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15:27, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastritis (Created page with "Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach. There are many causes of gastritis, and some are very common. Atrophic gastritis is a common type, in which atrophy and later intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa occurs. Gastritis may predispose to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In some conditions commonly referred to as gastritis there is no inflammation, and so the term ''gastropathy'' is more appropriate. H. pylori is the most common cause of gastritis,...") Tag: Visual edit
15:25, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Helicobacter pylori gastritis (Created page with "Infection by H. pylori causes H. pylori gastritis, sometimes called B (bacterial) gastritis or environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG). This is a form of chronic atrophic gastritis and present in a whopping 2/3 of the population worldwide. The prevalence is decreasing due to sanitation and antibiotics, but it is still 90% in developing countries. While the infection usually occurs in childhood in developing countries, it usually occurs in adulthood in industr...") Tag: Visual edit
15:18, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peptic ulcer disease (Created page with "Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the presence of peptic ulcers in the stomach and/or duodenum. Duodenal ulcers are approx 3 times more common than gastric ulcers. In virtually all cases, patients with PUD either have H. pylori infection and/or use NSAIDs long-term. Few people develop PUD without either of these risk factors. In addition to H. pylori and NSAIDs, there are multiple other “supportive” risk factors. These include smoking, alcohol, steroid use, and s...") Tag: Visual edit
15:12, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Small bowel neoplasm (Created page with "Small bowel cancer is very rare, accounting for <5% of <abbr>GI</abbr> cancers. Most small bowel tumours are benign. Cancer may be adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine, lymphoma, GIST, or other mesenchymal cancers. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a mesenchymal tumour of the GI tract. It may occur anywhere in the GI-tract, but most frequently in the stomach and small intestine. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Gastrointestinal surgery") Tag: Visual edit
15:11, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastric cancer (Created page with "Gastric adenocarcinoma accounts for 95% of gastric cancers. It’s a cancer of elderly, mostly men, and it’s the fifth most common cancer worldwide. It is more common in Asian countries like Japan and Korea, as well as certain regions in Africa and South America. It causes no or only nonspecific symptoms in the early stages. If diagnosed early, the prognosis is excellent, but at the time of diagnosis, 50% of cancers have already spread and are incurable, which leads t...") Tag: Visual edit
15:09, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Roux-en-Y procedure.png
15:09, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Roux-en-Y procedure.png
15:04, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oesophageal cancer (Created page with "There are two major types of oesophageal cancer, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Both type typically affect elderly men. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma evolves from the Barrett-mucosa and is the most common type of oesophageal cancer in the Western world. Its incidence is rising. It’s usually found in the lower part of the oesophagus. Oesophageal SCC is more common in developing countries, and the most common type overall. It’s usually found in the middle an...") Tag: Visual edit
15:01, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Gastrointestinal surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
14:59, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Surgery (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Surgery (subject) (content was: "Category:Pages by subject", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
14:58, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Surgery (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:56, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Internal Medicine (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:54, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Created page with "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in British English, but that's abbreviated GORD) is a common disease where gastric contents reflux into the oesophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and possible severe complications. It’s caused by excessive relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, and is therefore sort of the opposite disorder of achalasia. == Etiology == Risk factors include those which decrease th...") Tag: Visual edit
14:52, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Gastroenterology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:50, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Systemic lupus erythematosus (Created page with "Systemic lupus erythematosus (<abbr>SLE</abbr>) is the prototype of multisystemic autoimmune diseases, affecting all organ systems. Its severity can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. SLE affects 20 – 100/100 000 in Europe. It more frequently affects women in the ages 16 – 55, being 12x more common in women. Affected men have a worse prognosis. SLE more frequently affects Black and Hispanic ethnicities than White. The 10-year survival rate is 90%. The...") Tag: Visual edit
14:48, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Rheumatology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:47, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteoporosis (Created page with "Osteoporosis refers to the decreased bone density, which increases the risk for fractures. It’s defined according to the results of a DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) scan. The scan calculates the bone mineral density and gives a T-score. Osteoporosis is defined as a T-score of less than -2,5 standard deviations. This means that a person with osteoporosis has 2,5 standard deviations lower bone density than an average young adult female. T-score between -1 and -...") Tag: Visual edit
14:46, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Created page with "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), sometimes called adrenogenital syndrome, is a group of autosomal recessive defects in the enzymes responsible for secretion of adrenal cortical hormones. The name comes from the compensatory adrenal hyperplasia which occurs due to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, causing ACTH to increase. Thanks to neonatal screening the more severe forms are rare nowadays, so the clinical presentation has shifted from presenting acute...") Tag: Visual edit
14:44, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Endocrinology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:06, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 42. Hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism (Created page with "= Hypoparathyroidism = Hypoparathyroidism is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or permanent. Transient hypoparathyroidism occurs in up to 20% of cases. Because of the high risk fo...") Tag: Visual edit
12:58, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. Thyroid tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland (Created page with "= Thyroid nodules = Discovery of a thyroid nodule, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of thyroid nodule: * Benign thyroid nodule ** Follicular adenoma ** Toxic adenoma ** Thyroid cyst *...") Tag: Visual edit
12:56, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism (+ Graves disease) (Created page with "= Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis = Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms are often used interchangeably. == Etiology == Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by many conditions...") Tag: Visual edit
12:51, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Diagnostics and treatment (Created page with "= Venous thromboembolism = Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (<abbr>DVT</abbr>) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT are venous thromboses which occur in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affects the distal deep veins, but may affect the larger, proximal veins as well, including the iliac,...") Tag: Visual edit
12:46, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Multiple myeloma. Diagnostics, symptoms, treatment (Created page with "= Multiple myeloma = Multiple myeloma (MM), sometimes called plasma cell myeloma, is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most common haematological malignancy. It mostly affects elderly. Its prognosis used to be poor but nowad...") Tag: Visual edit
12:30, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (NHL). Classification, clinical characteristics of indolent and aggressive NHL, possibilities of treatment (Created page with "= Non-Hodgkin lymphomas = Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They remain asymptomatic for many years and are therefore often diagnosed incidentally on a laboratory t...") Tag: Visual edit
12:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of lymphomas.png
12:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of lymphomas.png
12:22, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Malignant lymphomas. Classification, diagnostics and clinical features. Hodgkin’s disease. Classification, diagnostics, treatment possibilities (Created page with "''For introduction to lymphomas, see pathology 2 topic 28.'' Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For this reason, HL has sometimes been called Hodgkin ''disease'' rather than lymphoma. There’s a...") Tag: Visual edit
12:17, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and possibilities of treatment (Created page with "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes), it’s SLL. CLL is the most common adult leukaemia. It mostly affects elderly. == Clinica...") Tag: Visual edit
12:16, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of BCR-ABL1 inhibitor drugs. == Clinical features == Untreated, the natural history of CML follows...") Tag: Visual edit
12:09, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Classification of myeloproliferative disorders, general characteristics. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytemia and osteomyelofibrosis. (Created page with "= Myeloproliferative neoplasms = The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The classic MPNs are: * Chronic myeloid leukaemia (see topic 28) * Polycythaemia vera * Essential th...") Tag: Visual edit
12:05, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Diagnostics clinical picture and principles of treatment (Created page with "= Acute myeloid leukaemia = Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of myeloid origin....") Tag: Visual edit
12:01, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. The aplastic anemia (Created page with "Aplastic anaemia (AA) refers to pancytopenia caused by bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It’s a rare disorder, affecting 2 per million. It’s distinct from bone marrow failure, in which pancytopaenia can be caused by bone marrow replacement (by tumour, fibrosis, or myelodysplastic syndromes). It might be anywhere from mild to severe. == Etiology == Mostly idiopathic (50%), but can also be due to known factors such as: # Direct injury ## Benzene ## NSAIDs ## Antiepile...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Immune thrombocytopenia. Diagnostics and treatment. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "= Immune thrombocytopenia = Immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopaenic purpura, is an immune-mediated cause of thrombocytopaenia. It is caused by the formation of autoantibodies against thrombocytes and is relatively common. Other cell lines are unaffected. It usually either affects children <5 or older adults >55 years, but the disorder is a bit different in the two populations. In children, it’s typically acute and self-limiting. In adults,...") Tag: Visual edit
11:52, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Megaloblastic and other macrocytic anaemias. Etiology, types and diagnostics of hemolytic anaemias (Created page with "= Macrocytic anaemia = Macrocytic anaemia is a form of anaemia characterised by macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fL). Megaloblastic anaemia is a subtype of macrocytic anaemia characterised by decreased DNA synthesis in haematopoietic stem cells, causing RBCs to be larger, oval, and blast-like, and neutrophils to be hypersegmented. The most common cause of both macrocytic and megaloblastic anaemia is folate and B12 deficiency. == Etiology == * Megaloblastic anaemia ** B12 defici...") Tag: Visual edit
11:48, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Types of anaemia. Etiology of iron deficiency anaemia, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "= Introduction to anaemia = Anaemia is defined as the reduction in circulating red blood cell-mass below normal levels. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia. It is diagnosed by haemoglobin concentration. The WHO defines anaemia as a haemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, but the normal ranges vary a bit from laboratory to laboratory. Anaemias can be classified according to the morphology of the RBC...") Tag: Visual edit
11:45, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. The differential diagnostics and acute management of chest pain (Created page with "Acute chest pain is a common cause of admission to the emergency department. Most cases are not life-threatening, but it’s important to rule out life-threatening causes. == Evaluation of chest pain == Everyone who is admitted with acute chest pain get: * Blood test checking for troponins, D-dimer, amylase/lipase, + other general tests * ECG Further examinations are based on the examining physician’s differential diagnosis based on the patient’s clinical features...") Tag: Visual edit
11:37, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Valve diseases. Diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "= Aortic stenosis = Aortic stenosis (AS) refers to narrowing of the aortic valve, resulting in increased pressure load on the left ventricle. AS is mostly a disorder of the elderly (>70 years) men, and it’s the most common valvular disease. Some also have some degree of aortic regurgitation. == Etiology == In most cases, aortic stenosis is a result of dystrophic calcification and degeneration of the aortic valve with age. 1 – 2% of the population have a congenital b...") Tag: Visual edit
11:35, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Infective endocarditis. Rheumatic fever and its consequences (Created page with "= Infective endocarditis = Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, usually bacterial. It’s mostly a disorder of those with structural heart disease, but it can also occur in those with healthy hearts. It’s characterised by formation of vegetations on the heart valves. The most commonly affected valves are the aortic and mitral valves. IE is usually left-sided. It’s usually a subacute disease, but it can develop acutely or chronically as wel...") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Inflammatory diseases of the heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis) and cardiac tamponade (Created page with "''Non-infective endocarditis is very rare and therefore not covered. Infective endocarditis is covered in topic 18.'' = Pericarditis = Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium. It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. It often leads to formation of a pericardial effusion. == Etiology == There are many possible causes of pericarditis, but the most common are viral and autoimmune. * Infectious ** Viral (coxsackie, others) ** Bacterial * Non-infectious ** Au...") Tag: Visual edit
11:30, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. The cardiomyopathies. Types, pathophysiological background, diagnostics and therapy (Created page with "= Cardiomyopathies = According to <abbr>ESC</abbr>, cardiomyopathies are defined by structural and functional abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium that are unexplained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading conditions. This definition does not include diseases of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease or hypertension. However, terms like “ischaemic cardiomyopathy” and “hypertensive cardiomyopathy” are used clinically to describe myoca...") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Secondary hypertension, types, differential diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an underlying cause. It accounts for 10% of hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension should be suspected in: * Younger patients (<40) with hypertension * Severe hypertension * Resistant hypertension == Etiology == * Common ** Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) ** Renal parenchymal disease ** Renovascular disease (renal artery stenosis) *** Atherosclerotic renovascular disease *** Fibromuscular dysplasia ** Primary aldostero...") Tag: Visual edit
11:25, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. The importance of essential hypertension, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment (Created page with "= Hypertension in general = Hypertension, elevated blood pressure in the arterial system, is not a disease but a risk factor for development of many diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. It’s mostly asymptomatic. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it’s also becoming more and more common. However, even small decreases in blood pressure in the case of hypertension cause large improvements in the risk for complications. ==...") Tag: Visual edit
11:22, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Diagnosis and therapy of heart failure (Created page with "''New <abbr>ESC</abbr> guidelines on HF were released in August 2021. I’ve updated this topic to reflect the new guidelines.'' = Diagnosis and evaluation = == Physical examination == Physical examination is important for determining the volume status of the patient. A patient with peripheral pitting oedema, pulmonary crackles on auscultation, elevated jugular pressure, hepatosplenomegaly and/or a recent increase in body weight has fluid overload (hypervolaemia). ==...") Tag: Visual edit
11:19, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Epidemiology, pathophysiological background, types and clinical syndromes of heart failure (Created page with "Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the patient has symptoms and/or signs of insufficient cardiac output and/or backwards congestion. This is due to an underlying decrease in systolic or diastolic function of the heart. Decreased systolic function refers to decreased ability of the heart to eject blood, reflected as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (<abbr>LVEF</abbr>, usually shortened to simply EF). Decreased diastolic function refers to decreased...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease, medical follow-up of patients after a myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation (Created page with "Everyone who’ve underwent an acute myocardial infarction will be taking multiple medications as secondary prevention for future AMIs, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular disease. Most of them must be taken indefinitely. * Medications to be taken indefinitely ** Aspirin (75 mg) – in all cases ** High intensity statin (40 – 80 mg atorvastatin or 20 – 40 mg rosuvastatin) – in all...") Tag: Visual edit
20:03, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. The non-pharmacological treatment of ischemic heart disease (percutaneous coronary interventions, stent implantation, coronary bypass operation) (Created page with "= Percutaneous coronary intervention = Percutaneous coronary intervention (<abbr>PCI</abbr>) refers to the use of balloon angioplasty with or without placement of a stent during coronary angiography, a minimally invasive procedure. If a significant coronary stenosis is discovered during coronary angiography, it can be revascularized during the same procedure, in which case it is known as PCI. During balloon angioplasty, a balloon is inflated in the stenosis to widen the...") Tag: Visual edit
20:01, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. The types of acute coronary syndromes, their clinical features, complications, diagnosis and treatment (Created page with "= Acute coronary syndrome = Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. ACS is used as an initial working diagnosis until an ECG and troponin level has been performed, which will decide which type of ACS the patient has. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * File:Types of ACS.gif|thumb|Types of ACS. From <nowiki>https://www.oat...") Tag: Visual edit
19:58, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Time course of troponin.png