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16:38, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Haematology (Created page with "Category:Internal Medicine (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
16:37, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anaemia (Created page with "'''Anaemia''' is defined as the reduction in circulating red blood cell-mass below normal levels. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia. It is diagnosed by haemoglobin concentration. The WHO defines anaemia as a haemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, but the normal ranges vary a bit from laboratory to laboratory. Anaemias can be classified according to the morphology of the RBCs or according to...") Tag: Visual edit
16:32, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aortic regurgitation (Created page with "'''Aortic regurgitation''' refers to when the aortic valve closes incompletely during systole, causing blood to flow back from the ascending aorta into the left ventricle. It’s a rare valvular disease. Like MR, aortic regurgitation can be primary, due to direct involvement of the valve itself, or secondary, due to dilation of the ascending aorta, making it impossible for the anatomically normal aortic valve to close...") Tag: Visual edit
16:30, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Mitral regurgitation (Created page with "'''Mitral regurgitation''' (MR) refers to when the mitral valve closes incompletely during systole, causing blood to flow back from the left ventricle into the left atrium. It’s a common valvular heart disease. MR can be primary, due to direct involvement of the valve itself or the chorda tendinae, or secondary, due to changes in the dimensions of the left ventricle, making it impossible for the anatomically normal mitral valve to close properly. It can also be ei...") Tag: Visual edit
16:27, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aortic stenosis (Created page with "'''Aortic stenosis''' (AS) refers to narrowing of the aortic valve, resulting in increased pressure load on the left ventricle. AS is mostly a disorder of the elderly (>70 years) men, and it’s the most common valvular disease. Some also have some degree of aortic regurgitation. == Etiology == In most cases, aortic stenosis is a result of dystrophic calcification and degeneration of the aortic valve with age. 1 – 2% of the population ha...") Tag: Visual edit
16:21, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rheumatic fever (Created page with "'''Rheumatic fever''' is a complication of streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) infection. It typically follows a few weeks after a streptococcal pharyngitis infection, which may be subclinical and therefore go unnoticed. The condition affects the joints, heart, CNS, and skin. The heart manifestation of rheumatic fever is called '''rheumatic heart disease'''. Rheumatic fever is rare in developed countries nowadays as most cases of streptococcal pharyng...") Tag: Visual edit
16:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Infective endocarditis (Created page with "'''Infective endocarditis''' (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, usually bacterial. It’s mostly a disorder of those with structural heart disease, but it can also occur in those with healthy hearts. It’s characterised by formation of vegetations on the heart valves. The most commonly affected valves are the aortic and mitral valves. IE is usually left-sided. It’s usually a subacute disease, but it can develop acutely or chronically as well. The clinical featu...") Tag: Visual edit
16:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac tamponade (Created page with "'''Cardiac tamponade''' is a condition where a pericardial effusion compresses the heart, leading to life-threatening acute heart failure. This occurs if the pericardial effusion develops rapidly or is large. It’s an emergency which should be treated empirically even before a proper diagnosis is made. == Etiology == * Acute pericarditis * Cardiac wall rupture (trauma, MI) * Cardiac surgery == Clinical features == Cardiac t...") Tag: Visual edit
16:06, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Myocarditis (Created page with "'''Myocarditis''' refers to inflammation of the myocardium. It has a wide range of presentations, anywhere from acute and fulminant to chronic. As the cardiac conduction system is in the myocardium, myocarditis predisposes to arrhythmias. It also affects the myocardium’s ability to contract. It may mimic <abbr>ACS</abbr>. Myocarditis is mostly a disorder of younger adults. == Etiology == * Viral (coxsackie) (most comm...") Tag: Visual edit
16:03, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pericarditis (Created page with "'''Pericarditis''' refers to inflammation of the pericardium. It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. It often leads to formation of a pericardial effusion. == Etiology == There are many possible causes of pericarditis, but the most common are viral and autoimmune. * Infectious ** Viral (coxsackie, others) ** Bacterial * Non-infectious ** Autoimmune (<abbr>SLE</abbr>, Sjögren, Rheumatoid...") Tag: Visual edit
16:03, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Constrictive pericarditis (Created page with "'''Constrictive pericarditis''' is a form of pericarditis characterised by the loss of pericardial elasticity leading to decreased ventricular filling. This occurs due to formation of granulation tissue in the pericardium. The result is diastolic heart failure due to thickened, rigid, fibrous pericardium following acute pericarditis. Jugular vein distention which worsens on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), pericardial knock, and <abbr>pulsus paradoxus</abbr> are typ...") Tag: Visual edit
15:56, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Takotsubo cardiomyopathy''', also referred to as T'''akotsubo syndrome''', stress cardiomyopathy, and '''broken heart syndrome''', is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by transient hypo/dys/akinesia and ballooning of the apical segments of the left ventricle in response to severe stress, like a partner’s death. It’s an acute condition which can cause severe heart failure, but it’s transient and usually completely reversible condition. It’s an imp...") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Left ventricular non-compaction (Created page with "'''Left ventricular non-compaction''' (LVNC) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by failure of intrauterine compaction of the myocardium, leading to a thickened endo-myocardium with trabeculae and deep recesses. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>ARVC</abbr>) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by thinning of the right ventricular wall, which predisposes to arrhythmias. An epsilon wave, a wave at the end of a widened QRS complex, is typical. Antiarrhythmic treatment and ICD implantation may be used. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:53, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Restrictive cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Restrictive cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>RCM</abbr>) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by reduced myocardial compliance, leading to increased LV filling pressure, but with normal systolic function. It causes diastolic heart failure. Constrictive pericarditis is an important differential diagnosis. There is no specific treatment. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:52, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>HCM</abbr>) is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of a provoking disease like hypertension or aortic stenosis. The hypertrophy is often asymmetric. '''Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy''' (HOCM) is a subtype of HCM characterised by obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract due to excessive hypertrophy of the ventricular septum. It’s a common cause of...") Tag: Visual edit
15:49, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Dilated cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Dilated cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>DCM</abbr>) is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by dilation of all four heart chambers, in the absence of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease. The ejection fraction is <45% and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume is >117% of forecasted based on body surface area. DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy, affecting 1/250. The prognosis is poor with a 5-y...") Tag: Visual edit
15:45, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiomyopathy (Created page with "According to <abbr>ESC</abbr>, a '''cardiomyopathy''' is defined as structural and functional abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium that is unexplained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading conditions. This definition does not include diseases of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease or hypertension. However, terms like “ischaemic cardiomyopathy” and “hypertensive cardiomyopathy” are used clinically to describe myocardial dam...") Tag: Visual edit
15:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery disease (Redirected page to Ischaemic heart disease) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
15:42, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Secondary hypertension (Created page with "'''Secondary hypertension''' is hypertension due to an underlying cause. It accounts for 10% of hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension should be suspected in: * Younger patients (<40) with hypertension * Severe hypertension * Treatment-resistant hypertension == Etiology == * Common ** Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) ** Renal parenchymal disease ** Renal vascular disease (renal artery stenosis) *** Atherosclerotic renovascular disease *** Fibromuscu...") Tag: Visual edit
13:47, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary hypertension (Created page with "'''Primary hypertension''', previously called '''essential hypertension''' due to the false belief that it was essential to maintain perfusion in elderly, is the idiopathic form of hypertension and a very prevalent condition. Hypertension occurs in >30% of the adult population. Primary hypertension accounts for >90% of cases of hypertension. For general information, see hypertension. == Etiology == The precise cause of primary hypertension is not known, but man...") Tag: Visual edit
13:43, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypertension (Created page with "'''Hypertension''', elevated blood pressure in the arterial system, is not a disease but a risk factor for development of many diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. It’s mostly asymptomatic. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it’s also becoming more and more common. However, even small decreases in blood pressure in the case of hypertension cause large improvements in the risk for complications. Hypertension is Primar...") Tag: Visual edit
13:38, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Heart failure (Created page with "'''Heart failure''' is a clinical syndrome where the patient has symptoms and/or signs of insufficient cardiac output and/or backwards congestion. This is due to an underlying decrease in systolic or diastolic function of the heart. Decreased systolic function refers to decreased ability of the heart to eject blood, reflected as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (<abbr>LVEF</abbr>, usually shortened to simply EF). Decreased diastolic function refers...") Tag: Visual edit
12:24, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease (Created page with "Everyone who’ve underwent an acute myocardial infarction will be taking multiple medications as '''secondary prevention''' for future AMIs, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular disease. Most of them must be taken indefinitely. * Medications to be taken indefinitely ** Aspirin (75 mg) – in all cases ** High intensity statin (40 – 80 mg atorvastatin or 20 – 4...") Tag: Visual edit
12:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Created page with "'''Coronary artery bypass graft''' (CABG) '''surgery''' involves the placement of one or more graft between the aorta and the coronary artery circulation with the intention to revascularize a coronary artery. The graft is attached distally to the obstruction of the coronary artery, allowing blood from the aorta to bypass the obstruction and supply the ischaemic myocardium. The graft in question is either arterial or venous, but patients most frequently receive some comb...") Tag: Visual edit
12:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Percutaneous coronary intervention (Created page with "'''Percutaneous coronary intervention''' (<abbr>PCI</abbr>) or '''percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty''' (PTCA) refers to the use of balloon angioplasty with or without placement of a stent during coronary angiography, a minimally invasive procedure. If a significant coronary stenosis is discovered during coronary angiography, it can be revascularized during the same procedure, in which case it is known as PCI. During balloon angioplasty, a balloon is inf...") Tag: Visual edit
12:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (Created page with "'''Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome''' (NSTE-ACS) is an umbrella term for '''non-ST elevation myocardial infarction''' (NSTEMI) and unstable angina. They're two forms of acute coronary syndrome characterised by the lack of ST elevations. An '''non-ST elevation myocardial infarction''' (NSTEMI) is a clinical form of acute myocardial infarction and one form of acute coronary syndrome. It is defined as the presence of ischaemic symptoms, lack of ST-elevations...") Tag: Visual edit
11:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Created page with "An '''ST-elevation myocardial infarction''' (STEMI) is a clinical form of acute myocardial infarction and one form of acute coronary syndrome. It is defined as the presence of ischaemic symptoms, ST-elevations in a pattern consistent with the blood supply of one coronary artery and a rise and/or fall in troponin levels. Ischaemic symptoms are classically angina, but may also be dyspnoea, nausea, sweating, anxiety, or non-anginal chest pain. For...") Tag: Visual edit
11:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "'''Acute myocardial infarction''' (AMI), sometimes called a '''heart attack''', is a life-threatening condition caused by ischaemia of the myocardium. == Pathomechanism == AMI occurs when a coronary atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, exposing the highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix of the plaque to the blood. The coagulation system is activated, resulting in a thrombus growing on the ruptured plaque and obstructing the blood flow. When the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute coronary syndrome (Created page with "'''Acute coronary syndrome''' (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. ACS is used as an initial working diagnosis until an ECG and troponin level has been performed, which will decide which type of ACS the patient has. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) ** Unstable...") Tag: Visual edit
10:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chest pain (Created page with "'''Chest pain''' is a common symptom and can occur due to a variety of disorders. '''Acute chest pain''' is a common cause of admission to the emergency department. Most cases are not life-threatening, but it’s important to rule out life-threatening causes. == Evaluation == Everyone who is admitted with acute chest pain get: * Blood test checking for troponins, D-dimer, amylase, + other general tests * ECG Further...") Tag: Visual edit
10:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ischaemic heart disease (Created page with "'''Ischaemic heart disease''' (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term '''coronary artery disease''' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re often used interchangeably. We can distinguish acute and chronic ischaemic heart disease. Acute ischaemic heart disease is referred to as acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>). Chr...") Tag: Visual edit
10:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic coronary syndrome (Created page with "Chronic ischaemic heart disease is referred to as '''chronic coronary syndrome''' (<abbr>CCS</abbr>) or stable ischaemic heart disease. These are chronic disorders caused by constant or recurring ischaemia of the heart, almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis. CCS includes the following disorders: * Effort angina/stable angina * CCS with “anginal equivalent” * Vasospastic angina/Prinzmetal angina * Silent ischaemia == Effort angina == Effort a...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sudden cardiac death (Created page with "'''Sudden cardiac death''' (<abbr>SCD</abbr>) is defined as unexpected death either: * Within 1 hour of cardiac symptom onset or: * Within 24 hours of having been observed alive and symptom free It is suspected that all cases of SCD occur due to ventricular arrhythmias, but the underlying cause of the arrhythmia can vary. SCD is due to an underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) in 80% of cases. It occurs most commonly due to: * Acute myocardial infarction...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Syncope (Created page with "'''Syncope''' is a transient loss of consciousness and muscle tone which occurs suddenly, and which resolves spontaneously due to a transient decrease in perfusion to the brain. Syncope is one of multiple causes of ''transient loss of consciousness'' (TLOC). The most common types of syncope are: * Cardiac syncope * Reflex syncope ** Vasovagal syncope ** Carotid sinus syndrome * Orthostatic syncope Cardiac syncope is a major risk factor for sudden cardiac death...") Tag: Visual edit
10:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transient loss of consciousness (Created page with "When a person has a '''transient loss of consciousness''', it's important to determine the underlying cause. The most common causes are: * Syncope ** Cardiac syncope ** Reflex syncope *** Vasovagal syncope *** Carotid sinus syndrome ** Orthostatic syncope * Epileptic seizures * Head trauma * Psychogenic conditions that cause TLOC When a patient presents with TLOC it’s important to determine the cause. Category:Cardiology Category:N...") Tag: Visual edit
10:09, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (Created page with "'''Cardiac resynchronisation therapy''' (<abbr>CRT</abbr>) is used to treat heart failure when there is also a left bundle branch block present. Having a LBBB and heart failure worsens the heart failure because of the desynchronised contraction of the right and the left ventricle. The CRT device is a specialised pacemaker which ensures that the two ventricles contract synchronously. There exist CRT devices with ICD...") Tag: Visual edit
10:07, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (Created page with "'''Implantable cardioverter defibrillators''' (ICDs) are specialised devices which sense shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia) and immediately and automatically defibrillate the patient. They are used both for primary and for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, in patients who are at high risk for it. <abbr>ICD</abbr> is indicated for: * Primary prevention – for patients with symptomatic HF, Eje...") Tag: Visual edit
10:06, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Catheter ablation (Created page with "'''Catheter ablation''' refers to the use of catheters to “burn” (with radiofrequency) or “freeze” (with cryoablation) a part of the heart, with the goal of treating a tachyarrhythmia. The catheter is inserted by the Seldinger technique into a vein (like the femoral vein) and directed toward the heart. Once the catheter is in the heart the electrodes on the tip can be used to detect the area which is responsible for the arrhythmia, after which the same cathet...") Tag: Visual edit
10:05, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tachyarrhythmia (Created page with "'''Tachyarrhythmias''' are arrhythmias characterised by tachycardia, a heart rate < 60/min. The most common examples are sinus tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardias like atrial fibrillation, AVNRT, and AVRT. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
10:01, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pacemaker (Created page with "'''Pacemakers''' (PMs) are used to treat bradyarrhythmias. These devices lie in a subcutaneous “pocket” on the chest and has electrodes going into the heart. The device either continuously paces the heart or paces the heart when it detects that the heart rate is going below a certain threshold, depending on the settings. The pacemaker can be put into a variety of different modes, each described by a three-letter code describing the function of th...") Tag: Visual edit
10:00, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bradyarrhythmia (Created page with "'''Bradyarrhythmias''' are arrhythmias characterised by bradycardia, a heart rate < 60/min. The most common examples are sinus bradycardia and sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardioversion (Created page with "'''Cardioversion''' or electrical conversion refers to giving electrical shock to a patient with an arrhythmia to restore sinus rhythm. It can be done acutely in case of emergencies, or electively in cases where pharmacological treatment of the arrhythmia hasn’t had satisfactory effect. Cardioversion is, unlike defibrillation, synchronised. This means that the device gives a shock exactly when the cardiac cycle is at the R wave of a QRS complex. This prevents the shoc...") Tag: Visual edit
09:51, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Created page with "The '''Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern''' is a preexcitation syndrome characterised by the presence of an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses the AV node, called the '''bundle of Kent'''. The AV node delays the conduction to the ventricles, but people with WPW have this accessory pathway which doesn’t have this built-in delay, so this accessory pathway causes the depolarisation of the ventricles to occur earlier. This is apparent on the ECG as the “delta wa...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pre-excited atrial fibrillation (Created page with "Atrial fibrillation (or atrial flutter, or other atrial tachycardias) in the setting of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is dangerous as the accessory pathway allows atrial impulses to be conducted to the ventricles in a 1:1 ratio without the AV-node’s delay, causing a ventricular rate of 300 bpm or more, which can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. This is called '''pre-excited atrial fibrillation'''. The patient is usually...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (Created page with "'''Atrioventricular reciprocating/reentry tachycardia''' (AVRT) is a paroxysmal tachycardia characterised by the formation of a re-entry circuit consisting of the AV node and the accessory pathway, usually precipitated by a premature atrial beat. AVRT may be orthodromic, which is the case in 95% of cases, or antidromic, in the remaining cases. AVRT is most commonly seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. == Orthodromic AVRT == In...") Tag: Visual edit
09:41, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Preexcitation syndrome (Created page with "'''Preexcitation syndromes''' are characterised by earlier-than-normal depolarisation of the ventricles due to an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses part of the conduction system. The most important one is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), but others exist as well, like Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
09:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Right bundle branch block (Created page with "In '''right bundle branch block''' (RBBB) a block in the right bundle branch causes the right ventricle to depolarise later than the left. This causes certain characteristic ECG features. ==Etiology== See bundle branch block. In addition to the above mentioned etiologies, RBBB is associated with lung pathologies like pulmonary hypertension, embolism, or COPD. This is becaus...") Tag: Visual edit
09:39, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Left bundle branch block (Created page with "In '''left bundle branch block''' (LBBB) a block in the left bundle branch causes the left ventricle to depolarise later than the right. This causes certain characteristic ECG features. == Etiology == See bundle branch block. == Clinical features == The characteristic ECG features include: * Wide QRS (> 120 ms) * Wide and notched R wave in leads I, aVL, V5, V6 (forming an “M” shape) * Absent Q waves in leads I, aVL, V5, V6 * Deep (somet...") Tag: Visual edit
09:35, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bundle branch block (Created page with "'''Bundle branch blocks''' are conduction blocks in the left or right bundle branches. The Bundle of His divides into the left bundle branch and right bundle branch. Blocks in these conducting pathways cause the depolarisation of part of the ventricle to occur later than the rest, resulting in a wide QRS complex. Bundle branch blocks rarely cause symptoms or need treatment in and of themselves, but they’re clinically significant in that they are often signs of heart d...") Tag: Visual edit