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09:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrioventricular block (Created page with "'''Atrioventricular block''' (AV block) is characterised by a partial or complete block of conduction from the atria to the ventricles, usually at the level of the AV node. We distinguish multiple different types: * 1st degree AV block – the conduction of atrial impulses to the ventricles is delayed * 2nd degree AV block – some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles ** Mobitz type I (Wenkebach) ** Mobitz type II * 3rd degree AV bloc...") Tag: Visual edit
09:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Escape rhythm (Created page with "An '''escape rhythm''' is a "backup rhythm" produced by the heart if the SA node fails to conduct impulses, either temporarily or permanently. To maintain cardiac output, another pacemaker focus in the heart takes over, and the resulting rhythm is called an escape rhythm. The focus with the highest frequency will be the dominant focus. Many foci can be the origin of an escape rhythm, usually The rate and morphology of the escape rhythm depends on where it originates...") Tag: Visual edit
08:57, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular fibrillation (Created page with "'''Ventricular fibrillation''' (VF or V-fib) is, like pulseless VT, a ventricular arrhythmia and an emergency which must be handled with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, as the patient has no cardiac output. Like VT, it most commonly occurs in diseased hearts. Sustained VT can quickly develop into ventricular fibrillation, as well. It invariably causes loss of consciousness and death if untreate...") Tag: Visual edit
08:56, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular tachycardia (Created page with "'''Ventricular tachycardia''' (VT, or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia which is most commonly a complication of ischaemic heart disease, but it can also occur due to electrolyte disturbances (most importantly hypokalaemia), myocarditis, and prolonged QT. It’s a wide QRS complex tachycardia that’s defined as 3 or more consecutive ventricular beats at a frequency of > 100/min. == Classif...") Tag: Visual edit
08:49, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular premature beats (Created page with "'''Ventricular premature beats''', also called '''ventricular extrasystoles''' (<abbr>VES</abbr>) are a form of ventricular arrhythmia caused by ectopic foci in the ventricles. They are relatively common and rarely cause symptoms. On the ECG they’re characterised by wide QRS and the lack of a preceding P wave. Asymptomatic persons don’t require treatment. Symptomatic persons and persons with many VES and underlying heart disease should re...") Tag: Visual edit
08:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular arrhythmias (Created page with "'''Ventricular arrhythmias''' are those which originate from the ventricles. They include the following: * Ventricular premature beats * Ventricular tachycardia * Ventricular fibrillation Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:47, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Supraventricular premature beats (Created page with "'''Supraventricular premature beats''', also called '''supraventricular extrasystoles''' (SVES), are atrial contractions triggered by ectopic foci in the atria or AV node. They include '''atrial premature beats''' and '''junctional premature beats'''. Supraventricular premature beats rarely cause symptoms and therefore rarely require treatment. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:46, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial tachycardia (Created page with "'''Atrial tachycardia''' is a supraventricular tachycardia characterised by tachycardia originating in the atria. It may be focal (originate from one focus in the atria) or multifocal (originate from multiple foci). The typical symptom is palpitations. In the focal type all P-waves have the same morphology, while in the multifocal type there are multiple P-wave morphologies. Atrial tachycardia is associated with heart surgery, like <abbr...") Tag: Visual edit
08:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sick sinus syndrome (Created page with "'''Sick sinus syndrome''' (SSS) or '''sinus node dysfunction''' (SND) refers to any condition where the SA node is dysfunctional. This causes intermittent sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses (pauses <3 seconds), sinus arrest (pauses >3 seconds), tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, chronotropic incompetence, or SA block. Patients present with intermittent complaints of fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, syncope, etc. SSS is...") Tag: Visual edit
08:42, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronotropic incompetence (Created page with "'''Chronotropic incompetence''' refers to when the heart cannot increase its heart rate sufficiently to meet the body's demand, for example during exercise or infection. It's seen in heart failure and sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:36, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sinus arrest (Created page with "'''Sinus arrest''' refers to a pause in SA node activity which lasts for > 3 seconds. It is seen in sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:32, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sinus bradycardia (Created page with "'''Sinus bradycardia''' is a sinus rhythm with < 60 bpm. It’s physiological in well-trained persons but can be pathological in some cases. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:31, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AV reciprocating tachycardia (Created page with "'''AV reciprocating tachycardia''' (AVRT) occurs in patients with an accessory pathway which circumvents the AV node, which causes pre-excitation of the ventricles. This occurs most commonly in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It is triggered by a premature atrial or ventricular beat. Treatment involves ablation of the accessory pathway. In patients with WPW (but not currently in AVRT), pre-...") Tag: Visual edit
08:30, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AV nodal reentry tachycardia (Created page with "'''AV nodal reentry tachycardia''' (AVNRT) is caused by the presence of an additional electrical pathway in the AV node, which forms a reentry circuit in the AV node. On the ECG there are fast, narrow, regular QRS complexes without normal P-waves. In some leads, small P-waves may be visible at the end of the QRS complex (retrograde P). AVNRT can often be terminated by vagal manoeuvres or adenosine. Some patients can be managed by only performing vagal manoeuvres...") Tag: Visual edit
08:29, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial flutter (Created page with "'''Atrial flutter''' is a supraventricular tachycardia and is generally managed similarly as atrial fibrillation, and in many cases it progresses to Afib. It requires anticoagulation and either rate or rhythm control. There are two types: * Typical atrial flutter * Atypical atrial flutter On the ECG, P-waves are replaced by F-waves which have a frequency of about 300/minute. There is a fixed pattern of atrial:ventricular conduction (P-waves:QRS-complexes), usua...") Tag: Visual edit
08:27, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute kidney injury (Created page with "'''Acute kidney injury''' (AKI) is a clinical syndrome which is characterised by an acute decrease in <abbr>GFR</abbr> (over hours or days), as evidenced by elevated creatinine. There may also be accumulation of urinary waste products and oliguria/anuria, but not always. It may be prerenal, renal, or postrenal, but the most common causes are prerenal and acute tubular necrosis. During the evaluation it’s impo...") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial fibrillation (Created page with "'''Atrial fibrillation''' (Afib) is the most important supraventricular arrhythmia, characterised by fibrillation of the atria. It’s problematic because of the following: * It increases the risk of thromboembolic stroke * It can cause tachycardia-induced heart failure (= arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy) * It can cause symptoms It’s a highly prevalent condition which becomes more and more common with age. == Etiology == Afib can be multifactorial and...") Tag: Visual edit
14:03, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Supraventricular arrhythmias (Created page with "'''Supraventricular arrhythmias''' are those which originate from the SA node, atria, or AV junction. They include the following: * Sinus arrhythmias ** Sinus bradycardia ** Sinus tachycardia ** Sick sinus syndrome * Supraventricular premature beats * Atrial tachycardia * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) * AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
13:59, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Created page with "'''Human immunodeficiency virus''' (HIV) is a retrovirus which causes HIV infection. If left untreated, it will lead to '''acquired immunodeficiency syndrome''' (AIDS), a condition characterised by a <abbr>CD4</abbr>+ T-cell count of < 200/µL and/or the presence of so-called AIDS-defining condition, whichever occurs first. 38 million people worldwide live with AIDS, and every year around 1,7 million people are infected. 60% of new cases are in sub-S...") Tag: Visual edit
13:45, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page COPD exacerbations (Created page with "'''Acute exacerbations of COPD''' are acute worsenings of symptoms in a patient with COPD. It may be caused by viral respiratory infections, bacterial infections, pollution, or stress. Exacerbations may vary in intensity from mild to very severe and life-threatening. Rapid assessment of the severity is important. == Clinical features == The cardinal symptoms of acute exacerbations are worsening dyspnoea, worsening cough, increa...") Tag: Visual edit
13:41, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Created page with "'''Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease''' (COPD) is characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. It’s common, preventable, and treatable. It is defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0,70. It affects 11,7% of the world and it’s the third leading cause of death worldwide. Prevalence is expected to rise, and it’s expected to be the leading cause of death in 15 years. COPD ha...") Tag: Visual edit
13:34, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:COPD treatment GOLD stage.png
13:34, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:COPD treatment GOLD stage.png
13:33, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:GOLD classification.png
13:33, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:GOLD classification.png
13:30, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac asthma (Created page with "Patients with left-sided heart failure may experience asthma-like symptoms, like dyspnoea, wheezing, and coughing, which may be called '''cardiac asthma'''. Differentiating cardiac and bronchial asthma is usually not a problem. Patients with cardiac asthma usually have other symptoms of heart failure, the presence of cardiac risk factors, frothy sputum when coughing, are older, have abnormal ECG, chest x-ray, etc. They usually don’t have allergy, and spirometr...") Tag: Visual edit
13:30, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pulmonology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:29, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Asthma (Created page with "'''Asthma,''' sometimes called '''bronchial asthma''' (to prevent the unlikely confusion with cardiac asthma) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterised by airway hyperresponsiveness which causes recurrent asthmatic attacks. These are episodes of bronchoconstriction, leading to wheezing, dyspnoea, and coughing, sometimes after being exposed to a certain trigger. It’s one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. It affects around 300 mill...") Tag: Visual edit
13:22, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pneumonia (Created page with "'''Pneumonia''' is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyme, with involvement of the bronchioli and alveoli, most often caused by microbes. It can have significant mortality. It’s a very common condition. In young people, it usually have a mild natural course, but for elderly, it has a high mortality. '''Community-acquired pneumonia''' affects 0,1 – 1% of the adult population each year. It’s more common in young children and older adults, especially those with...") Tag: Visual edit
13:11, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Infectious disease (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:09, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Renal replacement therapy (Created page with "'''Renal replacement therapy''' (RRT) is a term for those modalities which can “replace” or aid the kidney in its functions. They’re generally indicated when the kidney transiently or persistently loses its function to remove toxins, metabolites, and water from the body. In practice, this means that the patient has acute kidney injury or end-stage kidney disease. It is also used if the kidney function is normal but they kidneys cannot clear a certain toxin...") Tag: Visual edit
13:04, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic kidney disease (Created page with "'''Chronic kidney disease''' (CKD), previously called '''chronic renal failure''' is defined as the presence of either kidney damage or decreased kidney function for more than 3 months. Decreased kidney function is measured by decreased <abbr>GFR</abbr>. In practice, the presence of any of the following criteria for more than 3 months establishes CKD: * Abnormal GFR * Abnormal albuminuria * Abnormal urinary sediment * Abnormal electrolyte...") Tag: Visual edit
12:50, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (Created page with "'''Tubulointerstitial nephritis''' (TIN) refers to the inflammation of the renal tubules and the interstitium. It causes a decline in kidney function (<abbr>AKI</abbr>) and abnormalities of the tubular and interstitial functions. The condition can be acute or chronic. Acute TIN accounts for 10 – 15% of AKI cases. Luckily, it has a good prognosis when treated as it’s often reversible. The clinical importance of acute TIN is to identify it and...") Tag: Visual edit
12:46, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page IgA nephropathy (Created page with "'''<abbr>IgA</abbr> nephropathy''' is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. In Europe, it accounts for 1/3 of primary <abbr>GN</abbr> patients. It almost always causes chronic glomerulonephritis, rarely acute. The age of onset is usually 15 – 30 years, and the male-to-female ratio is 2:1. In Northern Europe, it’s even higher, up to 6:1. == Etiology == The etiology of IgA nephropathy is unknown. However, there are many conditions which ca...") Tag: Visual edit
12:43, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nephrotic syndrome (Created page with "'''Nephrotic syndrome''' is a clinical syndrome which includes the following clinical features: * Features which are always present: ** Nephrotic-range proteinuria (> 3,5 g/day) ** Hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia ** Oedema (periorbital/leg oedema, anasarca, ascites, hydrothorax) * Features which are often present: ** Dyslipidaemia ** Hypercoagulability (loss of anticoagulant proteins) ** Increased risk of infections ** Shrinkage of kidneys Protein loss of 3,5 g/day...") Tag: Visual edit
12:39, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ischaemic nephropathy (Created page with "'''Ischaemic nephropathy''' can be difficult to define, but it most frequently refers to progressive kidney function loss due to atherosclerosis of the renal artery, called renal artery stenosis. Narrowing of the renal artery decreases the renal perfusion pressure and renal blood flow, decreasing the <abbr>GFR</abbr>. If the narrowing becomes significant (~70%), cortical hypoxia occurs as well, causing loss of glomeruli and progressive loss of kidney function. == C...") Tag: Visual edit
12:38, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nephropathy associated with vasculitis (Created page with "Vasculitis is characterised by inflammation of vessels. We categorize vasculitides based on whether they primarily affect large, medium, or small vessels. Large vessel vasculitis can contribute to renovascular hypertension, and medium vessel vasculitis can predispose to renal infarction and haemorrhage. However, the most important vasculitides in nephrology are the small vessel vasculitides, which affect the glomeruli and arterioles. == Etiology == * Small vessel vascu...") Tag: Visual edit
12:34, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lupus nephritis (Created page with "'''Lupus nephritis''' (LN) or '''lupus nephropathy''' refers to the renal affection in <abbr>SLE</abbr> and is the most dangerous organ complication and a major cause of death in SLE. It’s important to detect and diagnose lupus nephritis because it changes the treatment and prognosis for the SLE patients. Lupus nephritis is a chronic, aggressive disease. The presence of lupus nephritis means a worse prognosis for the patients. Patients...") Tag: Visual edit
12:31, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Nephrology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
12:30, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Created page with "'''Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis''' (RPGN) is a subtype of acute glomerulonephritis which is rapidly progressive. The kidney function is rapidly decreasing, that is, it would lead to end-stage renal disease in weeks if left untreated. The blood pressure is rapidly increasing as well. Histology is required for diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are required to limit irreversible kidney injury. RPGN is sometimes called '''crescentic glomerulonephritis''...") Tag: Visual edit
12:26, 16 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Leukocytes (Created page with "'''Leukocytes''', also called '''white blod cells''', are a population of cells in the blood responsible for immune response, inflammation, and microbe defence. These are always present in the blood, with their numbers increasing in response to infection or inflammation. There are multiple subgroups of leukocytes, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. We distinguish three types of granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Granulocytes received...") Tag: Visual edit
12:13, 20 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Category:Laboratory medicine (content was: "Category:Pages by subject", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
12:13, 20 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Laboratory medicine (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
11:01, 18 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page C-reactive protein (Created page with "'''C-reactive protein''', often abbreviated '''CRP''', is an acute phase protein and a commonly measured laboratory parameter in the evaluation of inflammation. Its name comes from its ability to bind to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococci. == Biochemistry == CRP binds to phosphocholine which is found on the cell membrane of dead cells and some bacteria. This binding activates the ''complement system.'' CRP also enhances phagoc...") Tag: Visual edit
12:42, 15 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Urinary dipstick.png
12:42, 15 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Urinary dipstick.png
14:02, 14 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Urine dipstick test (Created page with "A '''urine dipstick test''', sometimes abbreviated as '''urinary stick''' or '''u-stix''' is a point-of-care test which is used to analyse certain parametres of the urine. It's quick and cheap, and can be read off manually or by automatic machines. They're used in the diagnosis and follow-up of many disorders, like urinary tract infection, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. A normal dipstick evaluates the following parametres in the urine: * Leuk...") Tag: Visual edit
13:21, 14 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Laboratory Medicine (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
21:06, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glomerulonephritis (Created page with "'''Glomerulonephritis''' refers to a disease affecting the glomeruli, even though inflammation itself (-itis) is not necessarily present. Glomerulonephritis is rare, and it can cause severe symptoms and chronic kidney disease. Glomerulonephritis causes acute glomerulonephritis syndrome, sometimes called just '''nephritic syndrome'''''.'' According to the definition of glomerulonephritis syndrome, the following clinical features are present: * Glomerular haematuria...") Tag: Visual edit
20:49, 10 September 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Variceal bleeding (Created page with "'''Bleeding from oesophageal varices''' is a severe complication of portal hypertension. It’s a common complication of cirrhosis, affecting up to 60% of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. 1/3 of patients with cirrhosis develop variceal bleeding in the first 2 years. The mortality rate is very high, up to 40%. == Clinical features == Variceal bleeding presents as sudden severe upper GI bleeding in a patient with known liver di...") Tag: Visual edit