All public logs

Combined display of all available logs of greek.doctor. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).

20:15, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B4. Functional diagnostics of the ovarian capacity, cycle diagnostic (Created page with "These investigations are mostly relevant for the evaluation of infertility. == Medical history and labs == The regularity of the menstrual cycle is important in assessing the ovarian cycle. A cycle is considered normal when it comes every 24 – 38 days. Elevated serum progesterone over a certain value (> 3 ng/mL or > 10 nmol/L) mid-luteal phase (day 21) is indicative of ovulation. If this increase does not occur, the patient has anovulation and should be investigated...") Tag: Visual edit
20:14, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B3. Indications and methods of hysterectomy (Created page with "Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, sometimes with other surrounding structures as well. It is the most common gynaecological surgery. The main indications for hysterectomy are gynaecological cancer and precancerous lesions (vaginal, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, gestational), but hysterectomy is also an option in several conditions when they are refractory to medical treatment: * Pelvic organ prolapse * Adenomyosis * Endometriosis * Pelvic inflammato...") Tag: Visual edit
20:12, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B2. Congenital anomalies of the genital tract (diagnosis and therapy) (Created page with "The uterus is the female genital organ most commonly affected by congenital abnormalities. In general, these abnormalities increase the risk for: * Mid-trimester abortion * Malpresentation * Preterm birth * Prolonged labour * Obstructed labour * Retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage However, many people with these abnormalities have normal pregnancies as well. For this reason, surgical correction is not warranted unless the patient has had problems with pregnanc...") Tag: Visual edit
20:11, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B1. Genital fistulas – pathomechanism, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Fistulation between genitalia and the urinary tract, bowel, or skin are rare complications in gynaecology and obstetrics. The most common fistulas are: * Urogenital fistulas ** Vesicovaginal fistula ** Ureterovaginal fistula ** Urethrovaginal fistula ** Vesicouterine fistula * Enterogenital fistulas ** Rectovaginal fistula * Vaginocutaneous fistulas Fistulas are more common in the developing world due to inadequate pregnancy and perinatal care. Urogenital fistulas are...") Tag: Visual edit
20:10, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A15. Menopause (Created page with "Menopause is the cessation of menses. It’s characterised by symptoms caused by the decline and loss of ovarian function. The official date of the menopause is the last menstruation which is then followed by amenorrhoea in the next 6 – 12 months (amenorrhoea remains for life, but we don’t wait longer than 6 – 12 months before we say that menopause has occured). Menopause occurs at approximately 45 – 55 years. Menopause is one event in the ''climacteric period''...") Tag: Visual edit
20:09, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Hormonal contraception; indications, contraindications, positive effects and potential complications (Created page with "Hormonal contraception involves progestins with or without oestrogens to achieve contraception. There are many types: * Daily-use contraception ** Combined oral contraceptive pills ** Progestin-only contraceptive pills (also called minipill) * Nondaily-use contraception ** Contraceptive patch ** Vaginal ring ** Injectable progestin ** Subdermal progestin implant ** Hormonal IUD (topic A13) Many types of oestrogens and progestins can be used in hormonal contraception:...") Tag: Visual edit
20:07, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A13. The criteria and the potential complications of IUD usage (Created page with "An intrauterine device (IUD) is form of contraception which is inserted into the uterus. It is small and T-shaped so that it’s stuck in place. It’s very widely used worldwide due to the many benefits: * One-time procedure which is effective for 3, 5 or 10 years * Highly effective (> 99%) * Highly cost effective * Does not require regular adherence * It’s rapidly reversible (fertility returns in a few months) * There are few contraindications * There are few side...") Tag: Visual edit
20:05, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A12. Acute abdomen in gynecology (Created page with "== Ectopic pregnancy == Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the fertilised egg attached in a location other than the uterine cavity. It can be lethal and as such must be excluded in all cases of acute abdomen in women of reproductive age. Symptoms usually begin in week 6 – 8. 95% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube, most commonly in the ampulla. Other potential locations include the ovary, abdomen, hysterotomy scar, and cervix. === Etiology ===...") Tag: Visual edit
20:03, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A11. Ovarian cancer; classification, symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer (after endometrial), but the most common cause of gynaecological cancer death due to its poor prognosis. It has no early symptoms, it has potential to grow very large, and it has aggressive behaviour. There is no effective screening for it in the general population. It is mostly a disease of postmenopausal women in the 55 – 65 age group. The 5-year survival is 30 – 35%. The only real opportunity for sur...") Tag: Visual edit
20:01, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A10. Endometrial cancer; symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Endometrial cancer is the cancer of the uterine corpus. There are multiple histological types, but the most common is the endometroid carcinoma. It’s mostly a disease of postmenopausal women. It’s the most common form of gynaecological cancer (but not the most deadly, ovarian cancer is). It causes symptoms early, enabling diagnosis at a stage where there is a high likelihood of cure. The mortality is relatively low. == Pathological classification == These are most...") Tag: Visual edit
20:00, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A9. Cervical cancer; symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable cancer for three reasons: * There is a precursor lesion (CIN) which progresses slowly to cancer (topic A7) * There is an inexpensive and non-invasive screening test for CIN (Pap smear) * The precursor lesion can be treated simply and effectively to prevent progression to cancer Additionally, <abbr>HPV</abbr> vaccines (topic A8) are available which effectively prevent HPV-related cervical cancer. For these r...") Tag: Visual edit
20:00, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A8. The role of HPV in the pathomechanism of gynecologic malignancies; HPV vaccination (Created page with "Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus which is closely related to cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer, as well as their precursors. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are hundreds of serotypes of HPV, not all of which cause cancer. Those which do are called “high-risk”, which includes, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which account for over 90% of cases, as well as other types. However, HPV 16 and 18 account for 2/3 of cases and are therefore...") Tag: Visual edit
19:58, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A7. Premalignant disease and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix; diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor to cervical carcinoma. Its clinical importance lies in its utility in preventing cervical cancer. Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable cancer for three reasons: * There is a precursor lesion (CIN) which progresses slowly to cancer * There is an inexpensive and non-invasive screening test for CIN (Pap smear) * The precursor lesion can be treated simply and effectively to prevent progressio...") Tag: Visual edit
19:56, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A6. Postmenopausal bleeding (Created page with "Postmenopausal (vaginal) bleeding (PMB) is a red flag for malignancy and a common cause of gynaecological visits. In case of vaginal bleeding beginning more than 1 year after the last menstruation, thorough evaluation should always be performed to exclude malignancy. The only exception is if they’re taking postmenopausal hormone therapy, as bleeding is expected in these cases. Approximately 5 – 10% of postmenopausal women experience vaginal bleeding. The risk that t...") Tag: Visual edit
19:55, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. Adnexal inflammatory diseases; diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy (Created page with "''I’m pretty sure they mean pelvic inflammatory disease''. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract and neighbouring pelvic organs. It causes colpitis, endocervitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, and/or tubo-ovarian abscess. It affects approx. 4% of women of reproductive age and is a common cause of infertility. == Etiology == The majority of PID cases are caused by sexually transmitted pathoge...") Tag: Visual edit
19:53, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Benign adnexal masses; classification, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "An adnexal mass is a mass of the ovary, fallopian tube, or the surrounding connective tissue. Benign adnexal masses are common, and most of them are ovarian cysts. However, adnexal masses may be malignant and so it’s important to evaluate them to determine whether it is benign or malignant. The patient may present with gynaecological symptoms like pelvic pain or pressure, or the mass may be incidentally discovered during imaging. The following conditions can form adn...") Tag: Visual edit
19:51, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. Uterine fibroids; types, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Leiomyomas, often called uterine fibroids due to their fibrous consistency due to their collagen content, is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the myometrium. They are never malignant. It’s a very common condition, affecting around 6/10 women. It’s mostly asymptomatic and those who are asymptomatic rarely require treatment. == Etiology == The underlying cause is not known, but some risk factors are: * Age – risk increases with age * Oestrogen and hormone treatm...") Tag: Visual edit
19:50, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. Bleeding disorders; types and diagnosis (Created page with "Bleeding disorders in gynaecology (abnormal uterine bleeding, AUB) include: * Amenorrhoea (see topic A1) * Hypomenorrhoea * Hypermenorrhoea/menorrhagia * Metrorrhagia * Oligomenorrhoea * Dysmenorrhoea (not sure if considered abnormal uterine bleeding but I’ll include it here) Bleeding disorders are one of the most common problems in gynaecology, as it may impair daily life, cause iron deficiency anaemia, and make the patient worried about malignant disease. It affect...") Tag: Visual edit
19:49, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Amenorrhea; classifications, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Amenorrhoea means that there is a loss of menstruation. We can distinguish primary and secondary amenorrhea. == Primary amenorrhoea == Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menstruation to occur by age 16, despite normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics, or by the age of 14 if there are no secondary sexual characteristics. === Etiology === * Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism ** Gonadal dysgenesis – (most common cause) * Anatomical abnormalities of the genital...") Tag: Visual edit
19:47, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology 2 (Created blank page)
19:46, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B30. Pyelitis in pregnancy (Created page with "Pyelonephritis, bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, is more common in pregnancy due to physiological changes of the urinary tract. Most cases occur in the second and third trimester. It most frequently occurs on the right side. Pregnancy predisposes to higher risk of complications from pyelonephritis, both medical and obstetrical. == Etiology == Pyelonephritis is a result of untreated or unnoticed lower urinary tract infection which ascends into the upper urinary...") Tag: Visual edit
19:45, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B29. Vaginal delivery after prior uterine surgery (Created page with "Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery (VBAC) refers to delivering vaginally after having previously delivered by C-section. The decision of whether to attempt vaginal labour next pregnancy or have a planned repeat caesarean delivery (PRCD) must be made together with the patient. VBAC is considered successful if the foetus is successfully birthed vaginally, no emergency C-section required. The success rate of VBAC is 70% after one previous C-section, and 50% after two o...") Tag: Visual edit
19:43, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B28. Breech presentation, transverse lie (Created page with "== Breech presentation == Breech presentation is a form of abnormal presentation when the foetus presents with the buttocks or feet instead of the head. This presentation increases the risk for complications. We distinguish three different types of breech presentation: * Frank breech – both hips are flexed, both knees are extended (most common) * Incomplete breech – One or both hips are not flexed ** Single footling breech – hip of one leg is flexed, knee of the...") Tag: Visual edit
19:42, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B27. Fetal rotational anomalies (Created page with "Many foetuses enter labour in occiput posterior or occiput transverse position, but then undergo spontaneous rotation to occiput anterior during labour. Abnormalities of the foetal rotation (malrotation) refers to when rotation of the foetal head in the pelvis does not occur correctly during labour, and spontaneous rotation to occiput anterior does not occur. These include persistent occiput posterior and persistent occiput transverse. Malrotation may prolong or arrest...") Tag: Visual edit
19:41, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B26. Abnormalities of the fetal engagement (Created page with "In obstetrics, engagement refers to when the presenting part of the foetus passes the pelvic inlet. At this point, the foetus has reached the so-called 0 station. Once the foetus is engaged, it does not go back up. Abnormalities of foetal engagement include asynclitism and “high longitudinal position”. == Asynclitism == In synclitism, the plane of the biparietal diameter is parallel with the plane of the pelvic inlet, which makes the sagittal suture of the foetal he...") Tag: Visual edit
19:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:High longitudinal position.png
19:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:High longitudinal position.png
19:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Synclitism and asynclitism.png
19:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Synclitism and asynclitism.png
19:39, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B25. Abnormalities of the fetal position (Created page with "''This and the next two topics are a mess. It’s difficult to understand which abnormalities go under which category (“abnormality of position/engagement/rotation”), as the lectures don’t talk much about them, they are inconsistent as to how they group the abnormalities and how they use the different terms, and other sources use the different terms to mean different things. I think I cracked the code (took days), but please leave a comment if you disagree or heard...") Tag: Visual edit
19:38, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Occiput presentations.jpg
19:38, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Occiput presentations.jpg
19:37, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Foetal attitudes.jpg
19:37, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Foetal attitudes.jpg
19:34, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B24. Overdue and postterm pregnancy (Created page with "Overdue pregnancy refers to a pregnancy which has passed week 41+0 (day 287). Postterm pregnancy refers to pregnancy which has passed week 42+0 (day 294). Postterm pregnancy is associated with several complications, due to the excessive foetal growth or due to placental insufficiency (as the placenta is unable to support the postterm foetus). Complications include oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, macrosomia, and meconium aspiration. There’s also a hig...") Tag: Visual edit
19:33, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B23. Daytime delivery and induced labor (Created page with "Labour can be induced, i.e. forced to start earlier than it would physiologically, with the help of certain medications and procedures. This is done if there is a medical indication for why pregnancy should not progress further, because the risk to the mother or foetus would be higher than the risk of induction if pregnancy would be allowed to continue. Planned/scheduled/elective/daytime delivery refers to when the delivery of a term (> 39 week) foetus is induced in the...") Tag: Visual edit
18:35, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B22. Intrapartum management of preterm delivery (Created page with "Preterm infants are much more susceptible to hypoxia and obstetrical trauma, partly due to the foetal skull being less resistant to pressure, immature cerebral vasoregulation, and decreased production of lung surfactant. For these reasons, more monitoring and care is necessary to prevent injuries due to these mechanisms in preterms. == Choosing mode of delivery == As with term and post-term deliveries, it’s important to determine whether one should attempt vaginal bir...") Tag: Visual edit
18:34, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B21. Threatened preterm delivery; pathomechanism, management (Created page with "Threatened preterm delivery is a vague term used to define a situation where preterm delivery may be imminent, requiring the need for management to try to postpone delivery as long as possible. The most common finding which raises alarms for threatened preterm delivery is regular contractions ahead of week 37. Past gestational week 34, there is no need to attempt to delay premature labour, as the perinatal outcome is so good at that point that applying the measures used...") Tag: Visual edit
18:33, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B20. Cervical incompetence; etiology, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Cervical insufficiency or cervical incompetence is a condition where the cervix fails to retain a pregnancy in the second trimester due to painless shortening and dilation of the cervix. This is recurrent (occurs across multiple pregnancies) and may lead to spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. In physiological cases, the cervix remains long and closed during pregnancy until labour. Approximately 10% of cases of preterm labour is due to cervical insufficiency. == Etio...") Tag: Visual edit
18:32, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B19. Multifetal gestation, twin delivery (Created page with "Multiple pregnancy (or multifoetal gestation) refers to pregnancy where there’s more than one foetus. Twin pregnancies account for 1 – 2% of all pregnancies, but triplets and quadruplets are very rare. Multiple pregnancy is a risk factor for virtually all obstetric complications. As such, they require close monitoring and follow-up. The incidence of multiple pregnancy has been rising slightly since the 1970s due to increased use of IVF and increasing maternal age....") Tag: Visual edit
18:32, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B18. Diabetes and pregnancy (screening and management) (Created page with "Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to the development of new-onset diabetes in pregnancy. It usually develops in the second or third trimester. Pregestational diabetes refers to pregnancies in women who already had diabetes mellitus prior to the pregnancy, most frequently type 2. Diabetes mellitus in the pregnancy, whether pregestational or gestational, increases the risk for complications in both the mother and the foetus. Both are relatively common conditions...") Tag: Visual edit
18:31, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B17. Pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia (Created page with "Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are disorders characterised by hypertension in pregnancy, more specifically the second half of pregnancy. The most important are preeclampsia and eclampsia, which may cause severe morbidity and mortality for both the mother and foetus, and so screening, prevention, and treatment of these disorders is important. These disorders can progress to become serious and life-threatening over hours or days. In most cases they resolve within hour...") Tag: Visual edit
18:28, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B16. The mechanism and the prevention of Rh-isoimmunisation, erythroblastosis fetalis (Created page with "Haemolytic disease of the newborn (previously called erythroblastosis foetalis) is a condition where haemolysis occurs due to incompatibility between the mother’s and foetus’ RBC antigens. In most cases, we talk about rhesus (Rh) incompatibility. ABO incompatibility can also occur but causes only mild disease. Kell incompatibility may also occur. Haemolysis may cause neonatal anaemia or jaundice. In the most severe case (and only in case of Rh incompatibility, not A...") Tag: Visual edit
18:25, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B15. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (Created page with "Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or foetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pathological state where the foetus does not achieve its intrauterine growth potential. In other words, the foetus does not grow as much as they would if all factors were optimal. In most cases, IUGR causes a foetus which is small for gestational age (SGA)''. Small for gestational age is defined as an estimated foetal weight which is less than the 10th percentile for that gestational age and g...") Tag: Visual edit
18:23, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B14. Diagnosis and pathomechanism of hydramnios and oligohydramnios (Created page with "''By “hydramnios” the topic name refers to polyhydramnios.'' == Amniotic fluid == The amniotic fluid is a clear, yellowish fluid which is present in the amnionic sac after day 12. It has multiple functions, i.e., to cushion the foetus, to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and water between the mother and foetus, to maintain temperature, to assist development of lung, <abbr>GI</abbr> system, musculoskeletal system, etc. It’s formed from maternal plasma and foeta...") Tag: Visual edit
18:21, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B13. Legal regulation of pregnancy interruption, methods and complications (Created page with "== Legal stuff == Pregnancy may be terminated at the woman’s will, although the exact terms for who this is possible for and when this can occur varies wildly from country to country. In Hungary, a pregnancy can be terminated up to the 12th week for any reason. However, the woman must go to a “Family Planning” committee to get permission for the abortion. She must bring a letter from an obstetrician which confirms the pregnancy. She must attend the committee twice...") Tag: Visual edit
18:20, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B12. Resuscitation of the neonate, the Apgar-score (Created page with "== Apgar score == The Apgar score is a scoring system used to quantify the neonate’s condition at birth. More specifically, it provides information on the toleration of labour and adaptation to life outside the uterus. It’s named after obstetrician Virginia Apgar, who managed to come up with a scoring system which is not only named after herself but is also an acronym for the scored parameters. Each parameter gives a score of 0, 1, or 2. The scores are added to give...") Tag: Visual edit
18:15, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B11. Obstetrical analgesia and anaesthesia (Created page with "Labour pain has both visceral and somatic components. Visceral pain occurs in both the first and second stages of labour and is due to dilation and ischaemia. Segments T10 – L1 are involved. Somatic pain occurs in the late first stage and second stage and is due to stretching of the vagina, pelvic floor, and ligaments. Segments S2 – S4 are involved. As such, neuraxial analgesia must block T10 to L1 for the first stage of labour, but if the aim is to give analgesia f...") Tag: Visual edit
18:14, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B10. Disturbances of the feto-maternal gas transport during labor (Created page with "Perinatal asphyxia refers to the condition in which foetal gas exchange is abnormal antepartum, intrapartum, or postpartum, which leads to the neonate’s brain and other organs being deprived of oxygen. It’s characterised by progressive hypoxaemia, hypercarbia, and lactic acidosis. Unless reversed, perinatal asphyxia will cause irreversible CNS damage and other organ damage, or even death. The main complication of perinatal asphyxia is ''hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopa...") Tag: Visual edit
18:12, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B9. Fetal monitoring during labor (CTG, fetal blood gas analysis) (Created page with "== CTG during labour == ''CTG was already described in topic B5, and this topic assumes you know the basics from there.'' === Introduction === CTG is often used during labour for intrapartum monitoring to monitor for interrupted foetal oxygenation. Intrapartum CTG has a low specificity but high sensitivity, and so is more suited as a screening tool for interrupted foetal oxygenation. During normal labour, uterine contractions cause transient interruptions of the foetal...") Tag: Visual edit