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17:50, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11A. Types of epilepsy (+ epileptic seizures and PNES) (Created page with "= Epileptic seizures = Epileptic seizures are single transient events caused by excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. There are many different types and many possible causes. == Etiology == * Provoked seizures (topic 1B) * Symptomatic seizures (topic 1B) * Epilepsy Most epileptic seizures are provoked or symptomatic in origin. == Classification == ''In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy revised the classification of epileptic seizure t...") Tag: Visual edit
17:38, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10B. Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (Created page with "Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) refers to haemorrhage into the brain parenchyme. It’s one form of haemorrhagic stroke. We can distinguish two usual presentations of ICH. The typical presentation is in an elderly patient with hypertension, who has haemorrhage in deep brain structures, like basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, and/or cerebellum. This occurs due to rupture of microaneurysms in the brain which occur due to chronic hypertension. This is the most common presentat...") Tag: Visual edit
17:37, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10A. Acute meningitis (Created page with "Acute meningitis is most commonly bacterial in origin, but it can also be viral, also called aseptic meningitis. Infectious meningitides are neurological emergencies/urgencies which must be treated quickly. == Etiology == * Bacteria ** Streptococcus pneumoniae ** Neisseria meningitidis ** Streptococci * Virus ** HSV-2 ** Adenovirus ** +++ * Non-infectious ** Autoimmune disorders ** Malignant infiltration of meninges In adults, pneumococcus and meningococcus are the mo...") Tag: Visual edit
17:35, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9B. Thrombosis of the intracranial sinuses (Created page with "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) refers to thrombosis of the cerebral veins or cerebral sinuses in the brain. It can be infectious or non-infectious in origin. Thrombosis of the venous drainage of the brain increases the <abbr>ICP</abbr> and it can cause brain ischaemia. The prognosis is good, as 80% recover completely. It more often affects younger adults and females more often than males. == Etiology == * Non-infectious **...") Tag: Visual edit
17:34, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9A. Peripheral facial palsy (Bell-paresis) (Created page with "Peripheral facial palsy is a peripheral lesion of the facial nerve. In the cases where this lesion is idiopathic, the condition is called Bell’s palsy. == Etiology == * Idiopathic (= Bell’s palsy) * Infection ** VZV (herpes zoster oticus/Ramsay Hunt syndrome) ** Lyme disease * Trauma (involving pyramidal bone) * Parotid tumour * Brainstem stroke (involving facial nucleus) Bell’s palsy is caused by idiopathic inflammation of CN VII in the facial canal. It might b...") Tag: Visual edit
17:33, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8B. Parkinson’s disease (Created page with "Parkinsonism is the clinical triad of bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. Parkinson disease (PD) is the idiopathic cause of parkinsonism when a person has parkinsonism without an underlying cause. It’s a chronic neurogenerative disorder which mostly affects adults > 50 years, and men more often than women. == Etiology of parkinsonism == * Parkinson disease (most common) * Drug-induced (antipsychotics) * Parkinson-plus syndromes ** Multiple system atrophy ** L...") Tag: Visual edit
17:30, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8A. Gliomas (+ brain tumours in general) (Created page with "= Brain tumours in general = In adults, secondary brain tumours are 10x as common as primary ones. == Etiology == * Most common tumours in childhood ** Craniopharyngioma ** Medulloblastoma ** Cerebellar astrocytoma * Most common tumours in adulthood ** CNS metastases ** Meningioma ** Glioblastoma ** Pituitary tumours == Pathomechanism == According to the Monroe-Kellie doctrine, a brain tumour must decrease CSF flow and cerebral blood flow. In the beginning phase, CSF...") Tag: Visual edit
17:28, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7B. Secondary headaches (Created page with "Secondary headaches are those headaches which occur as a feature of an underlying disease. The list of disorders which can cause secondary headaches is endless. It’s important to know the red flags of headache which may suggest a severe pathology, so that proper evaluation can be performed in patients presenting with these red flags. == Etiology == * Mass-occupying lesions ** Epidural haemorrhage ** Subdural haemorrhage ** Subarachnoid haemorrhage ** Intracerebral ha...") Tag: Visual edit
17:27, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7A. Carpal tunnel-syndrome (Created page with "Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common cause of median nerve lesion. It’s a compression neuropathy due to entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Demyelination of the median nerve occurs. The risk factors are: * Obesity * Female * Diabetes * Pregnancy * Certain repetitive wrist movements at work == Clinical features == Sensory symptoms are most common, but motor symptoms also occur. Sensory symptoms include numbness in the palm, palm...") Tag: Visual edit
17:26, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6B. Guillain-Barre syndrome (Created page with "Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an umbrella term for acute immune-mediated polyneuropathies, but in the Western world AIDP is the most common form, so it’s almost synonymous with GBS. Patients with AIDP have progressive weakness of the limbs over a few days to 28 days, symmetrical deficit, areflexia, absent or mild sensory disturbance, elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, and slowing of nerve conduction velocities. Types: * Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradi...") Tag: Visual edit
17:25, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6A. Neuroimaging (Created page with "We can separate neuroimaging into two types: * Structural neuroimaging – gives diagnosis of gross intracranial disease, like tumour or injuries * Functional neuroimaging – used to examine certain functions == Computer tomography (CT) == CT is usually used for neurological emergencies, especially to rule out haemorrhage as a cause of stroke. It’s also used for traumatic injuries of the brain and spine. The advantages of CT include: * Fast (few minutes) * Cheap *...") Tag: Visual edit
17:23, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5B. Subarachnoid haemorrhage (Created page with "Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) can be traumatic or nontraumatic. This topic will cover the nontraumatic, topic 19 will cover the traumatic. Traumatic SAH is more common than nontraumatic. Nontraumatic SAH is one form of haemorrhagic stroke. The prognosis is very poor. Up to 40% don’t reach the hospital at all. The 30-day mortality rate is ~50%, and many of those who survive sustain severe disability and decrease in quality of life. == Etiology == * Rupture of intrac...") Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5A. Polyneuropathies (Created page with "Polyneuropathies are disorders affecting multiple peripheral nerves, which usually affect the most distal parts of the body symmetrically. == Etiology == There are many types and causes of polyneuropathies. Here are some of the most common. * Diabetic neuropathy * Alcoholic neuropathy * Toxic neuropathy (heavy metal, solvents) * Deficiency neuropathy (B1, B6, B12, copper) * Hypothyroid neuropathy * Immune-mediated neuropathies ** Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute inflamma...") Tag: Visual edit
17:20, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4B. Convulsive syncope (Created page with "See topic 16B. Category:Neurology 2") Tag: Visual edit
17:19, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4A. Myasthenia gravis (Created page with "Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction. Fluctuating weakness increasing with repeated activity and improving after a period of rest is the hallmark feature. It’s caused by antibodies directed against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Prevalence is 1–2 per 10,000 persons. == Etiology == * Idiopathic * Thymoma (paraneoplastic) In about 15%, the disease can be classified as paraneoplastic, usually as...") Tag: Visual edit
17:18, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3B. Treatment of the acute stroke (+ evaluation) (Created page with "= Evaluation of acute stroke = As with all acute life-threatening conditions it’s important to assess the stability by ABCDE first. All patients with suspected stroke should be admitted to a stroke unit. Some patients develop the stroke while sleeping, and only note the symptoms after awakening. This is called a “wake-up stroke”, and for the purposes of treatment we define the onset of the stroke to be the time when the patient was last known to be normal, usually...") Tag: Visual edit
17:16, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3A. Differential diagnosis of tremors (Created page with "Tremors are classified as either resting tremors or action tremors. Resting tremors occur during rest, while action tremors occur during voluntary movement. There are two subtypes of action tremor: * Resting tremor – occurs in rest * Action tremor – occurs during voluntary contraction ** Postural tremor – when holding arms out against gravity ** Kinetic tremor – occurs when moving the arms *** Intention tremor – tremor at the end of a targeted movement *** Tas...") Tag: Visual edit
17:15, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2B. Transient ischemic attack (Created page with "The classic definition of transient ischaemic attack is that there are symptoms of stroke which fully resolve within 24 hours. However, some strokes only cause transient symptoms. For this reason, there’s another, newer definition as well, that TIA is defined as transient neurological dysfunction caused by ischaemia without infarction. New definition requires MRI with DWI sequence for diagnosis. If there is infarction, the diagnosis is stroke instead. However, this de...") Tag: Visual edit
17:14, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2A. Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (Created page with "Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) is a cause of recurring vertigo which occurs due to canalolithiasis, stones in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. The peak incidence is in the 50s and it affects females more often. There are two types, posterior canal BPPV (90% of cases) and horisontal canal BPPV (10%). == Clinical features == BPPV causes paroxysmal positional harmonic vestibular signs. Paroxysmal and positional meaning that the symptoms occur in sud...") Tag: Visual edit
17:13, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1B. Accidental (provoked) seizures (Created page with "''The word “accidental” is probably a mistranslation from Hungarian. In the Hungarian topic list, the word “alkalmi” is used, which translates to “occasional”. “Accidental seizure” is not a thing.'' ''Also, some sources consider “provoked” and “symptomatic” seizures to be the same, but the lecture considers them to be two separate entities.'' = Provoked seizures = A provoked seizure is one caused by well-defined provoking factors and not by an u...") Tag: Visual edit
17:11, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1A. The most common types of myopathies and myositis (Created page with "= Myopathies = A myopathy is a disease of the muscle itself, not involving innervation or the NMJ. There are many different types. === Etiology === * Hereditary myopathies ** Progressive muscular dystrophies *** Duchenne muscular dystrophy *** Becker muscular dystrophy *** Myotonic dystrophy *** Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) ** Congenital myopathies ** Metabolic myopathies *** Mitochondrial *** Pompe disease – rare but treatable, so important to recog...") Tag: Visual edit
17:10, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Neurology 2 (Created page with "Category:5th year") Tag: Visual edit
17:09, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B30. Modern contraceptive methods (Created page with "According to the WHO, modern methods of contraception include: * Oral contraceptive pills * Subdermal implants * Contraceptive injectables * Contraceptive patch * Emergency contraceptive pills * Vaginal ring * Intrauterine devices * Sterilisation * Etc. .. most of which have been covered in earlier topics. I don’t know what to include here that hasn’t already been included. Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology 2") Tag: Visual edit
17:08, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B29. Laparoscopy in gynecology (Created page with "Laparoscopy refers to using transperitoneal endoscopy for minimally invasive surgeries. It is widely used in gynaecology and is usually preferred over laparotomy if possible. ''You may also read topic 8 in surgery for general information on laparoscopy.'' == Setup and procedure == Many devices are necessary in laparoscopy: * Device to give abdominal access * To reach pneumoperitoneum * Distension medium (CO2) * Optic light source * Camera * Devices for the operative m...") Tag: Visual edit
17:06, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B28. Diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy (Created page with "Hysteroscopy is a diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedure in gynaecology. A fibreoptic endoscope is passed transcervically into the uterine cavity, which gives a view of the uterine cavity, tubal ostia, and endocervical canal. == Procedure == The hysteroscope includes a light source and equipment to infuse uterine distending media, like gas or fluid. It also contains an operating channel through which surgical instruments may be inserted and used, like scissors, biopsy...") Tag: Visual edit
17:06, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B27. Premalignant and malignant vulvar diseases (VAIN, VIN) (Created page with "== Vulvar cancer == Cancer of the vulva is mostly a disease of older (60 – 70 years) women. It’s one of the less common gynaecological cancers (5%). The prognosis of vulvar cancer is poor, even though most are discovered in an early stage. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type, accounting for 90% of cases. The second most common is adenocarcinoma, which originates from the Bartholin glands. === Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia === Vulvar int...") Tag: Visual edit
17:04, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B26. Malignant ovarian cancer; operative treatment, chemo- and radiation therapy (Created page with "Most patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma are treated by surgical removal or cytoreduction followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. == Surgical treatment == The treatment, diagnosis, and staging of ovarian cancer is surgical, either by laparotomy or in some cases, laparoscopy. Frozen section is performed during the operation, and the information is used to help determine the diagnosis and stage of the tumour, and therefore the extent of the surgical procedure. The stan...") Tag: Visual edit
17:03, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B25. Tumor markers of malignant ovarian cancer. Diagnosis and treatment of borderline ovarian cancer. (Created page with "== Tumour markers of malignant ovarian cancer == Tumour markers in ovarian cancer are not used for diagnosis but rather for preoperative evaluation and follow-up. They’re not appropriate for screening of the general population. Several biomarkers are available for ovarian cancer: * Typical for epithelial tumours ** CA 125 ** CEA ** HE4 (human epididymis protein 4) * Typical for germ cell tumours ** β-hCG ** AFP * Typical for granulosa cell tumours ** Inhibin B ** An...") Tag: Visual edit
17:02, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B24. Gonadal ovarian tumors (Created page with "== Ovarian germ cell tumours == Ovarian germ cell tumours are those ovarian tumour which originate from primordial germ cells in the ovary. These can develop into foetus-like structures, placenta-like structures, extraembryonal structures, or grow completely undifferentially. It’s a heterogenous group of tumours with many different types with different characteristics. Germ cell tumours account for < 3% of ovarian cancers. They mostly affect younger women, rarely affe...") Tag: Visual edit
17:01, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B23. Gestational throphoblast neoplasia (invasive mole, choriocarcinoma); diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Gestational trophoblast neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant type of gestational trophoblastic disease, a condition caused by pathological proliferation of trophoblasts. It’s sometimes called just malignant gestational trophoblastic disease. GTN may arise from a hydatidiform mole, abortion, or normal pregnancy. They’re rare but they are the most malignant cancers of the female genital tract. However, cure is still highly likely (> 80%). == Risk factors == * Old age * P...") Tag: Visual edit
17:00, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B22. Hydatiform mole; symptoms, types, endocrinology and therapy (Created page with "Hydatidiform mole or molar pregnancy is a benign type of gestational trophoblastic disease, a condition caused by abnormal proliferation of trophoblasts. It’s characterised by transformation of terminal villi into vesicles filled with clear viscid material, making them look like grapes. Hydatidiform moles are usually benign, but malignant in 15 – 25% of cases. In this case, it persists after removal of the neoplasm and is therefore called a persistent trophoblastic...") Tag: Visual edit
16:59, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B21. Cervical cancer; FIGO classification and therapy (Created page with "== FIGO classification == {| class="wikitable" !Stage !Description |- |0 |Carcinoma in situ |- |I |Tumour strictly confined to the cervix |- |Ia1 |Stromal invasion < 3 mm in depth |- |Ia2 |Stromal invasion 3 – 5 mm in depth |- |Ib |Stromal invasion > 5 mm in depth |- |II |Tumour invades beyond the uterus, but not into the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina |- |IIa |Tumour does not invade parametrium, invades upper 2/3 part of vagina |- |IIb |Tumour invades the pa...") Tag: Visual edit
16:58, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B20. Endometrial cancer; FIGO classification and therapy (Created page with "== FIGO classification == The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classifications are similar to the TNM, but slightly different. FIGO classifications are preferred in gynaecology. {| class="wikitable" !Stage !Description |- |0 |Carcinoma in situ |- |I |Tumour is localised to the corpus |- |II |Tumour reaches the cervix |- |III |Tumour infiltrates the neighbouring tissues (adnexa, vagina, lymph nodes) |- |IVa |Tumour infiltrates the bladder or r...") Tag: Visual edit
16:55, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B19. Urinary incontinence and treatment (Created page with "Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine. There are multiple types: * Stress urinary incontinence * Urge urinary incontinence * Overflow incontinence – the bladder fills, causing urine to overflow out * Functional incontinence – due to mental or physical problems * Mixed incontinence – features of more than one of the above Stress and urge, as well as a mix of the two, account for 97% of cases of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is freq...") Tag: Visual edit
16:44, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B18. Pelvic organ prolapse; therapy (Created page with "Because many severe pelvic organ prolapses don’t cause the patient any bothersome symptoms or any symptoms at all, treatment is only indicated if the patient has bothersome symptoms. == Nonsurgical treatment == Nonsurgical treatment usually involves pessaries, local hormone support, and pelvic floor exercises. Pessaries may be used as first line therapy. These are plastic or silicone devices which are inserted into the vagina to support its walls. There are two types...") Tag: Visual edit
16:42, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B17. Pelvic organ prolapse; symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the protrusion or herniation of bladder, rectum, intestines, uterus, cervix, or vaginal apex into the vaginal vault due to decreased pelvic floor support. This may cause symptoms of pressure in the vagina or symptoms related to the prolapsing organ. It’s a common disorder, mostly affecting elderly women. Women have an ~5% lifetime risk of developing POP. == Risk factors == Risk factors for POP are those which lead to weakening of the pe...") Tag: Visual edit
16:41, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Pelvic organ prolapse.png
16:41, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Pelvic organ prolapse.png
16:40, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B16. Hormone replacement therapy guidelines, indications, contraindications, side effects (Created page with "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or postmenopausal hormonal therapy is used to treat bothersome symptoms of menopause, and to prevent the late consequences of oestrogen deficiency by administering oestrogen with or without progesterone. However, not all patients should receive HRT. Menopause is a natural state of the body and is not a disorder which requires treatment. However, in those where the symptoms are severe and cause significantly decreased quality of life, it...") Tag: Visual edit
16:38, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B15. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (Created page with "== Gonorrhoea == Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It mostly affects young adults. It may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease. === Clinical features === Women are often asymptomatic (30 – 60%). The incubation time can be days or weeks. Symptoms in women can be: * Dysuria * Yellow, purulent, malodourous discharge * Cervical tenderness and bleeding on physical examination === Diagnosis and evaluation === PCR of a vaginal and endocervical swab is the...") Tag: Visual edit
16:36, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B14. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (Created page with "Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication of the ovarian hyperstimulation which occurs during fertility treatments. It is characterised by enlarged ovaries, increased vascular permeability, and third spacing of fluid from the vessels to the abdominal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. This can cause hydrothorax, pericardial effusion, and haemoconcentration. These features are caused by high exogenous levels of hCG. Patients who become pregnant from th...") Tag: Visual edit
16:35, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B13. Treatment of infertility (ovulation induction therapy, AIH, IVF, ICSI) (Created page with "== Ovulation induction therapy == Ovulation induction therapy is a form of medical therapy used to induce ovulation. It involves blocking the negative feedback of oestradiol on the hypothalamus, causing an increase in GnRH pulse frequency, which causes increased FSH and LH levels. This induces ovarian follicular development. There are two drugs used for this: * Clomiphene citrate * Letrozole Clomiphene citrate is the first choice. It is used when there is no known or o...") Tag: Visual edit
16:34, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B12. Infertility; classifications and diagnosis (Created page with "Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse without use of contraception after 12 months in women less then 35 years of age, and after 6 months in women 35 years and older. We can distinguish primary and secondary infertility. In primary, the woman has never achieved pregnancy, while in secondary, there’s been at least one previous pregnancy. Fecundability is also relevant. It’s the probability of achieving a pregnancy i...") Tag: Visual edit
16:33, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B11. Hyperandrogenic disorders, PCOS (Created page with "== Hyperandrogenism == Hyperandrogenism in females is defined as a state of excess androgen levels which cause symptoms such as hirsutism, hypertrichosis, acne, and male-pattern hair loss. PCOS accounts for 80% of causes, but other causes include: * Non-classic CAH * Cushing disease * Hypothyroidism * Hyperprolactinaemia * Androgen-secreting tumour Women with hypertrichosis often shave their facial hair, so it might be difficult to evaluate hypertrichosis. However, hai...") Tag: Visual edit
16:31, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B10. Treatment of endometriosis (Created page with "Unfortunately, no treatment of endometriosis is curative. Rather, we can slow the progression and reduce the complaints of the patient. The goals of treatment are to: * Achieve a pain-free state * Solve infertility * Remove ovarian endometrial cysts * Remove endometrial lesions outside the lesser pelvis * Achieve a long recurrence-free period Treatment is indicated in cases of unacceptable pain, infertility if the patient wishes to have children, or there is risk of or...") Tag: Visual edit
20:21, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B9. Endometriosis; pathophysiology, classification, symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Endometriosis is a condition characterised by ectopic growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is unknown why endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity, and how the cells can survive and proliferate there. It’s a progressive disease, as the morphology of the extrauterine endometrial tissue changes over time. It’s a common disease, affecting around 6 – 8% of women of reproductive age. It’s a common cause of infertility. == Etiology...") Tag: Visual edit
20:20, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B8. Vulvar and vaginal inflammatory disorders and their treatment (Created page with "Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It’s a common condition, and it’s one of the most common gynaecological disorders in children. == Etiology == * Infectious vulvovaginitis (90% of cases) ** Bacterial vulvovaginitis (bacterial vaginosis) (50% of cases) ** Vulvovaginal candidiasis ** Trichomoniasis * Non-infectious vulvovaginitis ** Atrophic vaginitis ** Allergic vulvovaginitis ** Mechanical vulvovaginitis Bacterial vaginosis is caused by di...") Tag: Visual edit
20:19, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B7. The most common childhood gynecological diseases (Created page with "I had this topic on my ob/gyn 2 exam. I talked about vulvovaginitis and what makes children more prone to it, and then he asked me about dysmenorrhoea. The most common childhood gynaecological disorders are: * Vulvovaginitis (topic B8) * Primary dysmenorrhoea (topic A2) * Amenorrhoea (topic A1) * Bleeding disorders (topic A2) * Endometriosis (topic B9, 10) * PCOS (topic B11) * Intersexuality (topic B5) * Precocious puberty (topic B6) Category:Obstetrics and gynaecol...") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B6. Physiology of puberty and menarche (Created page with "== Puberty and menarche == Puberty is a period of transition from sexual immaturity to sexual maturity, during which both internal changes (to the gonads and adrenals) and external changes occur. In females, puberty usually begins in the age of 8 – 12, while in males, it usually begins in the age of 9 – 13. However, the timing of pubertal onset varies wildly among countries and ethnicities. Pubertal onset occurs earlier now than 20 years ago. === Internal changes =...") Tag: Visual edit
20:16, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B5. Intersexuality, gonadal dysgenesis (Created page with "== Intersexuality == Intersexuality is the condition where people are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definitions of female or male. It occurs when there is discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, internal genital or phenotypic sex. Some intersex traits are not visible at birth, only later. Others will not become aware that they are intersex unless they receive genetic testing, because their phenotype is either completely female...") Tag: Visual edit