used for operative anaesthesia but also for post-operative analgesia. They don’t cause loss of consciousness, but they may be combined with general anaesthetics to achieve this. Many adult surgeries can be performed with regional anaesthesia alone, without general anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia is beco...") Tag: Visual edit
21:02, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A18. Shock syndrome. Clinical manifestations of shock and its management (Created page with "{{:Circulatory shock}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:02, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Shock (Redirected page to Circulatory shock) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:01, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Circulatory shock (Created page with "'''Circulatory shock''', often called just '''shock''' is a hemodynamic disturbance which leads to inadequate oxygen supply to organs and tissues of the body. The ensuing tissue hypoxia causes metabolic disorder in the tissues leading to temporary or permanent disturbance of function, and in severe cases to necrosis. It’s a life-threatening condition which can develop as a complication of disease, procedure, or trauma. The most common form is septic shock, followe...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:45, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A17. Blunt injuries of the abdominal wall. Penetrating trauma to the abdomen (Created page with "== Blunt abdominal trauma == {{:Blunt abdominal trauma}} == Penetrating abdominal trauma == {{:Penetrating abdominal trauma}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:44, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Traumatology (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
20:43, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Penetrating abdominal trauma (Created page with "'''Penetrating injury to the abdomen''' is most commonly a result of stabbing or gunshot. The mortality of penetrating injury is slightly lower than that of blunt injury. The most commonly affected organs are the liver and small intestine. == Diagnosis, evaluation, and management == As with all trauma patients, the initial trauma primary survey (ABCDE) and stabilisation is essential. In the physical examination of a penetrating injury victim, it’s important to co...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:40, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Blunt abdominal trauma (Created page with "'''Blunt trauma to the abdomen''' occur in most cases due to motor vehicle accidents, crime, or falls. This form of trauma may cause organ contusion, rupture, and/or crushing. Any abdominal or pelvic organ may be affected, but injuries to the spleen and liver are most common. Patients may be haemodynamically unstable due to large intraabdominal bleeding, requiring urgent stabilisation. Accidents, especially motor vehicle accidents, is the number one killer of teenagers...") Tag: Visual edit
20:35, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A16. Classifications of malignant tumors. TNM-grading. (Created page with "{{:Grading and staging of cancer (TNM staging)}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:34, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Grading and staging of cancer to Grading and staging of cancer (TNM staging)
20:34, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Grading and staging of cancer (Created page with "It’s important for physicians to be able to communicate information about tumors in a standard, unambiguous way. By creating criteria, we can more easily determine the clinical behaviour of the tumor. To do this, we created two description protocols for cancers: '''''grading''''' and '''''staging'''.'' Grading of a cancer describes its ''degree of differentiation'', i.e. how similar the cancer cells are to the corresponding healthy types of cell. A cancer is said to b...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:29, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A15. X-ray signs in the abdomen (Created page with "{{:Abdominal x-ray}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:28, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Abdominal x-ray (Created page with "'''Abdominal x-ray''' is the x-ray of the abdomen a seldom used examination in the evaluation of abdominal disorders. It may be performed with oral contrast (a sort of contrast porridge one eats) or without. == Signs without contrast == {| class="wikitable" !Sign !Description !Condition |- |Pneumoperitoneum |Air under the diaphragm |Air inside the abdominal cavity, usually due to bowel or ulcer perforation |- |Air-fluid levels |Horiz...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:23, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Gangrenes (Created page with "{{:Gangrene}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:22, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gangrene (Created page with "'''Gangrene''' is the term for infarction of the extremities (although gangrene is also used to describe haemorrhagic infarct of the GI tract). There are two types, dry and wet gangrene. == Dry gangrene == Dry gangrene occurs when the extremities (mainly the toes and feet) receive inadequate blood flow. This occurs mostly due to atherosclerosis (called peripheral artery disease) or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or a combination of both. The aff...") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A13. Treatment modalities of tumor patients in general (Created page with "{{:Cancer therapy}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 6 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cancer therapy (Created page with "Modern '''cancer therapy''' is in general multidisciplinary, involving coordination between surgeons, oncologists, radiation oncologists, reconstructive surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and primary care physicians. When considering if and how to treat a cancer, it’s important to take these things into consideration: * Histopathological diagnosis (typing, grading) * Tumour localisation * Staging (TNM) * Risk analysis The decision to treat and how to treat a canc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:45, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A12. Abdominal ischemia (Created page with " {{:Intestinal ischaemia}} == Acute mesenteric ischaemia == {{:Acute mesenteric ischaemia}} == Chronic mesenteric ischaemia == {{:Chronic mesenteric ischaemia}} == Acute colonic ischaemia == {{:Acute colonic ischaemia}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
22:43, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute colonic ischaemia (Created page with "'''Acute colonic ischaemia''', also called '''ischaemic colitis''', is the most frequent form of intestinal ischaemia, although also a disorder of elderly. Although it is more frequent than small intestinal ischaemia, it is less deadly, as the colon handles ischaemia better than the small intestine. In 80% of cases it is mild, the so-called ''nongangrenous'' form. In the remaining cases however, it is severe and causes colonic gangrene. Colonic ischaemia mostly occu...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:39, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic mesenteric ischaemia (Created page with "'''Chronic mesenteric ischaemia''' is a form of intestinal ischaemia and is, like acute mesenteric ischaemia, also a disorder of the elderly. Like acute ischaemia, chronic ischaemia is also relatively rare. The condition occurs due to slowly progressive atherosclerotic stenosis of two or more of the mesenteric arteries. People with chronic mesenteric ischaemia are at higher risk for acute-on-chronic ischaemia, leading to infarction. == Clini...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:36, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute mesenteric ischaemia (Created page with "'''Acute mesenteric ischaemia''' is a form of intestinal ischaemia and is mostly a disease of elderly. It’s relatively rare but has a mortality rate of > 60%. It is most often due to embolism, but may also be due to thrombosis or decreased CO. The superior mesenteric artery is most commonly affected. The ischaemic tolerance time is approximately 40 minutes. Ischaemia causes infarction, leading to disruption of the mucosal barrier, causing bacteria and toxins from...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
22:31, 5 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Intestinal ischaemia (Created page with "'''Intestinal''' or '''abdominal ischaemia''' occurs when the blood flow to the large or small bowels is reduced. We can distinguish three types: * Acute mesenteric ischaemia * Chronic mesenteric ischaemia * Acute colonic ischaemia The small intestine is supplied by the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. The large intestine is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery as well as a few branches from the superior mesenteric artery. Category:Vasc...") Tag: Visual edit